TABLE OF CONTENTS

LESSON 2 – READING .......................................................................................................... 4

LESSON 2 – LISTENING ....................................................................................................... 7
LESSON 2 – HOMEWORK .................................................................................................. 11
LESSON 3 – READING ........................................................................................................ 13
LESSON 3 – LISTENING ..................................................................................................... 16
LESSON 3 – HOMEWORK .................................................................................................. 19
LESSON 4 – READING ........................................................................................................ 21
LESSON 4 – LISTENING ..................................................................................................... 25
LESSON 4 – HOMEWORK .................................................................................................. 27
LESSON 5 – READING ........................................................................................................ 28
LESSON 5 – LISTENING ..................................................................................................... 31
LESSON 5 – HOMEWORK .................................................................................................. 33
LESSON 6 – READING ........................................................................................................ 35
LESSON 6 – LISTENING ..................................................................................................... 38
LESSON 6 – HOMEWORK .................................................................................................. 40
LESSON 7 – SPEAKING ...................................................................................................... 42
LESSON 7 – WRITING ......................................................................................................... 43
LESSON 7 – HOMEWORK .................................................................................................. 46
LESSON 8 – SPEAKING ...................................................................................................... 47
LESSON 8 – WRITING ......................................................................................................... 48
LESSON 8 – HOMEWORK .................................................................................................. 51
LESSON 9 – SPEAKING ...................................................................................................... 53
LESSON 9 – WRITING ......................................................................................................... 54
LESSON 9 – HOMEWORK .................................................................................................. 58
LESSON 10 – SPEAKING .................................................................................................... 60

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LESSON 10 – WRITING ....................................................................................................... 62
LESSON 10 – HOMEWORK ................................................................................................ 64
LESSON 11 – SPEAKING .................................................................................................... 67
LESSON 11 – WRITING ....................................................................................................... 69
LESSON 11 – HOMEWORK ................................................................................................ 71
LESSON 12 – SPEAKING .................................................................................................... 73
LESSON 12 – WRITING ....................................................................................................... 75
LESSON 12 – HOMEWORK ................................................................................................ 78
LESSON 13 – SPEAKING .................................................................................................... 80
LESSON 13 – WRITING ....................................................................................................... 82
LESSON 13 – HOMEWORK ................................................................................................ 85
LESSON 14 – SPEAKING .................................................................................................... 87
LESSON 14 – WRITING ....................................................................................................... 88
LESSON 14 – HOMEWORK ................................................................................................ 92
LESSON 15 – SPEAKING .................................................................................................... 93
LESSON 15 – WRITING ....................................................................................................... 95
LESSON 15 – HOMEWORK ................................................................................................ 99
LESSON 16 – SPEAKING .................................................................................................. 100
LESSON 16 – WRITING ..................................................................................................... 102
LESSON 16 – HOMEWORK .............................................................................................. 105
LESSON 17 – MOCK TEST ............................................................................................... 106
LESSON 17 – WRITING ..................................................................................................... 107
LESSON 17 – HOMEWORK .............................................................................................. 110
LESSON 18 – READING .................................................................................................... 111
LESSON 18 – LISTENING ................................................................................................. 115
LESSON 18 – HOMEWORK .............................................................................................. 118
LESSON 19 – READING .................................................................................................... 120

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LESSON 19 – LISTENING ................................................................................................. 122
LESSON 19 – HOMEWORK .............................................................................................. 126
LESSON 20 – READING .................................................................................................... 128
LESSON 20 – LISTENING ................................................................................................. 130
LESSON 20 – HOMEWORK .............................................................................................. 133
LESSON 21 – READING .................................................................................................... 135
LESSON 21 – LISTENING ................................................................................................. 138
LESSON 21 – HOMEWORK .............................................................................................. 140
LESSON 22 – READING .................................................................................................... 142
LESSON 22 – LISTENING ................................................................................................. 145
LESSON 22 – HOMEWORK .............................................................................................. 147

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 LESSON 2 – READING
Activity 1
Students' own answers.

Activity 2
People in your family
great-uncle half-brother relative sister-in-law step-sister

People you work with

boss
business partner colleague

People you know well (excluding family and work)

flatmate friend mate

People you do not know well (excluding family and work)

acquaintance stranger

Activity 3
1 non-identical, close
2 extended
3 close-knit
4 troubled, adoptive

Activity 4
1c 2a 3e 4f 5b 6d

Activity 5
2

Activity 6
Paragraph A
1 The first sentence is the topic sentence: it informs readers that the paragraph is about a report,
and refers to the subject of the report.
2 It becomes more specific. This is often the case in texts: the writer starts by introducing a topic
in general terms, and then gives more detailed information.

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3 The break up refers to what was mentioned previously: marriage ends. The is often used for
information that has been mentioned before, whereas a is often used for new information. This
demonstrates how grammar can sometimes help you work out meaning.

Paragraph B
4 The first sentence is the topic sentence
5 The first and last sentences express the same idea. In this case, we could say that the last
sentence explains the first sentence. This is quite common in paragraphs: the first sentence introduces
the topic and the last one summarises the topic.
6 Yes. If we do not underestimate something, we give it its rightful value. If we underestimate
something, we do not give it its rightful value.

Paragraph C
7 The first sentence is the introduction, the two in the middle make up the main body, and the
last one is the conclusion.
8 The introduction. Even without the rest of the paragraph, we would understand what the writer
is trying to say. That is not true for any of the other sentences. Note: The main body gives more
specific information, and explains what the anti-discrimination laws would mean. The conclusion says
what the consequences of these laws would be.
9 Friendly here means kind to, making it easier for, making it better for.

Activity 7
1 C
cause: anti-discrimination laws (e.g. parenting as a school subject, rebuilt staircases, forbidding
advertising for certain products, new work regulations)
effect: family-friendly society, less divorce and crime, earning less, producing less
2 B
conclusion: grandparents are of great value to their grandchildren
supporting evidence: the report, the fact that in difficult times children need someone who can be
calm, e.g. a grandparent
3 A
This paragraph describes what can happen after a separation or divorce: grandparents don't see their
grandchildren or cannot provide childcare anymore.

Activity 8
1 The traditional family unit
2 The advantages and disadvantages of traditional families

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Activity 9
1 five 2 nine 3 four

Activity 10
Section A: ix
Section B: viii
Section C: v
Section D: i
Section E: ii

Activity 11
Section A: i
Section B: ii
Section C: iii
Section D: viii
Section E: vii

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 LESSON 2 – LISTENING
Activity 1
1e 2a 3d 4c 5b

Activity 2
1 relation
2 marry
3 parent
4 inheritance
5 household
6 engaged
7 adopt
8 cousin

Activity 3
1 e/i
2b
3d
4h
5 i/e
6j
7g
8c
9a
10 f

Activity 4
1 agree with.
2 cares for.
3 disapprove of.
4 aimed at (passive construction).
5 struggle with.
6 participate in.
7 refer to.
8 concentrates on

Activity 5

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1 parent.
2 concentrating.
3 engaged.
4 step.
5 extended.
6 household.
7 cousins.
8 for.
9 suffer

Activity 6
1 e. 2f. 3 a. 4 g. 5 b. 6 h. 7 d. 8 c

Activity 7
Order: firstly, lastly, next
Reason: the reason for this is. due to
Result: as a result, thus
Repetition: in other words
Contrast: however, on the other hand
Addition: also, furthermore, in addition
Example: a case in point is. an illustration of this is. for example, for instance
Emphasis: the main point is. the crucial factor is. what I am essentially arguing is

Activity 8
1 First of all, / I want to talk about / some of the communication problems that families face nowadays
/ because I think this is an important topic.
2 Family structures have changed a lot in recent years / because of education / and new attitudes in
society/which are affecting young people's views.
3 Due to the influences of globalisation, / many people have moved away from their families/which
has changed their relationships, / and not always in a positive way

Activity 9
1b. 2f. 3h, 4 a. 5 d. 6 e. 7 g. 8 c

Activity 10
1 On average, when do people get married?
1 What is the key reason given for the increase in divorce numbers?

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2 Who believe that families are the key to the functioning of wider society?
3 What is the average number of family members in the UK?

1 a, e, 2 d, h, i, 3 c, f 4 b, g, j

Activity 11
1 What percentage of women in their early thirties still live with their parents?
2 When were house prices only three times the average yearly income?
3 What is the reason that people return to their parental home after university?
4 Who does the Affordable Housing Scheme aim to help?

1 5%/5 per cent/five per cent

2 1980s/nineteen eighties (Note: ‘1980’ would not be a correct answer. The speaker
is referring to the entire decade.)
3 student debt
4 first time buyers/first-time buyers

Activity 12
1 adjective,
2 'to' + noun/noun phrase (to express reason),
3 present simple/past simple verb ('often' is usually used with the present or past simple).
4 words used to indicate percentage/amount + 'of
1 traditional.
2 to property ownership.
3 inherit.
4 a third of

Activity 13
1 Families lived with servants.
2 Children we’re mainly home schooled.
3 Fathers occasionally taught their children Latin.
4 The Victorians were not generous to the poor.
5 Parents were strict with their children.

Activity 14
1c 2 a. 3e. 4 b. 5f. d

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Activity 15
d, e

Activity 16.
Questions 1-4
1 nuclear family.
2 a step family.
3 to separate.
4 consumer spending

Questions 5-8
5 1 in 4/one in four.
6 Women.
7 married.
8 (in) rented accommodation

Questions 9-10
9 B/D.
10 B/D

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 LESSON 2 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1
1 vi
2I
3 vii
4 viii
5 iv
6 iii

Exercise 2
7 YES
8 NO
9 NO
10 NOT GIVEN
11 YES
12 YES
13 NO
14 NOT GIVEN

Exercise 3
1D
2E
3F
4A
5B
6 A, C, E
7D
8D
9B
10 B
11 A

Exercise 4
1. conservation 6. ice
2. food/foods 7. decline/declining/decrease
3. surface 8. map
4. oxygen/O2 9. migration

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5. mammals 10. consumption

Exercise 5
1. B,D IN EITHER ORDER 6. B,E IN EITHER ORDER
2. B,D IN EITHER ORDER 7. C
3. A,B IN EITHER ORDER 8. A
4. A,B IN EITHER ORDER 9. A
5. B,E IN EITHER ORDER 10. C

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 LESSON 3 – READING
Activity 1
1f 2e 3b 4c 5d 6a

Activity 2
1 vitamins 2 first aid kit 3 thermometers 4 prescriptions 5 surgery 6bandage

Activity 3
1f 2d 3a

Activity 4
1 scalded: burnt (synonym)
2 kit: equipment (synonym)
3 ignorance: knowledge / common sense (antonym)

Activity 5
1 to commission 2 a survey 3 to recover 4 an injury 5 to reassure 6 owner 7 to ignore

Activity 6
1 Report on Social Insurance
2 1942
3 social insurance
4 five / 5
5 want, disease, ignorance, squalor, idleness
6 poor housing and homelessness
7 the existence of poverty in Britain

Activity 7
The passage moves from general information to specific information.

Activity 8
(Possible answer)
Paragraph 2: This gives examples of how and by whom the care of children is carried out in different
societies.
Paragraph 3: This gives examples of different attitudes to the poor and how their needs are met.
Paragraph 4: This discusses the support given to the vulnerable in England since the seventeenth
century.

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Activity 9
1. Paragraph 2 (the care of children is seen as the prime responsibility of the parents or...
extended family In other societies, it is principally the responsibility of the state ...)
2. Paragraph 4 (In England, the state has had some involvement in providing hr the poor since
Elizabethan times. The 1601 Poor Law allowed officials to collect...)
3. Paragraph 1 (In all societies there are groups of people who are potentially vulnerable. These
include children, older people, people with disabilities, and the poor hr example.)
4. Paragraph 3 (Those on benefits may be seen as 'lazy', or their situation may be seen as the
result of inadequate parenting ...)

Activity 10
1 shapes 2 heights 3 physical abilities 4 genes

5 ageing 6 diets 7 general quality of life

Activity 11
2. the first child
3. sickness benefit
4. weekly
5. Assistance Act 1948
6. a minimum income
7. The National Health Service Act 1946
8. the whole population

Note: The clear organisation of a text can help you. There is a clear division in this text between the
different Acts, which helps you to find the rest of the information that you are looking for. In some
cases, the information from the text needs to be reorganised: the National Health Service Act mentions
three principles but in the table there is a separate section for information about who the payment is
for (see number 8).

Activity 12
1. £30
2. £80
3. £3.70
4. 599.3/almost 600
5. 288.3

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 6. 267
Notes:
• This is a long text, so it is important that you do not waste time reading it closely. You are not
expected to demonstrate your understanding of the whole text but your ability to find specific
information in it.
• You are asked for very specific information and this is not usually found in the first paragraph.
• Some of the missing information consists of numbers, so scanning is a good technique to use.
Scanning for the names of the drugs as well as the years is helpful.

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 LESSON 3 – LISTENING
Activity 1
1 instructor, 2 recommendations, 3 running, 4 healthy, 5 exercising, 6 fit

Activity 2
Id, 2f, 3 b, 4h, 5 c, 6 g, 7 a, 8e
1 predominant in, 2 proportional to, 3 confined to, 4 compatible with, 5 optimum (no dependent
preposition), 6 monotonous (no dependent preposition), 7 hostile to, 8 immune to

Activity 3
1 predominant, 2 proportional, 3 monotonous, 4 compatible, 5 immune, 6 optimum

Activity 4
1 prompted, 2 incentive, 3 stems, 4 pinpoint, 5 coincided

Activity 5
Suggested answers:
1. Where was John born?
2. Why does he love going to the gym?
3. What time does he usually arrive at the gym?
4. How often does he go to the gym?
5. What unusual thing happened to him on his last visit?

Activity 6
Possible answers:
1 Where is John’s place of birth?/ Where does John come from?
2 What reason does he give for his love of the gym?
3 What time does he normally get to the gym?
4 How many times a week does he exercise?
5 What strange/odd incident did he experience the last time he went?

The order would probably be: b, d, e, c, a.

Activity 7
1. not answered
2. It gives him energy.
3. 5.30 a.m.

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 4. not answered
5. There was a fire alarm and the sprinklers went off.

Activity 8
Purpose of the diagram: b (all the labels indicate the parts)
Flow: b
Type of answer:
Question 1: an adjective
Question 2: an adjective (If you look at the other labels, you will see that they are all adjective + noun.
In questions 1 and 2, the noun is given, so the answer will very likely be an adjective.) Question 3: a
noun/an adjective (For question 3 the answer will very likely be an adjective + noun combination to
follow the other labels. Note that no labels have articles (a/ an/thel, so you do not need to use them.)

Activity 9
1 digital, 2 durable, 3 side supports

Activity 10
1g, 2d (This is different from the exact age, e.g. 27. An age group is a range of ages e.g. 21-30), 3h,
4f, 5 a, 6 c, 7 e, 8 b

Activity 11
1 none, 2 swimming ('swim' would be incorrect grammatically), 3 (improve) fitness
Note: she stopped playing tennis so it is not an answer for 2.

Activity 12
1b, 3e, 4d, 5 c, 6 a, 8f

Suggested answers:
1 twice a week
3 9.30.
4 Tom, Barbara, Jenny
5 yoga, aerobics
6 Wednesday
7 staff evening off

Activity 13
1 dance, kickboxing, 2 too hard, 3 (a) conference

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Activity 14
Questions 1-3
1 0498355521, 2 silver (membership), 311/11th

Questions 4-7
4 club lane, 5 school groups, 6 free swimming, 7 toddlers’ pool/toddlers pool

Question 8
evenings, Sundays

Questions 9-10
9 (the) television / TV advert, 10 (reach) optimum fitness

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 LESSON 3 – HOMEWORK
READING
Exercise 1.
1. FALSE 8. tourists
2. TRUE 9. Earthquake
3. NOT GIVEN 10. Four sides/4 sides
4. NOT GIVEN 11. Tank
5. TRUE 12. verandas/verandahs
6. pavilions 13. underwater
7. drought
Exercise 2.
1. update
2. environment
3. captain
4. films
5. season
6. accommodation
7. blog
8 FALSE
9. NOT GIVEN
10. FALSE
11. TRUE
12. NOT GIVEN
13. TRUE

Exercise 3.

