JORGE BASADRE DE GROHMANN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY –

TACNA
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL SCHOOL OF AGRONOMY

WATER POLLUTION AT NATIONAL AND GLOBAL LEVEL

SUMMARY

Presented by:
Its T. NICO PALMA LEVA ………………………..2018-108021
Its T. MIREYA MAQUERA CASQUINO………2019-108050
Its T. MIRACLES CHURA MAQUERA ………..2019-108049

TACNA – PERU
2019

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2
 INDEX
P.
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………1
CHAPTER I: WATER…………………………………………………………………………..6
1.1 What is
water?................................................ ........................................6
1.2 Composition of water…………………………………………………………………….…7
1.3 Function of water……………………………….………………………………………………8
1.4 Importance of water……………………………………………………………………..…8
1.5 Drinking water……………………………………………………………………………….……9

CHAPTER II: USE AND CONSUMPTION OF

WATER……………………………………….10
2.1 population and domestic use…………………………………………………………10
2.2 agricultural use……………………………………………………………………..……..10
2.3 industrial use……………………………………………………………………………….….10
2.4 mining use………………………………………………………………………………11

CHAPTER III: MAIN CONTAMINATES ………………………………………12

3.1 main contaminants in water……………………………………………….…..12
3.2 causes of water pollution……………………………………………….…14
3.3 consequences of water pollution……………………………………16

CHAPTER IV: WATER POLLUTION IN TACNA………………………….18

4.1 water contamination in Tacna………………………………………………18
4.2 arsenic indices in Tacna waters………………………………………….19

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4
 INTRODUCTION
Water pollution is very common worldwide and Peru is no exception;
its levels are increasing more and more. Global warming is also a main and
stealth factor in this problem.

We understand that of the 100% of water available in the terrestrial

phase of the planet, only 3% of this represents the amount of fresh water.
The latter is also divided into other types of water, thus leaving up to 0.1%
of pure fresh water that man can consume without worrying about any
effect it may cause.

We also understand that the human body is composed of 60% water in

addition to other components that make it up, which means in simple words
that water is very, very vital and necessary for survival and even more so if
it is pure water. But it is not being used properly. In addition to the misuse
that some people give it, a large percentage of it is contaminated.
Furthermore, the majority of wastewater is not treated and is less reused, a
great example of contamination and misuse of this vital resource for
humanity.

In this aspect and having seen this common and recurring problem, we
decided to talk and expand the topic through an exhibition where it is
explained in detail from the composition of water, pollution, types of
factors, etc. Also at another point we talk about water pollution in our
region of Tacna.

In the first chapter we will talk deeply about water, its composition,
function and importance in society. In addition, its composition. Explain in
detail how this resource revolves around a cycle called the urban water
cycle.

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 In the second chapter we talk about the use given to this resource with
its respective percentages and its efficiency in each aspect.

Every action has a corresponding reaction, in this case consequences

from the contamination of water, therefore in the third chapter we will talk
about the most common and important causes that cause the contamination
of this resource. The consequences are innumerable, which is why this
chapter also mentions those that are generating an infinite number of
problems.

The fourth and final chapter talks mainly about the Tacna region, the
levels of arsenic that are found in this resource each year and are consumed
by the Tacna population and others.

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 CHAPTER I

WATER
1.1 What is water?

Water is a liquid substance devoid of odor, taste and color,

which exists in a more or less pure state in nature and covers a
significant percentage (71%) of the surface of planet Earth. In
addition, it is a fairly common substance in the solar system and the
universe, although in the form of vapor (its gaseous form) or ice (its
solid form).

On our planet, water is contained in the seas and oceans

(96.5%), in glaciers and polar caps (1.74%), aquifer deposits and
permafrost (1.72%) and the rest (0. 04%) distributed among lakes,
soil moisture, atmospheric vapor, reservoirs, rivers and in the
bodies of living beings themselves.

Water is essential for life as we know it, and the first forms of
life in the world took place inside it. It has also occupied a central
place in the imagination of human civilizations, generally attributed
to some deity or as the mythical flood with which the gods destroy
wayward cultures. It was also considered one of the four elements
of nature.

