2.2.

2 Bonding and Structure

1. This question is about ionic compounds.
a) Define Ionic Bond.
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[1]
b) Explain why ionic compounds are non-conductors when solid but conductor of electricity when
molten.
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[2]
c) Ionic compounds are brittle and can easily be cleaved apart. Suggest a reason for that.
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[2]
[Total 5 marks]
2. Consider the following reaction:

BF3 +NH3 NH3BF3

a) What type of bonding exists in NH3BF3?

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[1]

b) Define the type of bonding of your answer in (a).

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[2]
c) show bonding of NH3 BF3

[2]
[Total 5 marks]

1
3. Intermolecular forces exist between molecules of a substance.
a) What is the name given to the forces that exist between diatomic molecules of group 7?
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[1]
b) Briefly explain how these forces keep molecules together.
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[2]

b) Boiling point of group 7 molecules increases down the group. Explain why that is so.
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[2]

[Total 3 marks]

4. Hydrogen bonding exists between molecules of water.

a) What makes water uniquely qualified to have hydrogen bonding?
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[2]

b) Draw shape of a water molecule.

[1]

c) State the bond angle.

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[1]

d) Diagrammatically show hydrogen bonding between two water molecules. Show all the dipoles
and lone pairs on your diagram.

2
 [2]
[Total 6 marks]

5. Solubility of substances depends on the intermolecular forces present on the solvent and solutes
a) Ionic compounds are soluble in water. Describe what happens when ionic compounds dissolve in
water
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[2]
b) Some nonpolar molecules like iodine are insoluble in water. Why?
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[1]

c) Nonpolar molecules dissolve in nonpolar solvents. An example of this is iodine dissolving in

hexane. Explain how iodine is able to dissolve in hexane and not in water.
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[2]
[Total 5 marks]

6. Group six elements form covalent bond with hydrogen. Graph of boiling point of resulting molecular
substances is shown below.

3
a) Complete the graph for molecules formed with hydrogen for next two elements in the group.
[2]
b) Explain the overall graph.
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[3]
[Total 5 marks]

7. Boron trichloride (BCl3) and ammonia (NH3) both molecules have covalent bonding.
a) Define Covalent Bond

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[1]
b) Draw structures of both molecules showing their shape.

[2]
c) Explain the shape of both molecules
BCl3
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4
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NH3
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[4]

[Total 7 marks]

8. Draw dot and cross diagrams to show bonding in

a) Ammonia

[1]
b) Nitrogen gas

[1]
c) Sodium chloride

[1]
[Total 3 marks]

9. Sulphur reacts with oxygen with a bright white flame to form sulphur dioxide, an acidic choking gas
Sulphur dioxide.

a) What type of bonding exists between atoms of sulphur and oxygen? Explain your answer in terms
of electronegativity.
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[2]
b) Why the boiling point of oxide of sulphur less than the oxides of elements preceding it in the
same period?

5
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[3]
[Total 5 marks]

10. A polar covalent bond forms when the elements in the bond have different electronegativities.

a) Define Electronegativity.
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[2]

b) C-Cl bond is polar. CHCl3 is a polar molecule whereas CCl4 is not. Explain why that is so.
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[3]

[Total 5 marks]