1. Charlton 6. entry

2. (£)115 / a/one hundred (and) fifteen 7. stage

3. cash 8. code

4. parking 9. floor/floors

5. music 10. decoration/decorations

Exercise 4.
11. B
19
12. C
13. E
14. B
15. E
16. D
17. A
18. C
19. 732281
20. Thursday/Thursdays

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 LESSON 4 – READING
Activity 1
1 cram 2 graduate 3 qualify 4 expelled, suspended 5 reception 6 truant

Activity 2
1 day school
2 private school
3 boarding school
4 state school
5 secondary education

Note: In Britain, a public school is a private independent secondary school. It is fee-paying and
normally a boarding school. In the United States, a public school is a school supported by public
funds.

Activity 3
1 a (The meaning must be negative; the mother says she felt 'like a monster'.)
2 c (The authority wants to do something contrary to what the experts say and parents want, so
the answer cannot be 'b', which mentions agreement. The image of a wall as an obstacle might help
you work out the meaning.)
3 a ('unable to cope' and 'struggling to get his needs met' suggest that this is an illness or
condition. 'Cater' does not relate to food here, but the ability to meet other types of needs.)
4 b (The word 'progress' ('it's worth it to see Joshua making progress') should give you the
answer.)
5 b (The meaning must be positive: the school 'passed' the inspection. 'Satisfactory' is not strong
enough, and 'with an intense colour and shine' does not make sense in relation to the word 'report'.)
6 c (The meaning must be negative: 'face years of fighting'. It must also express this idea with a
degree of intensity: 'a terrible blow'.)

Activity 4
1 (a) rise 2 (an) expert(s) 3 (a) youngster(s) 4 progress
5 inspection 6 diagnosis 7 realisation

Activity 5
Paragraph 1: Introduction of the plans
Paragraph 2: More background and some details
Paragraph 3: The reaction of the NUS

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Paragraph 4: Detailed information about the review recommendations
Paragraph 5: The reaction of universities
Paragraph 6: The reaction of unions and newer universities
Paragraph 7; Defence of the plans
Extra:
The reaction of students (the consequences of the plans for students are mentioned, but their reaction
is not)
Advice for graduates seeking employment (employment is only referred to as regards income and
salaries)

Activity 6
1: not useful 2: useful 3: useful 4: useful
Order: 3, 2, 4

Activity 7
(Suggested answers)
1. Who is against the proposed changes to student tuition fees?
2. How could a future loan repayment schedule be described in comparison to today's?
3. According to the official statement from the National Union of Students, who will suffer
financially?
4. From the point of view of students, what would be the negative consequences of higher tuition
fees?
5. In the future, what may become the deciding factor for students choosina a university?
6. What will happen to the maximum period of repayment?
7. What will students whose parents earn a total of £55,000 receive?
8. According to Universities UK, who would especially benefit from the new system?
9. According to newer universities, what might happen to the number of people who are able to
move up in society?
10. Who may ask for fees of over £7,000?

Activity 8
1. students and lecturers (Plans to allow universities to charge unlimited tuition fees were today
greeted with dismay from students and lecturers)
2. later and longer (Graduates would also repay their loans later and over a longer period.')
3. the next generation (Lord Browne's review would... force the next generation to pick up the
tab for devastating cuts to higher education)

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 4. higher debts (The only thing students and their families would stand to gain horn higher fees
would be higher debts.)
5. cost (A market in course prices between universities would increasingly put pressure on
students to make decisions based on cost) '
6. a five-year extension (student loans would be paid over a maximum of 30 years ... The current
maximum is 25 years.)
7. partial grants (Fuk grants would go to students whose family income was £25,000 or less and
partial grants to those with household income up to £60.000.)
8. disadvantaged students (This will be crucial in supporting those hom disad^ntaged
backgrounds through university)
9. a large decrease (There is a real risk that some students who would have gone to university
will decide not to go and that opportunity and social mobility will be fatally undermined.)
10. some top universities (with many research universities likely to charge £6,000 or £7.000 a
year a handful of top universities charging higher fees)

Activity 9
(Suggested answers)
2 loans and jobs
3 a press release / released a statement
4 becoming too tired
5 close to university/college
6 a four-year course
7 location, cost, results
8 an individual approach
9 social skill development / develop social skills
10 possession of mobiles / using their mobiles

Activity 10
(Suggested answers)
1 timetable information corrections/corrections to timetables
2 college communication changes
3 more book loans
4 term-time (drama) productions
5 after-school sports activities
6 student satisfaction

Activity 11

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(Suggested answers)
2 No, I don't. / Mrs Findleton.
3 English, French, History. / The three sciences.
4 Winning a prize.
5 Sandwiches. / Rice and vegetables.
6 Engineering.

Activity 12
1 to keep employees (Children's centres are offering up to £7,000 a year more for manager and
nursery nurses to staff their premises, Arcing private provider to match the pay offer or risk losing
their best employees.)
2 £17,000 (Senior nursery nurses... could still earn up to £17,000 if they switched to a children's
centre.)
3 78 percent (Private providers currently account for 78 percent of all nursery places.)
4 private and voluntary (Parents have also made clear during public consultations that they like
private and voluntary sector nurseries.)

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 LESSON 4 – LISTENING
Activity 1.
1 student: The other words are people who teach.
2 presentation: The other words are written forms of assessment; a presentation is spoken.
3 brochure: This is the only non- academic printed material.
4 lesson: The other words are university styles of teaching; a lesson takes place in a school.
Activity 2
1 tutorials. 2 student. 3 lecturers. 4 presentations

Activity 3
1 astronomy
2 astronomical
3 philosopher
4 philosophically
5 sociology
6 sociological
7 statistician
8 statistically
9 politics
10 political
11 biology
12 biologist
13 economist
14 economic (= concerned with the organization of the
money, industry, and trade of a country, region, or society)/ economical (= not requiring a lot of money
to operate)
15 physics
16 physicist
Activity 4
1 politicians
2 philosophical
3 statistics
4 economical
5 Physics
6 astronomer
Activity 5
1 N. 2 A. 3 AD. 4NP. 5 A. 6 N. 7 NP. 8 A

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Activity 6
1 enjoyable. 2 supervisor. 3 helpful.
4 effectively. 5 manageable. 6 scientific

Activity 7
a4b2c3d1e5

Activity 8
1 bowling alley. 2 park. 3 (Elm Tree/Elmtree) Cafe. 4 swimming baths. 5 leisure centre

Activity 9
1 78A High Trees Street, Sydney, 2316
2 354 Castle Avenue, Edinburgh, E5 7HU
3 86 The Drive, Brooklyn, New York, 45008

Activity 10
1 Taylor, 2 Mathematics, 3 Ashley, 4 M4 9JA

Activity 11
1 8/eight books, 2 molecular biology.
3 in person. 4 (personal) tutor

Activity 12
1 social. 2 accommodation. 3 (on) student card

Activity 13
Questions 1-4
1 AND105763. 2 Earth Science. 3 Lavender. 4 566341

Questions 5-7
5 Training. 6 Philosophy. 7 TV room

Questions 8-10
8 online reservation system.
9 (student) number.
10 10 email

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 LESSON 4 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1.
1. social media
2. geographically mobile
3. less security
4. convenience
5. mental health problems.

Exercise 2.
1. India
2. 8
3. teenagers
4. hungry
5. cereal
6. labels
7. sleep

LISTENING
Exercise 3.
1. social 6. screen

2. factory 7. rubber

3. canal 8. curved

4. bridge 9. curtains

5. box 10. international

Exercise 4.
1. animal/animals 6. G

2. tool/tools 7. D

3. shoes 8. H

4. dog/dogs 9. C

5. F 10. A

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 LESSON 5 – READING
Activity 1
1 meanders 2gushed 3 poured 4 trickling 5 seep 6 flows

Activity 2
Sentence 1: photo b
Sentence 2: photo d
Sentence 3: photo f
Sentence 4: photo c
Sentence 5: photo e
Sentence 6: photo a

Activity 3
1h 2j 3i 4a 5f 6c 7b 8e 9d 10g

Activity 4
1 liquid
2 dam, reservoir (possibly sandbank)
3 drought, flood
4 lagoon, reef, sandbank, seabed, silt

Activity 5
1c 2f 3a 4d 5b 6e

More formal: a-f. The words in a-f are typically used in written English and in formal contexts, such
as official reports and scientific articles.

Activity 6
1 a noun (or a pronoun) / a noun phrase {Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are responsible
for (preposition); therefore what follows must be a noun, noun phrase, or gerund, e.g. responsible for
the environment/paying their taxes.)
2 a noun (or a pronoun)/a noun phrase (Between 70 and 75 percent of SMEs are unaware of
(preposition); therefore what follows must be a noun, noun phrase or gerund, e.g. unaware of the tax
benefits / the problems they face.)
3 a linking word/phrase (Unfortunately a lot ofsmaH companies don't think about the environment
could be a complete sentence; therefore what follows is most probably a linking word of some kind,

28
e.g. don't think about the environment or their responsibilities / and are unaware of their
responsibilities / which is regrettable.)
4 a preposition (In 1994 just 20 percent of busine^es in the UK accepted the link + between (+ noun).
The noun link is usually followed by the preposition between, e.g. the link (between these two issues).
5 a preposition, a linking word/phrase (e.g. a further £3 billion in cost / if they made the effort).

Activity 7
1d 2c 3b 4e 5h 6f 7a 8g

Activity 8
1 noun (or pronoun): d
2 noun phrase: c
3 linking word / phrase: a, b, g
4 preposition: e, h
5 verb: f

Activity 9
1 Looking for items under the sea requires
c (One of the most important things that an archaeologist will need... is solid research.
Academics and treasure hunters can spend yea^ studying old documents for dues of where best
to begin.)

2 The process of finding artefacts

c (Even more pmblematic than recovering artefacts is preserving them)

Activity 10
1 Yes
2 No

Activity 11
1 a (b is factually incorrect. It suggests that more than one newspaper said this; there was no
mention of a large number of passengers in the sentence, just that passengers in general dislike tipping
more and more.)
2 a (b uses synonyms, e.g. 'larger' for 'more', and 'adaptation' for 'major change' but this is not
done well: 'larger' does not mean 'more' in this context, and 'big adaptation' is not a good collocation.)

Activity 12

29
a 6, 7
b 3,4, 5, 7
c 1,2, 3, 5, 8
d 1,2

Activity 13
1. a ('The future of the UK's coastal cities is in jeopardy due to rising sea levels,' reported Lloyd's.
Similarly nine out of the world's ten largest cities are located on low-lying coastal land.)
2. d (dragging people onto big waves with jetskis or even helicopters)
3. c (the existence of ^eak waves was confirmed in 1995 in Norway where an 84-foot wave
occurred)
4. b (it's useful to distinguish between tsunamis, which are caused by geological even^ (such as
landslides or earthquakes)
5. - (It is popular with one TV presenter, Laird Hamilton, but 'presenters' implies many people.)
6. a (As the waters heat up, ... sea levels rise.)
7. c (The fact that ocean waves are getting bigger must be exhilarating ^r all of them. For the rest
of us, however big waves are very bad news indeed.)
8. b (The Alaskan wave is believed to have been a tsunami, caused by a landslide. It’s useful to
distinguish between tsunamis, which are caused by geological events (such as landslides or
earthquakes.)

Activity 14
1. C (Law... plans to have three wells at the plan)
D (The company has a head start. In 1976, the government-funded Hot Dry Rock Research
Project began deep drilling to study the area's geology. Law plans to use the detailed maps
the team produced over fifteen years to direct his efforts.)

F (the industry has so far failed to demonstrate it can fulfil its promise)

30
 LESSON 5 – LISTENING
Activity 1
a4. b2. c5. d6. e1. f3

Activity 2
1 glaciers. 2 salinity. 3 humidity.
4 kilometres [British English])/kilometers [American English], 5 pressure. 6 evaporation.

7 environment. 8 biology. 9 brightness

Activity 3
1 heavy, light
2 strong
3 flash
4 heavy
S clear
6 thick
7 high
8 scorching

Activity 4
1 'Atmosphere' is different: the other words relate to water.
2 'Ozone layer' is different: it denotes a layer of the atmosphere while the other words describe
a change.
3 ‘Tidal wave' is different: it relates to the sea while the other words denote kinds of wind.
4 'Drizzle' is different: it denotes light rain while the other words relate to water in
the atmosphere that affects visibility.

Activity 5
Before: former, initially, previously, prior
After: eventually, finally, in the end. next, the next phase/step. ultimately, when
At the same time: during, simultaneously, when
Transition from one stage to another: moving on to the next, the next phase/step when

Activity 6
Id. 2e. 3a. 4h. 5b. 6c. 7f. 8g

Activity 7
1 eventually. 2 prior. 3 when. 4 Initially.
31
5 Next. 6 ultimately, eventually

Activity 8
John 3; Steven 1; Linda 2; Joanne 2

Activity 9
1c. 2 a. 3 b. 4 a. 5 b. 6 c
Activity 10
la. 2 b. 3 c. 4 a. 5 c

Activity 11
c. a. b. d

Activity 12
1 power plants. 2 natural events.
3 (acidic) compounds. 4 snow or fog

Activity 13
1 verb, 2 noun, 3 verb, 4 noun, 5 quantity/amount

Activity 14
1 rains, 2 (any) electrical equipment,
3 crouch down, 4 first aider, 5 80%/eighty per cent

Activity 15
Questions 1-3
1 research/our own research/own research,
2 wide reaching/wide-reaching, 3 break down

Questions 4-7
4D, 5C, 6B, 7A

Questions 8-10
8 rotate/spin, 9 lose, 10 (around) the other direction

32
 LESSON 5 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1.
1. FALSE 8. A

2. TRUE 9. E

3. NOT GIVEN 10. speed

4. TRUE 11. plains

5. FALSE 12. bottlenecks

6. G 13. corridor/passageway

7. C

Exercise 2.
1. B 8. NOT GIVEN

2. A 9. TRUE

3. B 10. FALSE

4. D 11. C

5. C 12. A

6. TRUE 13. E

7. TRUE

Exercise 3.
1. cave 6. scarf

2. tiger 7. A

3. dancing 8. C

4. crying 9. D

5. grass 10. B

Exercise 4.

33
1. secondary 6. Bythwaite

2. flute 7. actor

3. cinema 8. A

4. concert 9. B

5. market 10. C

34
 LESSON 6 – READING
Lead-in
Teachers read this article to know more about those 6 hand gestures
https://blog.busuu.com/what-hand-gestures-mean-in-different-countries/

Activity 1
1b 2d 3c 4g 5a 6e

Activity 2
1 smiling 2 shook 3 waving 4 nudges 5 nodding 6 clapping 7 shrugged 8 winked 9 point 10 frowning

Activity 3
positive: smile, nod, clap, wink
negative: shrug, point, frown
neutral: wave, nudge, shrug, wink

Activity 4
1 informed
2 discharge
3 incompetent, illegible
4 misunderstanding

Activity 5
1d 2c 3a 4e 5b
Sentence 3

Activity 6
a

Activity 7
1 what 'good communication' means
2 communication skills in sales
3 good management
4 active listening
extra: increase profits

Activity 8

35
(Suggested answers)
1. Why has it been difficult to establish a link between the calls of monkeys and people's musical
preferences?
2. Do monkeys respond to music composed specifically for them?
3. Is it true that monkeys appeared calmer when listening to the heaw metal band Metallica?
4. Who suggested this new kind of study to Professor Snowdon?

Activity 9
(Suggested answers)
1 Monkeys usually like silence, but seemed to calm down when they heard Metallica.
2 Research - people may inherit music tastes from commons ancestors / monkeys.
3 Prof. S used new approach from David Teie (also at Uni of Maryland)

Activity 10
Question 2 + Extract 1
Question 3 + Extract 2
Question 4 + Extract 3

Activity 11
(Suggested answers)
1 What made the sounds on the recorded song for the monkeys in the experiment?
• the cello
• the human voice
2 What behaviour did the monkeys display when they were played the 'threat' song?
• they moved around more
• they showed more anxious and social behaviour
• they sometimes faced towards the hidden speaker
3 What happened when the monkeys were played a calming song?
• they moved less
• they showed calmer and less social behaviour
• they showed increased feeding

Activity 12
(Suggested answers)
1 What is innovative about the predirtive texting astern that has been developed by Sanjay Patel?
The software recognises the way individual users write and can predict what words they will write
next, so fewer keystrokes are needed.

36
2 What types of hardware and software could work differently in the future because of this
invention?
Mobile phones and computers; e-mail, text messaging and word-processing.
3 What characteristics of the new system make them so fascinating for the general public?
Things like computers and mobile phones will be easier to use and the software will function
unobtrusively.
4 Why is this invention important for Scotland?
He has received support from Scottish organisations and is based in Scotland so they are a part of his
success.

Activity 13
1. d
2. a
3. b
4. d

Activity 14
1. B
2. B
3. A

37
 LESSON 6 – LISTENING
Activity 1
1b, 2 g, 3e, 4 i, 5 h, 6 a, 7 d, 8j, 9 c, 10 f

Activity 2
1c, 2 b, 3f, 4 a, 5 d, 6e

Activity 3
1 dialect, 2 sign language, 3 Rhetoric, 4 connotations, 5 transcription, 6 bilingual

Activity 4
Angela: I thought the lecture on UK regional accents had some credible points about the ways in
which English is changing.
Kevin: To be honest. I'm a little bit sceptical of some of the evidence. It seemed to me that their
predictions were insufficiently detailed.
Angela: Really? I thought the research methodology appeared to be logic.
Maybe the researchers were just cautious with their predictions for the future of English.

1 No
2 Positive: Angela, Negative: Kevin
3 Angela; credible, logical, cautious (They are positive and show Angela thought the lecture was
good.) Kevin; sceptical, insufficiently (They are negative and show that Kevin disagrees with Angela.)

Activity 5
1 P, 2 N, 3 P, 4 P, 5 N, 6 P, 7 N, 8 P, 9 N, 10 P

Activity 6
1. It shows the percentage.
2. None - Welsh, Gaelic, Cornish and Irish are all languages.
3. It refers to the recent past.
4. a iv, b iii, ci, d ii

Activity 7
B

Activity 8
1c, 2e, 3d, 4 a, 5 f, 6 b

38
Activity 9
1 central, 2 dialect, Slanguage, 4 official, 5 quickly

Activity 10
1c, 2d, 3 b, 4e, 5 a

Activity 11
b, d

Activity 12
Questions 1-2
1A, 2C

Questions 3-6
(In any order) A, B, D, F

Questions 7-10
7 reservation, 8 (local) education authority/ department, 9 the managing director,
10 take photos of

39
 LESSON 6 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1.
1. C 8. NOT GIVEN

2. D 9. YES

3. B 10. NO

4. A 11. NO

5. C 12. YES

6. B 13. NOT GIVEN

7. H 14. A

Exercise 2.
1. dopamine 8. A

2. pleasure 9. B

3. caudate 10. D

4. anticipatory phase 11. F

5. food 12. B

6. B 13. E

7. C 14. C

Exercise 3.
1. A,B IN EITHER ORDER 6. C,E IN EITHER ORDER

2. A,B IN EITHER ORDER 7. G

3. B,D IN EITHER ORDER 8. D

4. B,D IN EITHER ORDER 9. B

40
5. C,E IN EITHER ORDER 10. F

Exercise 4
1. A 6. C

2. C 7. F

3. B 8. G

4. B 9. I

5. H 10. B

41
 LESSON 7 – SPEAKING
Exercise 1.

1. slap-up meal
2. to wine and dine
3. a sweet tooth
4. makes your mouth water
5. full up
6. foot the bill

Exercise 2.

All the answers are too short

Exercise 3.

Students’ answer

42
 LESSON 7 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
1 The earnings of Robbie's Bakery and Bernie's Buns went up, but the income of Lovely Loaves went
down.
2 In 2000, the most popular bakery was Lovely Loaves, but in 2010, the most popular bakery was
Robbie's Bakery.
3 Students’ answer

PRACTICE 2
lc
2e
3a
4b
5d

PRACTICE 3
2 what stands out from the graph is that
3 there were upward trends in the income of both Bernie's Buns and Robbie's Bakery
4 while
5 the earnings of Lovely Loaves saw a substantial fall 6 the period in question

PRACTICE 4
lb 2a

PRACTICE 5
Overall, what stands out from the graph is that there were considerable upward trends in the income
of both Bernie's Buns and Robbie's Bakery, while the earnings of Lovely Loaves saw a substantial
fall over the period in question. Another interesting point is that Lovely Loaves was the most popular
bakery in 2000, but in 2010 Robbie's Bakery earned more money than the others.

PRACTICE 6
Overall, what stands out from the graph is that there was a significant downward trend in the
percentage of people employed in the private sector, while the figures for the public sector and self-
employed people went up. The private sector took up almost half the economy at the beginning of the
period, but in 2010 the public sector had easily the highest employment rates.

PRACTICE 7

43
2 slightly, marginally, negligibly
3 significantly, considerably
4 sharply, rapidly
5 gradually
6 remarkably, strikingly
7 steadily

PRACTICE 8
Suggested answers
1 rose considerably
2 went up slightly
3 fell sharply

PRACTICE 9

past simple verb noun past simple verb noun

rose a rise fluctuated a fluctuation
fell a fall plunged a plunge
levelled off a levelling off decreased a decrease
declined a decline dipped a dip
soared a soar recovered a recover
plummeted a plummet jumped a jump
increased an increase surged a surge
dropped a drop grew a growth

PRACTICE 10
2 steady
3 considerable
4 negligible
5 remarkable

PRACTICE 11
1 at
2 at
3 until
4 to
5 by
44
6 from
7 to
8 at
9 between
10 to
11 at
12 at

PRACTICE 12
Suggested answers
2 There was a sharp increase in income.
3 There was a slight decline in income.
4 There was a sharp fall in income.

PRACTICE 13
2 fell significantly
3 grew steadily

PRACTICE 14
2 There was a steady fall to £80,000, after which income recovered to £90,000 in 2004.
3 Earnings dropped sharply to just over £60,000. At this point, there was a slight dip.
4 There was a slight rise to just under £60,000. Subsequently, the figure went down considerably.
5 Income fell significantly to £40,000. Next, the number levelled off.

45
 LESSON 7 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1. Rewrite sentences
a There were wild fluctuations in spice exports from Africa over the period.
b There was a gradual fall in the development of new products.
c Research investment has decreased noticeably.
d There was a significant drop in the purchases of tickets last month.
e There was a significant rise in the number of sites on the Internet.
f The sale of mangos decreased suddenly.
g The number of visitors at the theme park fluctuated very slightly.
h Sugar imports declined gradually.
i. There has been a slow increase in the quality of food in supermarkets.
j There was a remarkable fluctuation in the number of air travellers.

Exercise 2.
Sample answer
The graph shows information about the percentage of people who were employed in three different
areas of the economy in the UK, over a ten-year period between 2000 and 2010.

Overall, what stands out from the graph is that there was a significant downward trend in the
percentage of people employed in the private sector, while the figures for the public sector and self-
employed people went up. The private sector took up almost half the economy at the beginning of the
period, but in 2010 the public sector had easily the highest employment rates.

In details, as regards the private sector, the percentage started at just under 50% in 2000, and then
there was a steady fall to 28% in 2008. Having fallen sharply to 21% in the following year, the
percentage then levelled off.

If we look at the percentage of self-employed people, it began at around 18% in 2000, which was the
lowest rate of the three sectors. There was a slight dip between 2002 and 2005, after which the
percentage rose steadily year-on-year, finishing at 30%. Finally, regarding the public sector, the figure
remained stable at 38% in the first three years of the decade, but then there was a significant rise to
48% in 2004. Despite going down slightly in 2006, there was then a gradual increase in public-sector
employment rates, with the figure peaking at over 50% in 2010.

46
 LESSON 8 – SPEAKING
Exercise 1
a Residential area
b Culture vulture
c The inner-city/high-rise flats

Exercise 2
Students’ answer

Exercise 3
Students’ answer

47
 LESSON 8 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
1T
2T
3T
4 F (toasted sandwiches)
5 F (much less popular)
6 F (a lot more)

PRACTICE 2
1 Overall, TB caused the most deaths in Someland, while the number of deaths due to leprosy was the
lowest in the year given.

2 It is clear that British people spent significantly more money than people in the other three countries
on all six goods. Of the six items, consumers spent the most money on photographic film.

PRACTICE 3
Comparative Superlative
-er more/less the + adjective + - the most/the least +
est/iest adjective
busier more comfortable the busiest the most comfortable
cheaper more common the cheapest the least common
easier less crowded the easiest the most crowded
further/farther more dangerous the furthest/farthest the most dangerous
faster more difficult the fastest the most difficult
better less economical the best the least economical
healthier less expensive the healthiest the least expensive
higher more intelligent the highest the most intelligent
noisier less interesting the noisiest the most interesting
quieter more popular the quietist the least popular
taller more successful the tallest the most successful
better-paid less useful the best-paid the most useful
more/less well-paid

PRACTICE 4
• Learning vocabulary is easier than learning grammar in the city compared to the countryside.
48
• Cricket is more popular than football in this region.
• Paris is more romantic than New York.
• Travelling business class is more comfortable than travelling economy class.
• A plane is faster than a bicycle for long-distance travel.

PRACTICE 5
Small differences: much, a lot, considerably, far
Big differences: slightly, a bit, a little

PRACTICE 6
Suggested answers
1. Travelling by train is slightly more relaxing than travelling by bus.
2. A night in a hotel costs much more than camping in a tent.
3. London is considerably busier than the countryside.

PRACTICE 7
1 the UK
2 France; £2.
3 Spain; most expensive; £1.90.
4 most expensive; in Portugal, at £1.
5 expensive coffee is in Latvia, at just 35p.

Practice
Sample answer for static bar chart
The bar chart compares the number of incidents and injuries for every 100 million passenger miles
travelled on five different types of public transport in 2002.

It is clear that the most incidents and injuries took place on demand-response vehicles. By contrast,
commuter rail services recorded by far the lowest figures.

A total of 225 incidents and 173 injuries, per 100 million passenger miles travelled, took place on
demand-response transport services. These figures were much higher than those for the second highest
category, bus services, at only 76 incidents and injuries respectively. There were 76 incidents and 66
people were injured on buses.
Rail services experienced fewer problems. The number of incidents on light rail trains equalled the
figure recorded for buses, but there were significantly fewer injuries, at only 39. Heavy rail services
saw lower numbers of such events than light rail services, but commuter rail passengers were even

49
less likely to experience problems. In fact, only 20 incidents and 17 injuries occurred on commuter
trains.

Note:
Don't worry about the repetition of "incidents and injuries" in this essay. There are no perfect
synonyms for these words, although I managed to use "problems" and "such events" later in the essay.
The most important thing is to describe the data clearly and make some good comparisons.

PRACTICE 8
● Britain: highest spending on all 6 products, give the figure for photographic film.
● France: second highest for 3 products, but lowest for the other 3.
● Italy: Italians spent more money on toys than on any other product.
● Germany: lowest spending overall, similar figures for all 6 products.

Practice
Sample answer for dynamic bar chart
The bar chart compares the amount of time spent by people in the UK on three different types of phone
call between 1995 and 2002.

It is clear that calls made via local, fixed lines were the most popular type, in terms of overall usage,
throughout the period shown. The lowest figures on the chart are for mobile calls, but this category
also saw the most dramatic increase in user minutes.

In 1995, people in the UK used fixed lines for a total of just over 70 billion minutes for local calls,
and about half of that amount of time for national or international calls. By contrast, mobile phones
were only used for around 4 billion minutes. Over the following four years, the figures for all three
types of phone call increased steadily.

By 1999, the amount of time spent on local calls using landlines had reached a peak at 90 billion
minutes. Subsequently, the figure for this category fell, but the rise in the other two types of phone
call continued. In 2002, the number of minutes of national/international landline calls passed 60
billion, while the figure for mobiles rose to around 45 billion minutes.

50
 LESSON 8 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1.
1 Coffee in the UK is much more expensive than in France.
2 The cost of coffee in Spain is slightly cheaper than in France.

Exercise 2.
Sample answer
The bar chart compares consumer spending on six different items in Germany, Italy, France and
Britain.

It is clear that British people spent significantly more money than people in the other three countries
on all six goods. Of the six items, consumers spent the most money on photographic film.

People in Britain spent just over £170,000 on photographic film, which is the highest figure shown on
the chart. By contrast, Germans were the lowest overall spenders, with roughly the same figures (just
under £150,000) for each of the six products.

The figures for spending on toys were the same in both France and Italy, at nearly £160,000. However,
while French people spent more than Italians on photographic film and CDs, Italians paid out more
for personal stereos, tennis racquets and perfumes. The amount spent by French people on tennis
racquets, around £145,000, is the lowest figure shown on the chart.

Note:
- I tried to keep the essay short (154 words) by selecting carefully.
- It's difficult to change spend, but I used spending, spenders, and paid out.

Exercise 3
Sample answer
The bar chart compares the turnover in dollars from sales of video games for four different platforms,
namely mobile phones, online, consoles and handheld devices, from 2000 to 2006.

It is clear that sales of games for three out of the four platforms rose each year, leading to a significant
rise in total global turnover over the 7-year period. Sales figures for handheld games were at least
twice as high as those for any other platform in almost every year.

51
In 2000, worldwide sales of handheld games stood at around $11 billion, while console games earned
just under $6 billion. No figures are given for mobile or online games in that year. Over the next 3
years, sales of handheld video games rose by about $4 billion, but the figure for consoles decreased
by $2 billion. Mobile phone and online games started to become popular, with sales reaching around
$3 billion in 2003.

In 2006, sales of handheld, online and mobile games reached peaks of 17, 9 and 7 billion dollars
respectively. By contrast, turnover from console games dropped to its lowest point, at around $2.5
billion.

52
 LESSON 9 – SPEAKING
Exercise 4
a To be engrossed in/ from cover to cover
b Box-office hits
c A movie star

Exercise 5
Students’ answer

Exercise 6
Students’ answer

53
 LESSON 9 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
The Fratton Road library was not as busy as the one in Commercial Road in March.

PRACTICE 2
1 French fries are not as expensive as hamburgers.
2 Majorca is not as hot as Castellón.
3 Northern trains are not as fast as Southern trains.

PRACTICE 3
1 Crooners plc was not as successful as Monster Hits Records in 1990.
2 The name Peter was not as popular as the name James in 2000.
3 A night in a hotel in Paris is not as expensive as a night in a Zurich hotel.
4 The temperature in Rawai Island was not as high as in Phuket.

PRACTICE 4
1 big difference
2 small difference
3 big difference
4 small difference

PRACTICE 5
Suggested answer
1 Crooners plc was not quite as / almost as successful as...
2 The name Peter was nowhere near as / not nearly as popular as...
3 A night in a hotel in Paris is nowhere near as / not nearly as expensive as...
4 The temperature in Rawai Island was nowhere near as / not nearly as high as ...

PRACTICE 6
a2
b3
c5
d6
e4
f7
gl

54
PRACTICE 7
Suggested answer
2 31%, 32%, etc.
3 23%, 24%
4 31%, 32%, 34%, 35%
5 47%, 48%, 49%
6 64%, 65%, 67%, 68%, etc.

PRACTICE 8
Suggested answer
2 Just over half of teenagers said they owned a laptop.
3 Around three-quarters of household appliances break down after the guarantee expires.
4 Just under two-thirds of doctors in the UK also do private work.
5 Just over a quarter of new roads need some form of repair within 18 months.
6 Exactly three-quarters of IELTS students state that writing is their main concern.

PRACTICE 9
1 a fifth of one in five / one out of five / one out of every five
2 a quarter of / one in four / one out of four / one out of every four
3 half of / one in two / one out of two / one out of every two

PRACTICE 10
1 b as opposed to
2 a whereas
2 b compared to

PRACTICE 11
1 Just 10% of first-time buyers said they needed a garage, as opposed to 30% who said a large kitchen
was necessary.
2 Just 10% of first-time buyers said they needed a garage, whereas 30% who said a large kitchen was
necessary.

PRACTICE 12
Suggested answer
1 Five hundred people owned a dog, while 250 had a fish as a pet.
2 A meal at Rosie's costs £20, as opposed to dinner at Sloppy Joe's, which costs just £5.

55
3 Fifteen percent of people aged between 18 and 30 said they visited Barcelona for the nightlife,
compared to 75% who said they went for the architecture.
4 The majority of doctors said they found their jobs satisfying, whereas less than a quarter of
politicians said they felt content.

PRACTICE 13
Suggested answer
It is noticeable that more water is consumed by homes than by industry or agriculture in the two
American regions. By contrast, agriculture accounts for the vast majority of the water used worldwide.

PRACTICE 14
Body 1: Describe the categories with the higher values
Body 2: Describe the remaining categories

PRACTICE 15
Suggested answer
The percentage of spending on food was the highest in 1966, while expenditure on cars constituted
the biggest fraction in 1996. Moreover, the proportions of expenditure on cars, restaurants, and
computers experienced upward trends, whereas the figures for food, petrol, furniture, and books
witnessed contrasting movements over the given period.

PRACTICE 16
Students’ answer

Practice
The pie charts compare the proportion of energy production from various sources in France in the
years 1995 and 2005.

It is clear that the percentage of energy generated from petrol decreased, whereas the remaining energy
sources witnessed an opposite trend. Additionally, coal and gas were the primary sources of energy
in both years.

In 1995, coal accounted for the highest proportion of energy production in France, at 29.80% of the
total. Gas and petrol had slightly lower figures, at 29.63% and 29.27% respectively. Nuclear energy
contributed only 6.40% to the total energy production, while other sources made up the smallest
portion, approximately 5%.

56
In 2005, the percentage of energy produced from coal witnessed a slight increase but remained the
highest on the chart, reaching 30.93%. Gas experienced a gradual rise to 30.31%, while petrol
experienced a significant decline of almost 10%. Nuclear energy saw a significant increase to 10.10%,
and other sources accounted for 9.10% of the total energy production.

57
 LESSON 9 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1.
Suggested answer
Science is not as popular as physical education.
English is not as popular as technology.
Mathematics is not as popular as science.

Exercise 2.
The pie charts illustrate the primary motivations behind people's arrivals and departures in the UK
during the year 2007.

It is clear from the charts that the primary factor influencing both immigration and emigration was
employment.

Approximately 30% of individuals chose to immigrate to the UK due to having a confirmed job offer,
and a similar proportion of 29% cited employment as their reason for emigration. Additionally, a
considerable number of individuals (22%) left the UK in search of job opportunities, although the
percentage of people immigrating for this purpose was notably lower, accounting for less than one-
fifth. Another significant motivation for moving to the UK was for formal study, with over a quarter
of immigrants indicating this reason. Interestingly, only a small minority of 4% departed the country
for educational purposes.

The proportions of individuals relocating to join family members were fairly comparable for both
immigration and emigration, standing at 15% and 13% respectively. While a substantial percentage
(32%) of emigrants provided "other" reasons or did not specify a reason for leaving, this category
accounted for only 17% in terms of immigration.

Exercise 3. (Group information by categories)

The pie charts compare the expenditure of a school in the UK in three different years over a 20-year
period.

It is clear that teachers’ salaries made up the largest proportion of the school’s spending in all three
years (1981, 1991 and 2001). By contrast, insurance was the smallest cost in each year.

In 1981, 40% of the school’s budget went on teachers’ salaries. This figure rose to 50% in 1991, but
fell again by 5% in 2001. The proportion of spending on other workers’ wages fell steadily over the
20-year period, from 28% of the budget in 1981 to only 15% in 2001.

58
Expenditure on insurance stood at only 2% of the total in 1981, but reached 8% in 2001. Finally, the
percentages for resources and furniture/equipment fluctuated. The figure for resources was highest in
1991, at 20%, and the proportion of spending on furniture and equipment reached its peak in 2001, at
23%.

59
 LESSON 10 – SPEAKING
Activity 1
. Sports personality
a. Ex boyfriend
b. Childhood friend
c. Friend of the family
d. TV presenter
e. celebrity

Activity 2
Students’ answer

Activity 3
. moody
a. supportive
b. immature
c. frank
d. charming
e. ambitious
f. generous
g. reserved
h. humorous
i. bright

Activity 4
Students’ answer

Activity 5
. have the will to succeed
a. through sheer hard work
b. has a gift for
c. to fight for
d. earn the respect

Activity 6
Students’ answer

60
Activity 7
a. a fine example
b. a hero
c. an idol
d. a charismatic leader
e. a mentor

Activity 8
Students’ answer

Activity 9
b-a-d-c

61
 LESSON 10 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
a win as many gold medals as
b as many (medals) as
c not nearly as successful as
d win as many medals as

PRACTICE 2
Students’ answers

PRACTICE 3
Students’ answers

PRACTICE 4
Suggested answer
Ranked in third place was listening to music.
The most popular activity was sport or fitness activities.
Ranked in second place was playing a team sport.

Sample answer static table

The table shows data about the underground rail networks in six major cities.

The table compares the six networks in terms of their age, size, and the number of people who use
them each year. It is clear that the three oldest underground systems are larger and serve significantly
more passengers than the newer systems.

The London Underground is the oldest system, having opened in 1863. It is also the largest system,
with 394 kilometres of route. The second largest system, in Paris, is only about half the size of the
London underground, with 199 kilometres of route. However, it serves more people per year. While
only third in terms of size, the Tokyo system is easily the most used, with 1927 million passengers
per year.

Of the three newer networks, the Washington DC underground is the most extensive, with 126
kilometres of route, compared to only 11 kilometres and 28 kilometres for the Kyoto and Los Angeles
systems. The Los Angeles network is the newest, having opened in 2001, while the Kyoto network is
the smallest and serves only 45 million passengers per year.
Sample answer dynamic table

62
The table compares the percentages of people using different functions of their mobile phones between
2006 and 2010.

Throughout the period shown, the main reason why people used their mobile phones was to make
calls. However, there was a marked increase in the popularity of other mobile phone features,
particularly the Internet search feature.

In 2006, 100% of mobile phone owners used their phones to make calls, while the next most popular
functions were text messaging (73%) and taking photos (66%). By contrast, less than 20% of owners
played games or music on their phones, and there were no figures for users doing Internet searches or
recording video.

Over the following 4 years, there was relatively little change in the figures for the top three mobile
phone features. However, the percentage of people using their phones to access the Internet jumped
to 41% in 2008 and then to 73% in 2010. There was also a significant rise in the use of mobiles to
play games and to record video, with figures reaching 41% and 35% respectively in 2010.

63
 LESSON 10 – HOMEWORK
SPEAKING

Exercise 1
. fair-skinned
a. getting on a bit
b. slim figure
c. get on really well
d. enjoy each other’s company
e. got on like a house on fire

Exercise 2
Students’ answer

Exercise 3
Students’ answer

Exercise 4
Sample answer
The person I am very close to is my best friend, Sarah. We have an incredible bond that has withstood
the test of time, and I consider her to be like a sister to me.

I first met Sarah when we were both in kindergarten, so we have known each other for over two
decades. Our friendship blossomed during those early school years and has continued to grow stronger
ever since.

We initially met at our neighborhood park, where our parents would often take us to play. As fate
would have it, we were drawn to each other's playful and friendly nature. We quickly became
inseparable, spending countless hours swinging on the swings, building sandcastles, and exploring the
park together.

What makes Sarah so special to me is her genuine and caring personality. She has always been there
for me through thick and thin, offering unwavering support and understanding. Sarah has an incredible
ability to listen attentively, providing comfort and guidance whenever I need it. Her compassionate
nature makes her an incredible friend and confidante. Moreover, Sarah possesses an infectious sense
of humor. We share countless inside jokes and can always make each other laugh, even during the
most challenging times. Her ability to bring lightness and laughter into any situation is truly
remarkable, and it makes our friendship all the more special. Furthermore, Sarah's loyalty and
64
reliability are qualities that I deeply admire. She has been by my side during major milestones,
celebrations, and even during times of sorrow. Her unwavering support and presence have been a
constant source of strength for me. Knowing that I can always count on her has created a sense of
security and deep trust within our friendship.
WRITING

Exercise 1.
Sample answer
The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and services in
five countries in 2002.

It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks, and
tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest percentages in the table.

Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks, and tobacco was noticeably higher in
Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on leisure and education
was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly
higher in Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries.

It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure for
food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively. Spain
had slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure/education, at only
1.98%.

Exercise 2.
Sample answer
The given table illustrates the proportion of school children attending four different types of secondary
schools between 2000 and 2009.

Overall, it can be seen that community schools witnessed a significant rise in the proportion of students
attending their institutions throughout the given period, whereas the other three types experienced
corresponding declines.

To begin, the percentage of pupils enrolled in voluntary-controlled schools decreased from slightly
above 50% to merely 20% or one-fifth from 2000 to 2009. Similarly, the relative number of children
attending grammar schools, which was just under 25%, declined by half within the same period. In
terms of specialist schools, although the initial percentage of students attending this category (12%)
dropped slightly, the decrease was not significant.
65
However, while the importance of the other three types of schools diminished, community schools
demonstrated the opposite trend. In fact, the proportion of students educated in these schools was only
12% in 2000, but this figure surged to well over half of all pupils in the following nine years.

66
 LESSON 11 – SPEAKING
Lead-in
smartphones
social media
E-commerce
electric vehicles
cloud computing

Activity 1
Students’ answer

Activity 2
Students’ answer

Activity 3
. are used for
a. are great for
b. provide people with
c. provide
d. is important for
e. it is appreciated
f. helps
g. useful for
h. are valued for

Activity 4
Students’ answer

Activity 5
1. b)
2. g)
3. d)
4. a)
5. k)
6. c)
7. f)
8. e)

67
9. i)
10. l)
11. j)
12. m)
13. h)

Activity 6
Students’ answer

Activity 7
Students’ answer

Activity 8
. relaxed
a. sentimental
b. intrigued by
c. nostalgic
d. thrilled
e. inspired

Activity 9
Students’ answer

Activity 10
d-a-c-b

68
 LESSON 11 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 2
1 twice
2 three times
3 half

PRACTICE 3
1 Comedies are half as popular as action movies for men.
2 Westerns are twice as popular as romantic comedies among men.
3 Comedies are twice as popular as science-fiction films for men.

PRACTICE 4
than

PRACTICE 5
Suggested answer
Twice as many women said they liked watching comedy films than westerns.
Three times as many women enjoy romantic comedies than thrillers.
Half as many women watch sci-fi films than thrillers or westerns.

PRACTICE 6
Suggested answer
1 about 140
2 around 120
3 approximately 20

PRACTICE 7
Students’ answers

PRACTICE 8
la
2d
3c

69
PRACTICE 9
Suggested answer
1 approximately/about 75
2 just under 80
3 around/approximately 120/ just over 120

PRACTICE 10
Suggested answer
Overall, over-grazing was the main reason why agricultural land worldwide was degraded. Moreover,
Europe had a much higher percentage of degraded land than Oceania and North America.

PRACTICE 11
Students’ answer

Pratice
Sample answer
The bar chart and pie chart give information about why US residents travelled and what travel
problems they experienced in the year 2009.

It is clear that the principal reason why Americans travelled in 2009 was to commute to and from
work. In the same year, the primary concern of Americans, with regard to the trips they made, was the
cost of travelling.

Looking more closely at the bar chart, we can see that 49% of the trips made by Americans in 2009
were for the purpose of commuting. By contrast, only 6% of trips were visits to friends or relatives,
and one in ten trips were for social or recreation reasons. Shopping was cited as the reason for 16%
of all travel, while unspecific ‘personal reasons’ accounted for the remaining 19%.

According to the pie chart, price was the key consideration for 36% of American travellers. Almost
one in five people cited safety as their foremost travel concern, while aggressive driving and highway
congestion were the main issues for 17% and 14% of the travelling public. Finally, a total of 14% of
those surveyed thought that access to public transport or space for pedestrians were the most important
travel issues.

70
 LESSON 11 – HOMEWORK
SPEAKING
Exercise 1
. Taste in music
a. Tone deaf
b. To catch the latest movie
c. A book-reader
d. To take up exercise
e. Home games

Exercise 2
Students’ answer

Exercise 3
Students’ answer

Exercise 4
Sample answer
One of the most useful home appliances that I often use is my microwave oven. A microwave oven is
a kitchen appliance that uses electromagnetic radiation to heat and cook food quickly and efficiently.

The microwave oven in my home is a compact countertop model. It has a sleek design with a digital
control panel and a transparent glass door that allows me to see the food while it's cooking. The oven
has various power settings and a timer, which allows me to adjust the cooking time and temperature
according to the type of food I am preparing. It also has a turntable inside that rotates the food,
ensuring even cooking.

I use my microwave oven on a daily basis. It has become an essential part of my cooking routine. I
primarily use it for reheating leftovers, defrosting frozen food, and preparing quick meals. Its
convenience and speed are particularly useful when I have a busy schedule or when I need to prepare
a meal in a hurry. Whether it's heating up a cup of tea, warming up yesterday's dinner, or making
popcorn for movie nights, the microwave oven saves me a significant amount of time and effort.
The microwave oven's usefulness extends beyond just heating and reheating food. It also helps in
retaining the nutritional value of the food by reducing the cooking time and preserving vitamins and
minerals. Moreover, it minimizes the need for additional pots, pans, and utensils, which means less
cleaning up afterward. This not only saves me time but also reduces the amount of water and energy
consumed during cooking.

71
In conclusion, the microwave oven is a highly useful home appliance that I frequently use. Its
convenience, speed, and versatility make it an indispensable tool in my kitchen. From reheating
leftovers to quickly preparing meals, it has become an essential part of my daily routine. The
microwave oven not only saves time but also helps in preserving the nutritional value of food and
minimizing the cleanup required after cooking.

WRITING

Exercise 1.
The first bar chart shows changes in the number of marriages and divorces in the USA, and the second
chart shows figures for the marital status of American adults in 1970 and 2000.

It is clear that there was a fall in the number of marriages in the USA between 1970 and 2000. The
majority of adult Americans were married in both years, but the proportion of single adults was higher
in 2000.

In 1970, there were 2.5 million marriages in the USA and 1 million divorces. The marriage rate
remained stable in 1980, but fell to 2 million by the year 2000. In contrast, the divorce rate peaked in
1980, at nearly 1.5 million divorces, before falling back to 1 million at the end of the period. Around
70% of American adults were married in 1970, but this figure dropped to just under 60% by 2000. At
the same time, the proportion of unmarried people and divorcees rose by about 10% in total. The
proportion of widowed Americans was slightly lower in 2000.

72
 LESSON 12 – SPEAKING
Activity 1
1. the first time; romantic weekend away
2. legend
3. the time when; road trip
4. speech contest; poems; role-play
5. fairy tale

Activity 2
Students’ answer

Activity 3
Answers may vary
. In, on
a. Beside
b. Far from/ opposite
c. On
d. In front of
e. Over
f. In front of
g. between

Activity 4
1. Simon, who gets carsick very easily, felt very ill on the school bus one day.
2. Susan, who is very forgetful, forgot her handbag.
3. All of the tennis fans who didn't manage to buy tickets watched the match on TV screens outside.
4. Ralph, who was a friendly old man, used to talk to me every day on my way home from school.
5. All of the passengers who hadn't bought a ticket were thrown off the bus.
6. The members of the tour group who were American didn't understand what I said.

Activity 5
Students’ answer

Activity 6
1. C
2. A
3. B

73
4. C
5. B
6. A

Activity 7
Students’ answer

Activity 8
1. a very stimulating experience
2. I learnt the importance of
3. In the future, I will
4. This event taught me
5. I will never forget
6. I wouldn't want to do it again
7. rewarding experience and I learnt a lot
8. important for me
9. I would love to do it again

Activity 9
Students’ answer

Activity 10
b-a-d-c

74
 LESSON 12 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
Sentences 1b and 2a are more natural because the object (boxes of tea and the tea leaves) is the focus
of the sentence; it is also unimportant who does the action.

PRACTICE 2

verb past participle verb past participle

grow grown hold held
sow sown grind ground
sell sold put put
take taken cut cut
wrap wrapped weave woven

PRACTICE 3
2 are ground
3 is put
4 are cut
5 are wrapped

PRACTICE 4
2 are sown
3 shines
4 grow
5 are picked
6 (are) put
7 are put
8 are packed
9 are loaded
10 (are) delivered

PRACTICE 5
Next… The first stage is… The last stage is…
Then, Subsequently, After First of all, The first step is Finally, The last step is
that, At this point, The next that, To begin with, Initially
step is that, Following this,

75
 The following step is that, and
then, after which

PRACTICE 6
b, e, h, g, a, d, c, f

PRACTICE 7
Suggested answer
The first step is that you fill the kettle with water, and then you boil the kettle.
After that, you put a tea bag or tea leaves in the cup.
Next, you take the kettle off the stove.

PRACTICE 8
lb
2d
3a
4c

PRACTICE 9
2 The biscuits are put in the oven in order to be cooked.
3 The farmer waters the plants, which makes them grow more quickly.
4 The mushrooms are stored in a dark room so that they stay fresh.

PRACTICE 10
Suggested answer
1 The diagram highlights how potato chips are produced.
2 The pictures show the steps involved in getting a driving license.

PRACTICE 11
1 steps
2 from
3 planting
4 to
5 drinking

Practice- Describe a process

Sample answer
76
These pictures Illustrate how tea is produced, and how a cup of tea is made.

There are 18 stages in the diagram, from sowing the tea seeds in India and China to enjoying a cup of
tea at home.

The first step is that the tea seeds are sown, and then the sun shines, which causes the seeds to grow
into plants. Once the plants have grown sufficiently, the leaves are then picked by the farmer and put
into baskets. After the picking stage, the tea leaves are spread out in the sun to be dried. The tea leaves
are packed into boxes and then they are loaded onto lorries, which take the boxes of tea to
supermarkets.

In order to make a cup of tea, first of all, you buy a box of tea and take it home. Next, you fill the
kettle with water and put it on the stove to boil. Meanwhile, you put a tea bag in a cup, and once the
kettle has boiled, the water is poured into the cup. Having been left in the cup for two minutes, the tea
bag is then removed, and the tea is now ready to drink. At this point, milk and sugar can be added.
The final step is that you drink a nice cup of hot tea.

77
 LESSON 12 – HOMEWORK
SPEAKING

Exercise 1
1. Threw a party
2. Invited
3. Decorated
4. Tasty
5. Stumbled
6. Embarrassed
7. Jokes
8. Unforgettable

Exercise 2
Students’ answer

Exercise 3
Sample answer
Well, let me share with you a truly memorable and happy event from my life. It was my graduation
ceremony, a celebration of both accomplishment and new beginnings. This joyous event took place
approximately two years ago when I completed my bachelor's degree in computer science.

The graduation ceremony was held in the grand auditorium of our university campus. It was a sunny
day in late spring, creating a perfect atmosphere for such a momentous occasion. The venue was
adorned with colorful decorations and flowers, creating a festive ambiance that amplified the sense of
achievement and happiness in the air.

As I entered the auditorium, I was surrounded by my fellow graduates, all dressed in their academic
regalia. The room was buzzing with excitement and anticipation. Proud family members and friends
filled the seats, their cheerful faces reflecting the immense support they had provided throughout our
academic journey. The event commenced with a heartfelt speech from our university chancellor,
followed by the distribution of certificates. The stage was adorned with bright lights, and the crowd
erupted in applause as each graduate's name was called. I felt a surge of joy and pride as I walked
across the stage, shook hands with the faculty members, and received my certificate.

There are various reasons why this event was so incredibly happy for me. Firstly, it symbolized the
culmination of years of hard work, dedication, and countless late-night study sessions. It was the
moment when I realized that my efforts had paid off and that I had successfully completed my degree.
78
Secondly, witnessing the proud smiles and teary eyes of my family members in the audience filled
my heart with immense happiness. Their unwavering support and sacrifices had been instrumental in
my academic journey, and their presence made the event even more special. Moreover, the graduation
ceremony marked the beginning of a new chapter in my life. It was a time of limitless possibilities,
where I felt optimistic about my future career prospects. The event served as a stepping stone towards
my professional aspirations and instilled in me a sense of confidence and excitement. In conclusion,
my graduation ceremony was an incredibly happy event in my life. It represented the culmination of
years of hard work, the immense support of my loved ones, and the promise of a bright future. The
memories of that day continue to bring a smile to my face, reminding me of my achievements and the
potential for further growth.
WRITING

Exercise 1.
The diagram illustrates the various stages in the life of a honey bee.

We can see that the complete life cycle lasts between 34 and 36 days. It is also noticeable that there
are five main stages in the development of the honey bee, from egg to mature adult insect.

The life cycle of the honey bee begins when the female adult lays an egg; the female typically lays
one or two eggs every 3 days. Between 9 and 10 days later, each egg hatches, and the immature insect,
or nymph, appears.

During the third stage of the life cycle, the nymph grows in size and sheds its skin three times. This
moulting first takes place 5 days after the egg hatches, then 7 days later, and again another 9 days
later. After a total of 30 to 31 days from the start of the cycle, the young adult honey bee emerges
from its final moulting stage, and in the space of only 4 days, it reaches full maturity.

79
 LESSON 13 – SPEAKING
Activity 1
1. E
2. A
3. F
4. D
5. B
6. G
7. C

Activity 2
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. C

Activity 3
Students’ answer

Activity 4
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. A

Activity 5
Students’ answer

Activity 6
1. B
2. C

80
 3. A
4. B
5. C

Activity 7
Students’ answer

Activity 8
1. makes me feel
2. Important to me
3. provided me with
4. love; because
5. I value; gives me
6. reminds me
7. lets me

Activity 9
Students’ answer

Activity 10
b-a-d-c

81
 LESSON 13 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
make bigger take away add something change into general
new something else statement about
change
enlarge, cut down, build, convert, modernize,
expand, demolish, construct, make into, transform,
extend knock down, erect, redevelop, urbanize,
pull down, introduce remove, industrialize
remove replace,
turn into

PRACTICE 2
1 has become
2 has been constructed
3 has been demolished
4 have taken place
5 has been knocked down
6 has been replaced
7 have been pulled down
8 have been built
9 has changed
10 has been turned into

PRACTICE 3
Suggested answer
The train station has been demolished to make way for the police station.
A hall of residence has been constructed.
Some bars and clubs have been built.

PRACTICE 4
verb noun verb noun
demolish demolition cut down cutting down
construct construction transform transformation
build building industrialize industrialization
82
 open opening erect rection
knock down knocking down modernize modernization
expand expansion urbanize urbanization
convert conversion redevelop redevelopment
introduce introduction pedestrianize pedestrianization
replace replacement enlarge enlargement
extend extansion disappear disappearance

PRACTICE 5
2 expansion
3 conversion
4 modernization
5 introduction
6 building

PRACTICE 6
From 1936 to 2007, the area around the river was developed into a residential area in the northeastern
part of the city. The number of trees located in the northwest dropped considerably from 3 to 1 in the
71-year period. In the center of the town, they built a new shopping center, while the post office, bank
and library remained unchanged. The sweet shop and butchers were replaced with a supermarket.
Opposite the post office, a travel agency was built right on the site where the flower shop used to be.
The bike path in the southwest was redesigned as a road. In the southeast, the government offices were
turned into a museum, and the adjacent farmland was converted into a golf course.

PRACTICE 7
Suggested answer
Overall, the town became more urbanized, removing some of the natural beauty, while expanding the
residential area and constructing more shopping and leisure facilities.

Practice- describe a map

Sample answer
The two maps show the main changes which have taken place in the town of Castellón between the
year 2000 and today.

In general, it appears that Castellón has become a much more modern city, with far more shopping
and transport facilities.

83
One interesting change is that a new tram line has been built, to connect the university with the town
centre. In 2000, there wasn't any accommodation for students, but a hall of residence has been built
near the university. Another striking change is that the old market in the west of the city has been
knocked down to make way for new shops. A completely new covered market has also been built on
the other side of town

If we look at the port area, it has been pedestrianized since 2000, and a range of entertainment facilities
have been built, such as cinemas, bars, and clubs. The northeast of the city used to be a green area,
with lots of trees, but the trees have been cut down, and a new shopping complex has been constructed.
A final Interesting development has been the introduction of a bike-rental scheme in the city centre.

84
 LESSON 13 – HOMEWORK
SPEAKING

Exercise 1
Students’ answer

Exercise 2
Students’ answer

Exercise 3
Sample answer

One place in Hanoi that I have always yearned to visit is the Temple of Literature. Situated in the
heart of the city, this historic site holds great cultural significance and serves as a testament to
Vietnam's rich intellectual heritage.

The Temple of Literature, also known as Van Mieu, is located in the Dong Da district of Hanoi. It was
originally built in 1070 as Vietnam's first national university and later became a Confucian temple
dedicated to education and learning. The complex is comprised of five courtyards, each with its own
distinct architectural features and historical artifacts.

People visit the Temple of Literature for various reasons. Firstly, it is a place of reverence for scholars
and students, serving as a symbol of academic achievement and wisdom. Many students come to the
temple to seek blessings before important exams, hoping to gain inspiration and success in their
studies. Additionally, tourists from around the world visit the temple to admire its architectural beauty,
explore the tranquil gardens, and learn about Vietnam's educational history.

I first learned about the Temple of Literature during my studies of Vietnamese culture and history. It
is a highly regarded landmark that is often mentioned in books, documentaries, and online resources.
Moreover, I have had conversations with locals and fellow travelers who have shared their captivating
experiences of visiting the temple, sparking my interest even further.

The reason I am eager to visit the Temple of Literature is twofold. Firstly, I am fascinated by its
historical significance and the opportunity to immerse myself in Vietnam's educational heritage. As
an admirer of learning and knowledge, I am intrigued by the temple's role in nurturing scholars and
promoting intellectual pursuits throughout history. Secondly, I am drawn to the temple's architectural
splendor and serene atmosphere. I am particularly excited to explore the picturesque courtyards,
adorned with beautiful gardens, statues, and traditional Vietnamese architecture. The sense of
85
tranquility and reverence that pervades the complex appeals to my desire for cultural immersion and
spiritual reflection.

WRITING

Exercise 1.
Sample answer
The diagrams illustrate some changes to a small island which has been developed for tourism.

It is clear that the island has changed considerably with the introduction of tourism, and six new
features can be seen in the second diagram. The main developments are that the island is accessible
and visitors have somewhere to stay.

Looking at the maps in more detail, we can see that small huts have been built to accommodate visitors
to the island. In the middle of the island, a reception building has been constructed and
a restaurant has been added to the north of the reception. Before these developments, the island was
completely bare apart from a few trees.

As well as the buildings mentioned above, the new facilities on the island include a pier, where boats
can dock. There is also a short road linking the pier with the reception and restaurant, and footpaths
connect the huts. Finally, a designated swimming area has been introduced for tourists off a beach on
the western tip of the island.

86
 LESSON 14 – SPEAKING
Activity 1
1. believe that
2. strongly believe
3. convinced that
4. certainly do; of the opinion
5. don’t think
6. Not really

Activity 2
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. B

Activity 3
Students’ answer

Activity 4
1. vast majority; C
2. Most; F
3. A lot of; A
4. large percentage; E
5. political views; D
6. People with a lot of; B

Activity 5
Students’ answer

87
 LESSON 14 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 2
1g
2f
3c
4b
5a
6e
7 see below
8d

Suggested definition for a prison sentence: A means of punishment where someone is put in a prison
for a length of time specified by the court

PRACTICE 3
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 4
c

PRACTICE 5
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 6
1d
2a
3b
4c

PRACTICE 7
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 8
Suggested answers

88
1 In recent years, there has been a lot of discussion about the threat of global warming and climate
change. There are also fears that many of the Earth's natural resources are running out. As a result,
many people are saying that if we want to protect our environment, we will need to change the way
that we live. I agree with this viewpoint and in this essay, I will give my reasons.

2 These days, sports such as Formula 1, tennis and football are multi-million-pound industries which
attract audiences around the world. As a result, the top sportsmen in these fields such as Rafa Nadal
and Cristiano Ronaldo have become household names. However, some people argue that these
athletes receive too much money for what they actually do. I agree with this point to some extent and
in this essay I will support this opinion with examples.

PRACTICE 9
For example; such as; and so on; take [...] as an example

PRACTICE 10
1 For examples, ...
2... as such as
3... and so on.
4 Take shoplifters as an example.

PRACTICE 11
1 such as
2 and so on
3 For example,
4 such as
5 Take... as an example
6 and so on
7 For example

PRACTICE 12
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 13
2 A good example of this would be working from home.
3 A good example of this would be people who live on their own.
4 A good example of this would be smokers.

89
PRACTICE 14
Suggested answer
opinion arguments
● Teenagers are more likely to accept ● Reformed offenders can tell young
advice from someone who can speak people about their experience
from experience.

● Alternatives to using reformed ● Other less effective options

criminals to educate teenagers about Police officers: Young people are often
crime would be much less effective. reluctant to take advice from figures of
authority.
School teachers: Students would not
see teachers as credible sources of
information about this topic
Educational films: There would be no
opportunity for young people to
interact and ask questions.

PRACTICE 15
Suggested answer
Paragraph 1: Introduction
● Current situation/ Background knowledge about the topic
● Your opinion: completely agree

Paragraph 2: Main body 1 (The first reason for your opinion)

● Main idea: Teenagers are more likely to accept advice from someone who can speak from
experience.
● Supporting idea: Reformed offenders can tell young people about their experience

Paragraph 3: Main body 2 (The second reason for your opinion)

● Main idea: Alternatives to using reformed criminals to educate teenagers about crime would
be much less effective.
● Supporting idea:
Police officers: Young people are often reluctant to take advice from figures of authority.

90
 School teachers: Students would not see teachers as credible sources of information about this
topic
Educational films: There would be no opportunity for young people to interact and ask
questions.

Paragraph 4: Conclusion
Restate your opinion

PRACTICE 16
Students’ answer

91
 LESSON 14 – HOMEWORK
It is true that ex-prisoners can become normal, productive members of society. I completely agree
with the idea that allowing such people to speak to teenagers about their experiences is the best way
to discourage them from breaking the law.

In my opinion, teenagers are more likely to accept advice from someone who can speak from
experience. Reformed offenders can tell young people about how they became involved in crime, the
dangers of a criminal lifestyle, and what life in prison is really like. They can also dispel any ideas
that teenagers may have about criminals leading glamorous lives. While adolescents are often
indifferent to the guidance given by older people, I imagine that most of them would be extremely
keen to hear the stories of an ex-offender. The vivid and perhaps shocking nature of these stories is
likely to have a powerful impact.

The alternatives to using reformed criminals to educate teenagers about crime would be much less
effective. One option would be for police officers to visit schools and talk to young people. This could
be useful in terms of informing teens about what happens to lawbreakers when they are caught, but
young people are often reluctant to take advice from figures of authority. A second option would be
for school teachers to speak to their students about crime, but I doubt that students would see teachers
as credible sources of information about this topic. Finally, educational films might be informative,
but there would be no opportunity for young people to interact and ask questions.

In conclusion, I fully support the view that people who have turned their lives around after serving a
prison sentence could help to deter teenagers from committing crimes.

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 LESSON 15 – SPEAKING
Activity 1
The main advantage of working in an office is you can sit in a comfortable chair all day and drink tea!
The good thing about living in the countryside is that you can take peaceful walks and breathe fresh
air.
One of the main benefits of living in cities is that you are able to keep up with the latest fashions, go
to clubs, bars and restaurants.
A major advantage of taking the subway is you can travel to work quickly and cheaply.
A key advantage of having regular holidays is that you can give the mind and body a rest from the
stress of work.

Activity 2
1. can get stressful
2. too obsessed with; can give a very bad impression to others
3. might get bored; annoying
4. get bothered by; not good for
5. The disadvantage of; inconvenient for
6. The bad thing; might get stolen
7. can get complicated

Activity 3
1. C
2. F
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. E
7. G

Activity 4
Students’ answer

Activity 5
1. the current rate of international development; B
2. Taking into consideration; C
3. we are constantly improving our education standards; D
4. are spending a lot of money; E

93
5. are reforming the labour laws; A

Activity 6
Students’ answer

Activity 7
To begin with, the most significant issue of environmental pollution is climate change
Primarily, a major concern of cybersecurity is data breaches and identity theft
Basically, one fundamental concern of healthcare is the shortage of healthcare professionals
Furthermore, another significant concern of education is quality disparities in education
Another aspect that raises concerns of urbanization is traffic congestion

Activity 8
Suggested answers
Environmental Pollution (Climate Change): Promote Renewable Energy Adoption
Cybersecurity (Data Breaches and Identity Theft): Enhance Cybersecurity Education and Training
Healthcare (Shortage of Healthcare Professionals): Increase Investments in Medical Education
Education (Quality Disparities in Education): Implement Equitable Funding Models
Urbanization (Traffic Congestion): Develop Comprehensive Public Transportation Systems

Activity 9
Students’ answer

94
 LESSON 15 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 2

1 In a discussion essay, there are two (usually contrasting) opinions to think about. In this example,
they are
a) a crime should have a fixed punishment, and
b) we should think about the circumstances of the crime when we decide the punishment.

2 Yes, the plan should be different. In a discussion essay, you will need to identify and state both
opinions in your introduction. In the main body of your essay, you should write a paragraph with one
or two points about each opinion separately, giving your own examples.

3 In a discussion essay, you will write about your opinion in the conclusion after discussing both
arguments. However, it is good advice to include your personal opinion in the introduction as well,
just in case you do not have enough time in the exam to complete your answer.

PRACTICE 3

plan 1: opinion essay plan 2: discussion essay

● intro- state your opinion ● intro- explain the two views

● two reasons to support your opinion ● discuss the first view with examples
● short conclusion ● discuss the second view with examples
● short conclusion - clearly state your
own opinion and which view you
support

PRACTICE 4

1 Teenage conflict with parents is a necessary part of growing up

2 Conflict is something negative which should be avoided.

PRACTICE 5
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whereas; whilst

PRACTICE 6
Suggested formula for discussion essay introductions
1 A general sentence to introduce the topic in your own words
2 A sentence to support/add an example to the first sentence
3 Identify and state in your own words the two opinions given to you in the question.
4 Outline your plan for the essay.

PRACTICE 7
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 8
1 argue
2 believe
3 argued
4 belief
5 argument

PRACTICE 9
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 10
Suggested answers
2 Many people hold the view that eventually robots will replace teachers in the future. It is their view
that in some situations, such as marking exam papers, robots would be more efficient.

3 A growing number of people argue that doing sport in school is a waste of time. This is because
they say that it is more important to concentrate on key subjects like mathematics and sciences and
that sport should be done outside school hours.

4 Some feel that teachers should be able to use physical discipline in schools. They claim that this
method would reduce misbehaviour and promote respect.

5 Many people hold the view that taking a gap year is a waste of time. They feel that people who
decide to travel for a year become lazy and do not want to work when they return.

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PRACTICE 11
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 12
Suggested answer
The first view The second view
● Technology dominate the leisure time ● Older people especially feel nostalgia
of young people -> follow global trends (still follow Royal Family)
(e.g music) ● Many of today's global pop stars were
● Exotic 'foreign' foods are preferred themselves inspired by more
than traditional recipes traditional genres of music (e.g Ed
Sheeran)
● It is still common to see performances
of more traditional forms of music (e.g
classical and jazz)

PRACTICE 13
Paragraph 1: Introduction
● Current situation/ Background knowledge about the topic
● Your plan/opinion

Paragraph 2: The first view

● Main idea: People are strongly influenced by the effects of globalisation
● Supporting idea:
Technology dominate the leisure time of young people -> follow global trends (e.g music)
Exotic 'foreign' foods are preferred than traditional recipes

Paragraph 3: The second view

● Main idea: Many people are turned on by technology, which they see as culturally empty
● Supporting idea:

Older people especially feel nostalgia (still follow Royal Family)

Many of today's global pop stars were themselves inspired by more traditional genres of music
(e.g Ed Sheeran)

97
 It is still common to see performances of more traditional forms of music (e.g classical and
jazz)

Paragraph 4: Conclusion
Restate your opinion

PRACTICE 14
Students’ answer

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 LESSON 15 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1.
Sample essay
Today we live in a globalised world and the development of global culture is often at the expense of
local traditions. There are certainly many people that show indifference to local customs in favour of
embracing global ideas, but there are still many who see the value in maintaining them, myself
included.

It is easy to argue that people are strongly influenced by the effects of globalisation. Technology in
particular seems to dominate the leisure time of young people, whether it be gadgets or the internet.
As a result, there are trends which can be described as global in all aspects of culture. For instance,
many people now prefer listening to music by Ed Sheeran or Beyoncé rather than the traditional music
of their country, which is often seen as outdated by comparison. Similarly, many would rather try
exotic 'foreign' foods than use traditional recipes, which they might see as dull or old- fashioned.

However, it would be a mistake to think that everyone thinks this way. Many people are turned o by
technology, which they see as culturally empty. Older people especially feel nostalgia for how things
used to be done. For example, in the UK, the Royal Family are as popular as ever, and thousands of
people turn out to see them wherever they go. It should also be remembered that many of today's
global pop stars were themselves inspired by more traditional genres of music. Ed Sheeran, for
example, embodies many musical traditions, such as folk music and busking In the same way, it is
still common to see performances of more traditional forms of music, such as classical and jazz.

My own opinion is that there is truth in both views. There are certainly people so focused on global
trends that there is no space in their lives for, or interest in, preserving the past. On the other hand,
there are many who prefer to live their lives more nostalgically and value the traditions that have been
handed down. I would say that I belong more to this second group of people, although I admit I would
struggle without the internet.

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 LESSON 16 – SPEAKING
Activity 1
Suggested answers
1. If there were no access to clean water in a community, people would need to mobilize
resources to build water wells and purification systems.
2. If the government didn't provide affordable healthcare, citizens would advocate for healthcare
reform and access to affordable insurance options.
3. If schools didn't teach financial literacy, young adults would struggle with managing their
finances, leading to potential debt and financial insecurity.
4. If there were a lack of affordable housing in the city, local governments would need to invest
in housing initiatives and provide subsidies to make housing more accessible to all income
groups.
5. If people didn't have equal access to education, there would be increased socioeconomic
disparities and limited opportunities for personal growth and career advancement.

Activity 2
1. Due to
2. Because of
3. In other words
4. The main reason behind this is
5. Because of
6. This can be attributed to
7. The reason for this is
8. One key factor is
9. In other words
10. As a result of

Activity 3
Students’ answer

Activity 4
Students’ answer

Activity 5
Students’ answer

Activity 6

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 1. has advanced
2. have relied
3. have been working
4. has increased
5. has gained
6. has shifted
7. has reshaped
8. has changed
9. have closed
10. have been studying

Activity 7
1. People used to travel by horse and carriage in old society.
2. They used to light candles for illumination in old society.
3. People used to communicate via telegrams before modern communication methods.
4. Navigators used to rely on handwritten maps for navigation in the past.
5. People used to listen to radio broadcasts for news updates in the old society.
6. They used to cook meals from scratch without convenience foods in the past.
7. People used to dress formally for everyday occasions in old society.
8. They used to fetch water from a well for daily use in the past.
9. People used to entertain themselves with board games and books in old society.
10. In old society, they used to attend town meetings to discuss community issues.

Activity 8
Students’ answer

101
 LESSON 16 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 2
1 living
2 living
3 live
4 live
5 lived; living
6 live

PRACTICE 3
Students’ answer

PRACTICE 4
1d
2a
3b
4c

PRACTICE 5
Nowadays, it is becoming more and more common for people to take two jobs. Many have at least
one change of career at some point in their lives. But what are the benefits of this situation, and what
are the drawbacks? In this essay, I will look at both sides and try to draw some conclusions.

PRACTICE 6
Sample answers
1 These days, it is a common sight to see children spending hours on end watching television. The
majority of youngsters have a TV set in their bedroom, and some even download their favourite
programmes on their mobile phones. However, there are concerns about whether television provides
positive input for our children or if it is harmful to them. In this essay, I will consider the advantages
and disadvantages of children watching TV and offer my opinion.

2 In recent times, governments and private businesses have started using CCTV cameras as a way of
attempting to fight rising crime. The sight of a camera watching us in our shops, streets and car parks
is now part of daily life. However, does the system work, or are there drawbacks in using cameras to

102
patrol city streets? In this essay, I will explore the pros and cons of using CCTV cameras and draw
some conclusions.

PRACTICE 7
(1) (2) (3) in both conclusions

PRACTICE 8
To sum up, living abroad is a challenging experience with both ups and downs. In my view, having
the chance to see life in another country can open up lots of exciting new experiences. However, it
can also be very difficult to cope with the new culture and language. It is important to be happy
wherever you are.

PRACTICE 9
introducing a conclusion expressing opinion linking devices
All things considered Personally, I believe While going abroad...
In conclusion In my opinion, However,
To sum up In my view,

PRACTICE 10
Advantages Disadvantages
● People who choose to live alone may ● People who live alone may experience
become more independent and self- feelings of loneliness, isolation and
reliant than those who live with family worry.
members. ● A rise in demand for housing is likely
● The trend towards living alone will to push up property prices and rents
result in greater demand for housing

PRACTICE 11
Use the ideas above to complete this essay plan

Paragraph 1: Introduction
● Current situation/ Background knowledge about the topic
● Your opinion
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Paragraph 2: Main body 1 (Advantages)
● Main idea 1: People who choose to live alone may become more independent and self-reliant
than those who live with family members.
● Supporting idea 2: They need to cook, clean, pay bills and manage his or her budget

● Main idea 2: The trend towards living alone will result in greater demand for housing
● Supporting idea 2: This benefits the construction industry, estate agents,…

Paragraph 3: Main body 2 (Disadvantages)

● Main idea 1: People who live alone may experience feelings of loneliness, isolation and worry.
● Supporting idea 1: They miss out on the emotional support and daily conversation that family
or flatmates can provide

● Main idea 2: A rise in demand for housing is likely to push up property prices and rents
● Supporting idea 2: People will be faced with rising living costs.

Paragraph 4: Conclusion
Restate your opinion

PRACTICE 12
Students’ answer

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 LESSON 16 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1.
Sample answer
In recent years it has become far more normal for people to live alone, particularly in large cities in
the developed world. In my opinion, this trend could have both positive and negative consequences
in equal measure.

The rise in one-person households can be seen as positive for both personal and broader economic
reasons. On an individual level, people who choose to live alone may become more independent and
self-reliant than those who live with family members. A young adult who lives alone, for example,
will need to learn to cook, clean, pay bills and manage his or her budget, all of which are valuable life
skills; an increase in the number of such individuals can certainly be seen as a positive development.
From an economic perspective, the trend towards living alone will result in greater demand for
housing. This is likely to benefit the construction industry, estate agents and a whole host of other
companies that rely on homeowners to buy their products or services.

However, the personal and economic arguments given above can be considered from the opposite
angle. Firstly, rather than the positive feeling of increased independence, people who live alone may
experience feelings of loneliness, isolation and worry. They miss out on the emotional support and
daily conversation that family or flatmates can provide, and they must bear the weight of all household
bills and responsibilities; in this sense, perhaps the trend towards living alone is a negative one.
Secondly, from the financial point of view, a rise in demand for housing is likely to push up property
prices and rents. While this may benefit some businesses, the general population, including those who
live alone, will be faced with rising living costs.

In conclusion, the increase in one-person households will have both beneficial and detrimental effects
on individuals and on the economy.

105
 LESSON 17 – MOCK TEST
Listening
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
1 mountains 11 A 21 B 31 damage
2 horse 12 A 22 C 32 side effects
3 garden(s) 13 C 23 C 33 bridge
4 lunch 14 C 24 budget 34 confusion
5 map 15&16 A, E 25 employment 35 smartphone
6 experience 17 F 26 safety 36 resources
7 Ratchesons 18 C 27 insurance 37 unnecessary / not
8 helmet 19 D 28 diary necessary
9 shops 20 B 29 database 38 chocolate bar
10 267 30 museum 39 problem
40 market share

Reading

Passage 1 Passage 2 Passage 3

1. NOT GIVEN 14. antiques 27. vi
2. FALSE 15. triumph 28. viii
3. FALSE 16. information 29. ii
4. TRUE 17. contact/meetings 30. iv
5. TRUE 18. hunt/desire 31. iii
6. taste 19. aimless/empty 32. vii
7. cheaper 20. educational 33. fire science
8. convenient 21. Trainspotting 34. investigators
9. image 22. NOT GIVEN 35. evidence
10. sustainable 23. FALSE 36. prosecution
11. recycled 24. NOT GIVEN 37. NOT GIVEN
12. biodiversity 25. TRUE 38. YES
13. desertification 26. TRUE 39. NO
40. NO

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 LESSON 17 – WRITING
PRACTICE 1
Students’ answer
PRACTICE 2
1 has become
2 consider
3 want
4 is becoming

PRACTICE 3
1 present simple
2 present perfect
3 present continuous

PRACTICE 4
2 say; eat
3 are rising
4 has risen
5 has become
6 needs
7 have; exercise

PRACTICE 5

time expressions useful phrases

Over the last few years… + present perfect It is clear that...
In the last decade... + present perfect …is becoming more popular.
Today + present simple It has become less common for people to...
Present continuous + all the time People often consider...
Recently present perfect The problem is becoming worse and worse.
Nowadays / These days + present There is no doubt that ...
simple Most people say...
It has become evident that...

PRACTICE 6
1 To sum up ...; All in all, ...
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2 in my view; As I see it,
3 take steps to deal with the problem
4 There is no doubt that...
5 an increasingly worrying issue
6 all have a role to play in tackling the problem
7 Action must be taken urgently

PRACTICE 7
Suggested answer
In contemporary society, the issue of obesity has emerged as a pressing concern, affecting people of
all age groups in societies worldwide. This essay will explore the reasons behind this increase and
suggest potential solutions to tackle this issue.

PRACTICE 8
Suggested answer

Problems Solutions
● bad behaviour / lack of discipline ● schools / clear rules
● large classes / difficult to teach ● teachers / punish disruptive students
● disruptive students / family ● parents / support / school rules
background ● parents / take responsibility / children’s
● parents / lenient / spoil behaviour

PRACTICE 9
Suggested answer

Paragraph 1: Introduction
● Current situation/ Background knowledge about the topic
● Plan of the essay

Paragraph 2: Main body 1 (focus on problems)

● Main idea 1: lack of discipline
● Supporting idea 1: lack of a strong moral compass or failure to understand the importance of
respecting rules and authority figures. Reason: breakdown of traditional family structures, the
influence of media and popular culture, or the absence of adequate role models in their lives.

108
 ● Main idea 2: large class sizes
● Supporting idea 2: difficult to cater to the individual needs of students and maintain a
conducive learning environment. Result: students may feel neglected

● Main idea 3: disruptive students

● Supporting idea 3: create a domino effect, negatively influencing their peers and impeding the
learning process for everyone involved.

Paragraph 3: Main body 2 (focus on solutions)

● Main idea 1: solution from schools
● Supporting idea 1: establish clear and comprehensive rules and expectations for student
behavior

● Main idea 2: solution from teachers

● Supporting idea 2: enforce disciplinary measures consistently and fairly

● Main idea 3: solution from parents

● Supporting idea 3: actively participate in their children's education and reinforce the
importance of respectful behavior at home

Paragraph 4: Conclusion
Briefly summarize your ideas

PRACTICE 10
Students’ answer

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 LESSON 17 – HOMEWORK
Sample answer
In recent years, there has been a growing concern over the deteriorating behaviour observed in schools.
This essay will delve into the causes and effects of this issue, and propose viable solutions to address
it.

There are multiple causes for the worsening behavior in schools. Firstly, the decline in student
discipline is a significant factor. Some students may lack a strong moral compass and fail to appreciate
the importance of following rules and respecting authority figures. This can be attributed to factors
like changes in family structures, the influence of media and popular culture, or the absence of positive
role models in their lives. Secondly, large class sizes pose a challenge for effective teaching and
classroom management. Teachers struggle to address individual student needs and maintain a
conducive learning environment due to overcrowding. Consequently, students may feel neglected,
leading to frustration and disruptive behavior as a means of seeking attention or expressing
dissatisfaction. Moreover, the presence of disruptive students and their family backgrounds also
contributes to the problem, as their behavior negatively influences their peers and disrupts the learning
process.

To address this issue, a multi-faceted approach involving schools, teachers, and parents is crucial.
Firslty, schools should establish clear and comprehensive rules, effectively communicating them to
all students, so they understand the consequences of misconduct and the importance of adhering to
these rules. Another solution is for teachers to enforce disciplinary measures consistently and fairly,
such as issuing warnings, detention, or appropriate consequences for disruptive behavior. This helps
establish discipline and fosters a positive learning environment. Lastly, parents should be encouraged
to actively participate in their children's education and reinforce respectful behavior at home.
Collaborative efforts between parents and teachers, such as regular communication and parental
workshops on discipline and behavior management, can foster a unified approach in addressing
behavioral issues.

In conclusion, various measures can be taken to tackle the problems of decline in behavior witnessed
in schools.

110
 LESSON 18 – READING
Lead-in
Teachers can introduce students to Top 8 English Speaking Apps

READING
Activity 1
1f 2b 3a 4d 5e 6c

Activity 2
-ology -metry -graphy -ics -ing other
marine optometry geography genetics computing chemistry
biology geometry economics engineering astronomy
ecology robotics
optometry statistics
palaeontology
zoology

Activity 3
Students' own answers.

Activity 4
1b 2d 3i 4f 5g 6h 7c 8e 9j 10a

Activity 5
Greek word or word part Examples
astron astronomy
bios biology
-graphy the writing or drawing of
-logy ecology, geology, palaeontology, pharmacology, meteorology,
zoology
-metry geometry, optometry
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 -nomy astronomy
zoo zoology

Activity 6
1 a cartographer
2 a biologist
3 a geneticist
4 an optometrist
5 a palaeontologist
6 an ecologist
7 an astronomer
8 a geologist

Activity 7
Scientific topics;
1 cell biology
2 genetics
3 cell division
4 cloning
5 gene therapy

Scientific equipment:
1 test tubes
2 flasks
3 microscopes
4 centrifuges

Activity 8
Numbers: Diagram 1: 1, 3, 6, Diagram 2: 1
Words: Diagram 1; 2, 4, 5, Diagram 2; 2

Activity 9
Diagram 1:
1. 1 small cetacean species/ Ganges River Dolphin
2. 12 oz
3. human
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 4. 2-4 lb
5. bottlenose dolphin
6. sperm whale
7. 19 lb
Diagram 2:
1. three-year-old child
2. bottlenose dolphin

Activity 10
1. c
2. a
3. e
4. b
5. d

Activity 11
1. Jane Goodall has attained global recognition as a role model for
2. Her studies have had far-reaching consequences, one of them being that we might have to
accept that some animals should be treated
3. Goodall believed that the main reason why women made good field scientists was their natural
capacity
4. have been encouraged to become field scientists by the example of the three sisters in science.
5. Even today, when women are more visible in the field of science, their role is limited and they
do not tend to be the

Activity 12
1, 4, 5: noun or noun phrase
2 linking word
3 infinitive

Activity 13
1. contemporary women scientists
2. as humans
3. to be mothers
4. generations of women
5. big players

113
Activity 14
1 Katia
2 magma chamber(s)/reservoir (s)
3 dike/horizontal magma sheet
4 mantle/semi-molten rock
5 three/3
6 twelve/12 miles

114
 LESSON 18 – LISTENING
Exercise 1
Nouns: chemical, electricity, fuel, gas, heat, liquid, metal, oil, oxygen, substance
Verbs: boil, burn, cool, freeze, fuel, gas, heat, melt, oil
Adjectives: chemical, coot, nuclear, solar

Exercise 2
1. An effective way of producing power is to use solar energy.
2. At the North and South Poles, water becomes so cold that it freezes.
3. If you heat water to 100 degrees Centigrade, it boils.
4. This power station uses nuclear energy to generate electricity.
5. Oil is a substance found under the surface of the earth.
6. In order to make a fire, some kind of fuel such as wood is needed.
7. If you oil an engine, it will function more effectively.
8. Refrigeration is the main method of cooling food.

Exercise 3
1e, 2 c, 3f, 4 b, 5 i, 6 a, 7 h, 8 d, 9j, 10 g

Exercise 4
1 confirmed/announced/claimed, 2 denied, 3 recommended, 4 warned, 5 persuaded

Exercise 5
1 claim
2 fossil
3 run out
4 Solar power
5 recommended
6 argued
7 nuclear
8 radioactive waste
9 contamination

Exercise 6 1A, 2 A, 3U, 4D, 5D, 6 A, 7U, 8D/U, 9 A, 10 U

Exercise 7

115
1 I'm not convinced that... I couldn't agree more. For me, clearly the best option for... I'm with you on
that What I particularly like about.... I wouldn't like to say.

2 No, the speaker says: "I'm not convinced that it's a great plan."

3 Yes, the speaker says: "I couldn't agree more.

4 Yes, they say: "For me, geothermal energy is clearly the best option for governments to invest in for
the future." "I'm with you on that."

5 No, the second speaker says: "I wouldn't like to say."

Exercise 8
1S, 2M, 3M, 4S, 5M, 6S

Exercise 9
1 general, 2 specific, 3 make notes,
4 (kind of) system, 5 relevance

Exercise 10
1. The answers will be verbs or nouns which refer to methods.
Possible answers: use/using less lighting, turn/ turning down heating, recycle/recycling
2. The answers will be types of fuels which can be seen as negative.
Possible answers: carbon dioxide, oil, gas, nuclear waste
3. The range of possible answers is much wider grammatically and thematically in this question
compared to questions 1 and 2. Possible answers: high demand, expensive production, political
tension, limited production
Exercise 11
solar (I am going to choose solar); bio fuels / biofuels (I also want to talk about bio fuels); nuclear
(I've decided to do nuclear)

Exercise 12
1 background details. 2 diagrams

Exercise 13
1 j. k. l (The word must be a noun that refers to a type of academic discussion.)

116
2 a. c. e. g (The word must be an adjective because it comes before the noun ‘energy’. Note that
irr terms of context, only a. c and g are possible.)
3 a. c. e (The word must be an adjective because it comes before the noun phrase ‘energy
source‘.)
4 b. d. f. h. i. (The word must be a noun because there is an article ‘the‘ before it. Note that in
terms of the context, only d and i are possible.)
5 f. j (The word must be a singular or uncountable noun because there is an adjective before it
(‘academic‘) and the verb ‘appears‘ is singular.)

Exercise 14
1 l. 2 c. 3h. 4 a. 5f

Exercise 15
Questions 1-4
1 less reliable. 2 (generally/very) expensive (to produce). 3 critical analysis. 4 wide reading

Questions 5-7
5 daylight. 6 country. 7 willing to

Questions 8-10
8G. 9C. 10 B

117
 LESSON 18 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1
1. FALSE 8. clamp

2. NOT GIVEN 9. axle

3. TRUE 10. cogs

4. NOT GIVEN 11. aqueduct

5. FALSE 12. wall

6. TRUE 13. locks

7. gates

Exercise 2
1. TRUE 8. A

2. NOT GIVEN 9. (lifting) frame

3. TRUE 10. hydraulic jacks

4. FALSE 11. stabbing guides

5. C 12. (lifting) cradle

6. B 13. air bags

7. G

Exercise 3
1. C 6. F

2. E 7. A

3. H 8. C

4. B 9. B

5. A 10. B

Exercise 4

118
21 A
22 C
23 B
24 C
25 B
26 G
27 C
28 H
29 A
30 E

119
 LESSON 19 – READING
Lead-in
Teachers can read this article to give students more information

Activity 1
1c 2a 3e 4g 5b 6f d = extra

Activity 2
1 agriculture d
2 tourism a
3 manufacturing f
4 real estate b
5 consultancy c
6 construction e

Activity 3
1f 2h 3a 4d 5i 6k 7b 8e 9c 10j 11g 12f

Activity 4
1f 2j 3g 4b 5i 6e 7d 8a 9c lOh 11k

Activity 5
Verbs; employ, market, offer, search, value
Nouns: consumer, management, market, offer, product, search, value
Adjectives: additional, economic, harmful

Activity 6
2 noun: 'little' is normally followed by an uncountable noun.
3 adjective: noun (subject) + 'be' (verb) + noun / adjective (This could also be a passive
construction, but it is unlikely, because we expect the word to have a positive meaning, which would
be hard to express with a verb here.)
4 noun: 'or' is a coordinating conjunction, so we would expect the same type of word before and
after it.
5 adverb: We can expect a word that tells us more about the verb 'defined'.
6 past participle: In a passive construction, the verb 'be' is followed by a past participle.
7 relative pronoun: 'unemployment hangs like a cloud over America' gives more information
about what happens in the 'picture'.

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8 adjective: 'and' is a coordinating conjunction, so we would expect the same type of word before
and after it.

Possible answers:
2 value, 3promising, 4 statistics, 5 often / usually,
6 translated, 7which / that, 8 pessimistic

Activity 7
1a 2c 3a 4c 5a 6b 7a 8c

Activity 8
Undergraduates or those considering going to university in the UK.

Activity 9
Paragraphs 9-12

Activity 10
1 rights 2 written contract 3 permanent employees 4 tax

Activity 11
Paragraph 4: 1 Job shop, 2 interview techniques
Paragraph 6: 3 (particular) skills, 4 Self-employment

Activity 12
1 change
2 qualified
3 in the world
4 job-seekers

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 LESSON 19 – LISTENING
Activity 1
1 revenue, 2 thrive, 3 commission, 4 collaborate,
5 franchise, 6 restructure, 7 audit, 8 subsidiary

Activity 2
a thrive, b restructure, c revenue, d collaborate, e commission, f subsidiary, g audit, h franchise

Activity 3
1e, 2 c, 3 h, 4 a, 5 g, 6 b, 7 d, 8f

Activity 4
1 collaborate/interact/cooperate,
2 optimises/maximises,
3 revenue,
4 restructure,
5 resolve/settle

Activity 5
1 A takeover is the act of gaining control of a company by buying more of its shares than anyone
else.
A merger is the joining together of two separate companies or organisations so that they become one.
2 The turnover of a company is the value of the goods or services sold during a particular period
of time. A profit is an amount of money that you gain when you are paid more for something than it
cost you to make, get, or do it.
3 The gross profit is the total amount of profit before any money has been taken away (e.g.
through taxes). The net profit is the profit which remains when everything that should be subtracted
from it (e.g. taxes) has been subtracted.
4 If someone has copyright on a piece of writing or music, it is illegal to reproduce or perform
it without their permission. A trademark is a name or symbol that a company uses on its products
and that cannot legally be used by another company.
5 Marketing is the organisation of the sale of a product, for example, deciding on its price, the
areas it should be supplied to, and how it should be advertised. Advertising is the activity of creating
advertisements and making sure people see them.
6 People or organisations that go bankrupt do not have enough money to pay their debts. If you
are made redundant, your employer tells you to leave because your job is no longer necessary or
because your employer cannot afford to keep paying you.

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Activity 6
1e, 2 g, 3 b, 4f, 5 d, 6 h, 7 a, 8 c

Activity 7
1 entrepreneurs, 2 founders, 3 employees, 4 auditor(s), 5 manager, 6 assistant

Activity 8
1c, 2f, 3d, 4e, 5a, 6 g, 7 h, 8 b

Activity 9
1 close a deal, 2 signing contracts, 3 raise a point, 4 send (them) an email, 5 minutes the/your meeting

Activity 10
1 Working in a hotel is more interesting than working in a bank.
2 Both managers and staff in the catering industry earn low salaries.
3 Only a few of the company's employees have (any/some/a lot of) experience in IT.
4 The staff kitchen isn't often clean.
5 The meeting wasn't managed well.

Activity 11
1 Their finances are audited by an outside accounting company.
2 The travel industry involves working long hours although it sounds glamorous. / The travel industry
sounds glamorous although it involves working long hours.
3 Designing modern office buildings is a task which is challenging.
4 Employees were warned about impending job losses by their managers.

Activity 12
1a, 2 b, 3 a, 4 a. 5 a, 6 b

Activity 13
1 assistant, 2 ranges, 3 (client) support

Activity 14
Suggested answers:
a is activated: sounds/goes off/starts
b make their way to: go to/head in the direction of/walk to/proceed to

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c Once outside: When [you are) out of/ After leaving/After exiting
d direct them: show them to/give them directions to/point them towards
e who is responsible for: who is in charge of
f left: gone out of/vacated/made their way out of/exited
g safe to return: all right to go back/no longer dangerous to return/safe to re- enter/not dangerous to
go inside

Activity 15
1 a test, 2 personal belongings,
3 fire marshals, 4 missing people

Activity 16
Suggested answers:
2 Which person, Sarah, Brian or Helen, makes the reservations for meeting rooms?
3 Which person, Sarah, Brian or Helen, sends weekly email updates to all staff in the company?
4 Which person, Sarah, Brian or Helen, liaises with the cleaning staff?

Activity 17
Suggested answers:
1 Which advertising medium, newspapers, television, or the internet, will the company be using to
advertise children's toys?
2 Which advertising medium, newspapers, television or the internet, will the company be using to
advertise baby clothes?
3 Which advertising medium, newspapers, television or the internet, will the company be using to
advertise maternity clothes?
4 Which advertising medium, newspapers television or the internet, will the company be using to
advertise baby food?
Answers:
1 A, 2 A, 3 C, 4 B

Activity 18
Questions 1-3
1 consultancy system, 2 $5,000,000/five million dollars/$5 million, 3 headquarters

Questions 4-6
4C, 5B, 6 A

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Questions 7-10
7 subsidiary, 8 employees, 9 10%/10 per cent/ ten per cent/ten percent, 10 relocation package

125
 LESSON 19 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1
1. G 8. B

2. C 9. E

3. G 10. C

4. D 11. mirror

5. H 12. communication

6. E 13. ownership

7. D

Exercise 2
1. ii 8. H

2. vii 9. G

3. ix 10. C

4. iv 11. C

5. 18&19 IN EITHER ORDER C,B 12. A

6. 18&19 IN EITHER ORDER C,B 13. B

7. A

Exercise 3
1. D, E - in either order 6. B

2. D, E - in either order 7. A

3. A, C - in either order 8. stress

4. A, C - in either order 9. weight

5. C 10. families

Exercise 4
1 choose

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2 private
3 20 / twenty percent
4 healthy
5 bones
6 lecture
7 Arretsa
8 vegetarian
9 market
10 knife

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 LESSON 20 – READING
Activity 1
1 leave 2 retire 3 break 4 newlywed
5 mortgage 6 place

Activity 2
(Suggested answers)
Rent a place, newlywed couple, get a mortgage, maternity leave, career break, retire from

Activity 3
1c 2b 3a 4a

Activity 4
(Suggested answers)
From youngest to oldest;
infant, teenager, middle-aged, elderly, baby boomer, septuagenarian, octogenarian

Activity 5
1 research 2 belong 3 warning 4 involvement 5 agree

Activity 6
Marriage is the extra topic.

Activity 7
(Suggested answers)
1 quantity, portion, comparative amount / number, fraction, share, percentage
2 jobless, out of a job, not working, out of work, looking for work, redundant
3 the greatest rate, the highest percentage, a greater percentage than ever before

Activity 8
1 more than one in six
2 925,000
3 17.8 percent

Activity 9
1 increasingly competitive 2 lose out to
3 soar 4 closing in on

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Activity 10
1. Twice.
2. No.
3. True.
4. False.

Activity 11
1. False.
2. Yes.
3. True.
4. True.

Activity 12
1. TRUE
2. NOT GIVEN
3. NOT GIVEN
4. TRUE

Activity 13
1. NOT GIVEN
2. TRUE
3. FALSE
4. NOT GIVEN
5. NOT GIVEN
6. NOT GIVEN
7. TRUE

Activity 14
1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. NOT GIVEN
4. FALSE
5. TRUE
6. NOT GIVEN

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 LESSON 20 – LISTENING
Activity 1
(from youngest to oldest) a newborn baby, a toddler, an infant, an adolescent

Activity 2
1a2c3b4e5d

Activity 3
1 motivation 2 motivated/motivating/motivational 3 practise 4 practice 5 succeed 6 success 7
successful 8 instruct 9 instructive 10 instructively 11 concentration 12 concentrated 13 capability 14
capably 15 express 16 expression 17 expressively

Activity 4
1 active 2 concentrate 3 instructor 4 practise 5 practice 6 motivates 7 express 8 concentration 9 active
10 successful 11 capability

Activity 5
1 B (The names of languages are capitalised, so 'French' is correct.)
2 C (The full name is given for the previous student in the table.)
3 H (The percentage symbol (%) is already included so you cannot include it again. If you write the
percentage in words, it is more than two words and does not follow the format.)

Activity 6
1 Angela (you do not need to write her surname as the column only shows first names)
2 10.50 ('ten pounds fifty' is incorrect because the because instructions say 'write no more than two
words'.)
3 Tango (all the classes are dance styles)
4 Wednesday (the speaker says 'instead of Monday, these will be on Wednesday...')
5 8.30-10.00

Activity 7
1 5-10
2 online dangers
3 friends
4 Test Doctors

Activity 8

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a2 b1 c1 d2 e3 f3

Activity 9
1 cabins (the speaker says 'The cabins are by the river')
2 tents (the speaker says 'the tents are on higher ground, away from the river and next to the wash
rooms')
3 cooking area (the speaker says 'the cooking area, which is situated in the centre of the camp')

Activity 10
Text 1= flowchart B, Text 2 = flowchart A

Activity 11
Chart A
1 Get a team of seven players 2 Elect a captain 3 Fill in an application 4 Pay entrance fee 5 Dates and
times sent 6 Confirm attendance 7 Receive opening event invitation

Chart B
1a Complete admission form 1b If not a member, join the club 2 Pay deposit 3 Receive confirmation
later

Activity 12
1 youth club (it is clear from the other examples of school and college that we are looking for a place
that young people go to)
2 welcome pack (receive is paraphrased as get in the audio)
3 coordinator/co-ordinator
4 record book (the text 'sign off activity in the 'tells us we need an object people write on)
5 badge (receive is paraphrased as get in the audio)

Activity 13
Questions 1-4
1 salsa (the speaker says '... she gives classes in jazz and salsa on Wednesday and Thursday evenings
respectively'. Respectively means in the order mentioned previously, so jazz is on Wednesday and
salsa on Thursday).
2 Jim (Jim took football before but now he is doing the baseball class)
3 football
4 roller skating/roller-skating

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Questions 5-7
5 dance studios (the speaker says they are to the left of the reception area and opposite the swimming
pool)
6 changing rooms (these are in front of the arena. The speaker says 'The arena is behind the changing
rooms')
7 tennis courts (the speaker says that on either side of the area there is a gym and tennis courts)

Questions 8-10
8 sign (the structure in the question 'need to ...' indicates the answer must be a verb)
9 reception (give in the question is paraphrased as hand in by the speaker)
10 membership card

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 LESSON 20 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1

1. tea 8. monks

2. reel 9. nylon

3. women 10. FALSE

4. royalty 11. TRUE

5. currency 12. FALSE

6. paper 13. NOT GIVEN

7. wool

Exercise 2

1. antiques 8. trainspotting

2. triumph 9. NOT GIVEN

3. information 10. FALSE

4. contact 11. NOT GIVEN

5. hunt/desire 12. TRUE

6. aimless/empty 13. TRUE

7. educational

Exercise 3
11 E
12 D
13 G
14 B
15 C
16 A
17 F
18 H
19 C
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20 B

Exercise 4
1 300
2 Sunshade
3 balcony
4 forest/forests
5 319
6 10,000
7 relative
8 missed
9 item
10 Ludlow

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 LESSON 21 – READING
Activity 1
(Possible answers)
Photo 1: city, street
Photo 2: city, house, neighbourhood, street, suburb
Photo 3: campus
Photo 4: country

Activity 2
small to large; house, street, campus (this will vary according to the individual educational
establishment), neighbourhood, suburb, city, region, country

Activity 3
1f 2c 3a 4e 5b 6d

Activity 4
1 initiative 2 setting 3 outskirts 4 immediate
5 awareness 6amateur 7 reputable

Activity 5
Similar: both UK, both local and national
Different: Street Pride has two famous supporters and one large organisation, higher number of people
involved, plans for protests and building places

Activity 6
1 role 2 national 3 group 4open 5 local 6buildings
7 a campaign 8 communities / a community

Activity 7
1 civic 2 activist 3 landmark 4 figurehead

Activity 8
1 suburban 2charitable 3 participation 4 initiative 5 volunteer 6activist 7 campaign 8 supporter

Activity 9
1charitable 2volunteers 3 initiative 4participated 5 campaigner

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Activity 10
1a 2b 3c 4b

Activity 11
1b 2c 3e 4a 5f 6d

Activity 12
a) As I have worked with volunteers and volunteer groups for many years, I can vouch for the fact
that the community spirit is flourishing. Every day I watch volunteers interacting with their fellow
human beings, and in doing so, (b) enriching themselves and finding a sense of fulfilment.

In my current job, I place any different volunteers with hospitals and care homes, (b) Our volunteers
range in age from 17 to 70. and come from a wide range of backgrounds, but they are all willing to
give their time in order to help others. They are proof that we live in a rich multicultural environment.
(c) Volunteering is one of the most powerful forces for good in our society.

Activity 13
Don't forget the power of local government when it comes to issues in your neighbourhood. (a) In
geometry the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. In politics, if you have a local
issue, take the shortest route and go first to your local council. Some issues are far better dealt with at
community level. I live in an area where (b) there is lack of infrastructure, lack of amenities. and a
risk of flooding. There is a tendency to become quite angry if such issues are not dealt with. Keeping
calm and electing the most level-headed member of the group as spokesperson will help your cause.

Another big problem is ghost estates, (c) neighbourhoods with half-empty or empty buildings.
Residents should ask their local politicians what will happen to these developments and how they plan
to make things better.

Activity 14
1B
2A
3B

Activity 15
1. C
2. B

136
3. G
4. D
5. F
6. A

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 LESSON 21 – LISTENING
Activity 1
1h 2i 3e 4b 5g 6f 7a 8k 9j 10c 11d

Activity 2
1 migrating, 2 monarch, 3 colony,
4 heritage, 5 Overpopulation, 6 Demographic

Activity 3
Change in appearance: restore, distorted, manipulated, shrank
Change in quality: restore, amended, manipulated.
deteriorated, distorted
Change in quantity: manipulated, boomed, diminished, eradicated, shrank, tailed off

Activity 4
1 deteriorated
2 restored
3 shrunk
4 tail off

Activity 5
The list of families is more likely to be paraphrased because the list a-c contains names of places,
which cannot be changed. In classification questions, names of people or places or specific objects
will usually not be paraphrased.
Suggested answers:
1 Families with average incomes / Families who are comfortable financially
2 Wealthy couples without children / Rich childless families
3 Couples who no longer work / People who receive a pension / Those in retirement
4 Families with low incomes / Families who work in blue collar jobs
5 Wealthy households / Families who are very well off

Activity 6
1c, 2 c, 3 a, 4 a, 5 b

Activity 7
1e, 2 b, 3 a, 4 d, 5f, 6 c

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Activity 8
1 being suspicious/suspicious of people, 2 beliefs and values, 3 listen, 4 isolation

Activity 9
The 1844 Naturalisation Act was designed to know more about immigrants as they had to give their
personal information when they arrived in Britain. (Suggested answers)
So that the government could find out more about them, when immigrants arrived in Britain, they had
to give their personal information under the 1844 Naturalisation Act.
When immigrants arrived in Britain, they had to give their personal information under the 1844
Naturalisation Act so that the government could find out more about them. /

Activity 10
1 register, 2 5/five years, 3 spies, 4 British Nationality, 5 work permits

Activity 11
Questions 1-3
1 sent home, 2 Legal examination, 3 Ferry

Questions 4-6
4 a, 5d, 6 c

Questions 7-10
7 shipbuilding, 8 2.3 million,
9 Brooklyn Bridge, 10 restoration

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 LESSON 21 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1
1. D 8. cables

2. B 9. snow

3. A 10. rivers

4. sunshade 11. B

5. iron 12. D

6. algae 13. C

7. clouds 14. A

Exercise 2
1. D 8. F

2. B 9. beginner

3. G 10. arithmetic

4. C 11. intuitive

5. B 12. scientists

6. E 13. experiments

7. A 14. theorems

Exercise 3
11&12. A, C
13&14. B, E
15. B
16. B
17. C
18. A
19. A
20. A

Exercise 4
11 A
140
12 B
13 A
14 C
15 river
16 1422
17 top
18 pass
19 steam
20 capital

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 LESSON 22 – READING
Activity 1
1. people carrier, 4x4
2. bike rentals, trucks, streetcars
3. cruise, resorts, cottages
4. youth hostels, campsites

Activity 2
Transport: 1, 2,4, 5,6
Tourism: 3,7
1. Smaller-size 'city' cars, drivers
2. four-wheel, larger vehicles, pollution,emissions
3. Travel, cultures, countries
4. cycle lanes, cyclists, transport consultant, drivers, congested roads
5. cycle paths
6. trucks, bicycle rental and bike-to-work schemes, traffic congestion
7. tourist markets

Activity 3
1 public 2 congested 3 poor 4 gain 5 traffic 6 tourist

Activity 4
1b 2c 3a

Activity 5
1 customers 2 holiday at home 3 industry
4 people who travel to work 5 campaigners

Activity 6
1 involvement 2 interaction 3 attraction
4 encouragement 5 publisher/publication 6 provision

Activity 7
1F 2O 3F 4O

Activity 8
1 N 2 Y: partly 3 Y: addressed the demand

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Activity 9
1. NO (The text says the three reasons 'were split fairly evenly', meaning the three groups were
very similar in size.)
2. YES (These are all reasons: historic buildings and shopping are 'among the biggest attractions'
and there is 'strong interest' in Premier League Football.)
3. YES (The text says the visitors have an 'appetite for luxury goods', meaning they like them.
Note how words are used in different contexts: 'appetite' normally refers to hunger and in this
context it refers to the visitors desire (and 'hunger') to consume luxury goods.
4. YES (The text describes them as 'luxury' items, so they are not basic. 'Basic' here means the
opposite of 'luxury'.)
5. NO (It is often reported that China produces cheaper goods, but the text says that luxury goods
are cheaper in Britain than in China because of import taxes and tariffs.)

Activity 10
1. NG (The writer referred to 'businessmen', not to 'businesswomen'. We could therefore think
that the writer has excluded women, and is suggesting that they do not travel for business.
However, the writer could be using 'businessmen' to mean 'business people'. In any case, the
text does not mention businesswomen and we cannot be sure that the writer means that Chinese
women do not travel for business.)
2. NG (The text mentions that visiting historic buildings is a reason for travelling. We know that
Buckingham Palace and the Tower of London are historic buildings and that many tourists
visit them. However, the text does not mention them specifically and we cannot use our own
knowledge of the world. This statement seems logical but it is not mentioned in the text.)
3. NG (We have some information about this: we know that luxury goods are cheaper in Britain
than in China. However, the statement refers to 'most fashion items' and the text does not
include information on other fashion items.)
4. YES (The text mentions the increasing ease and cheapness of travel, which means that the ease
and cheapness are now greater than in the past.)
5. YES (The text says that new airports and runways increase the number of flights, so we know
that there are more airports now.)

Activity 11
1 a NO (They are 'booking holidays from their home', not staying home.)
b NOT GIVEN (We do not know why they avoid travel agents.)
c YES (One in five is the same as twenty per cent; 'travel agents' and 'travel professionals' are
synonyms; 'booking directly' refers to 'avoiding travel agents' and 'booking from home')

143
2 a NOT GIVEN (Being 'confident' has a far broader meaning than being 'confident about
booking'. We do not have any information about customers feeling more confident.)
b YES (If they 'say' it, they have 'noticed' it; 'now feel more able' refers to 'becoming more
confident'.)
c NO (They are increasingly doing it themselves because they are 'becoming more confident'
about it.)
3 a YES (We know of two setbacks: customers booking by themselves and competition.)
b NOT GIVEN (We do not know what travel agents do or don't understand; we just know that
competition has been negative forthem because they have been 'suffering' from it.)
c NO (It is getting worse: there is 'increasing pressure' for travel agents.)
4 a NOT GIVEN (We have no information about travel agents' past behaviour.)
b YES (He said they need to do things in order to 'survive'.)
c NO (He thinks they need to react more quickly: 'act faster.)
5 a NO (We don't know this; it is the opinion of one person. Also, he used the word 'probably',
so it is a prediction, a probability rather than a fact. Look out for words like prnbabty, possible,
may, might, seem, believe, sometimes, etc. They make a difference to the meaning of a
statement and tell you something about the point of view of the writer.)
b YES ('Five years from now' means 'in five years'; 'likely' and 'probably' are similar in
meaning, and if there are a third fewer, then there are two-thirds left.)
c NOT GIVEN (We know there might be fewer, but the text does not say this is because of
bankruptcy; 'will' is more certain than 'will probably'.)

Activity 12
1 league table 2 figure 3 rank 4 rise
5 hit 6 predict 7 forecast

Activity 13
1. NO (It is 'believed to be': it is a belief, an opinion, not a fact. The text also says that the
Guinness Book of World Records does not recognise it as the shortest flight, which is more
evidence that it is not official.)
2. YES (The text mentions 'just over a mile' distance.)
3. NOT GIVEN (The text says the company 'offered', but it does not say that it offered to do this
for free.)
4. YES (Students from 'either island' go to the capital of Orkney, Kirkwall.)
5. YES (The commercial director uses the words 'popular' and 'vital'.)
6. NO (The airline 'regularly' flies visiting subject teachers to the islands. 'Regularly' is the
opposite of 'rarely'.)

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 LESSON 22 – LISTENING
Activity 1
a 6, b7, c8, d 2, e 3, f1, g 5, h4

Activity 2
1 h. 2c/g, 3f. 4 a, 5 b/f. 6 d. 7 c/g, 8 e/f

Activity 3
1 f, 2 a. 3d, 4h, 5 c, 6 g. 7 e. 8 b

Activity 4
1c. 2 c. 3 a. 4 b

Activity 5
1 name of place (e.g. country, city). 2 time (e.g. 2weeks/1 month/weekend). 3 description/ types of
holiday (e.g. beach/city break/relaxing/ sightseeing). 4 Mexico. 5 6 weeks 6 working

Activity 6
1 time period (e.g. 2 weeks/1 month). 2 person (e.g. friend/family member/school mate). 3 verb (e.g.
speak/learn], 4 2 weeks. 5 best friend. 6 to study
Activity 7
1 name. 2 place. 3 time. 4 date

Activity 8
1 name. 2 time. 3 name. 4 date.
5 time. 6 name. 7 date

Activity 9
1 GEOFFREY. 2 19th September. 3 210. 4 cash

Activity 10
1c. 2d. 3 a. 4 a. 5 b. 6d

Activity 11
la. 2 c. 3d. 4 b

Activity 12

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(Suggested answers)
a is poorly, is sick
b arranged to see a show, got tickets for a musical
c afraid of being on the water, frightened of the sea

Activity 13
1 c (Look at the audioscript on page 103. John has booked theatre tickets, but this is not the reason he
cannot go on the boat trip. The reason is that he is scared of water; / hate the sea, and I'll be sick with
fear if the waves are big! The word sick is used here, but John is saying he will be sick because he is
scared, not because he is ill.)

Activity 14
1c. 2 c

Activity 15
Questions 1-4
1 Carter. 2 636197. 3 Riverside Hotel. 4 3.00

Questions 5-6
5 A. 6 C

Questions 7-10
7D. 8 A. 9C. 10 B

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 LESSON 22 – HOMEWORK
Exercise 1.
1. vi 8. investigators

2. viii 9. evidence

3. ii 10. prosecution

4. iv 11. NOT GIVEN

5. iii 12. YES

6. vii 13. NO

7. fire science 14. NO

Exercise 2.
1. iv 8. YES

2. ii 9. NOT GIVEN

3. vi 10. NO

4. viii 11. NO

5. vii 12. information

6. i 13. financial

7. iii 14. shareholders/investors

Exercise 3.

1. C 6. B

2. B 7. C

3. B 8. A

4. C 9. B

5. A 10. A

Exercise 4.

147
1. C 6. G

2. B 7. A

3. B 8. C

4. A 9. B

5. C 10. F

148