On the other hand, the planet's water is subject to a natural

cycle known as the water or hydrological cycle, in which liquid

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water evaporates under the action of the sun and rises to the
atmosphere in gaseous form, then condenses into clouds. and they
fall back to the ground like rain. This circuit is vital for the climatic
and biological stability of the planet. (estela, 2019)

1.2 composition of water

A water molecule contains only two elements: one oxygen atom

and two hydrogen atoms (H2O), covalently bonded. This was
discovered in 1782 thanks to Henry Cavendish, since since ancient
times water was thought of as an element. It is the universal solvent,
since most substances can dissolve in it (except hydrophobic ones,
soluble in lipids).

Water is extremely adhesive (which is why it makes things

wet), due to the polarity of its molecules, capable of up to four
hydrogen bonds with surrounding atoms or molecules. It is also the
reason why so many things dissolve well in water.

Finally, water is an excellent conductor of electricity and heat,

except in the case of pure water, whose absence of minerals and ions
makes it an electrical insulator and a diamagnetic substance.

1.3 Water function

Water fulfills vital functions on the planet and in different

ecosystems, aquatic or not, whether as a vital medium, transport of

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nutrients or basic input for plant photosynthesis. Likewise, in the
human body it fulfills the following vital roles:
- It constitutes the vital medium for most of the body's cells.
- It transports dissolved substances and makes up a huge
percentage of the blood and other transport substances.
- It allows the excretion of waste, both in urine and in feces,
sweat and other excretions.
- Maintains homogeneous body temperature and allows
cooling.
- Provides electrolytes and minerals essential for the electrical
functioning of the body.
- On the other hand, the large bodies of water in the world
allow human recreation (such as beaches), serve as an input
for numerous industries and as an input for daily cleaning,
among many other functions of interest.

1.4 Importance of water

The massive presence of liquid water on the planet is one of its

main differences with respect to neighboring planets and is what
allowed the birth and flourishing of life. Let us remember that the
first steps of evolution occurred at the microscopic level in the seas.

On the other hand, water, ice, steam and its hydrological cycle
maintain climatic and atmospheric stability, allowing the cooling of
the planet, which receives sunlight daily. It also hydrates the soil,
making it fertile for plant life and agricultural activity, and keeps

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residual substances circulating which, sooner or later, are
distributed in less harmful quantities in the environment.

1.5 drinking water

Drinking water is known as any water that is suitable for

human consumption, both for drinking and for preparing food or
meals. There are maximum values of pH, minerals, salts and
microorganisms that distinguish drinking water from water that is
not suitable for consumption. This means that there is little drinking
water compared to large bodies of non-drinking water, such as the
sea or rain.

Fortunately, there are water purification initiatives that combat

the constant flow of toxic and polluting substances that human
beings throw into large bodies of water, a product of industry or
urban life. Desalination, ozonation, irradiation and other
purification mechanisms take care of this.
CHAPTER II

CHAPTER II: USE AND CONSUMPTION OF WATER

2.1 population and domestic use

That is to say, in the field of everyday and daily use, its use is
very varied.
This sector occupies between 80 and 86% of the available water
Its efficiency is 30 and 35%, the rates and the presence of hydraulic
resources are scarce.
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Use of water in homes, commercial and service activities that
generates wastewater (content of fecal waste, food waste and
chemicals)

2.2 agricultural use

Second most used nationally with 10-12%

Its efficiency in its use is 49 and 45% The infrastructure,
maintenance and rates are obsolete and scarce More than 20% of
wastewater is not treated

2.3 industrial use

Use of water in the industrial sector Uses 6% of available water
An efficiency of between 40 and 45%. In this sector, only 6% of the
total water available at the national level is used. It uses good
quality water in processes that do not require it. Public-private
alliance with the corporate sector.
2.4 mining use

According to data, this sector is used between 1 and 2% Its use

efficiency is 80 and 85% Environmental passive numbers of heavy
operations High conflict with other sectors, mainly with the
economy and development of agriculture

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 CHAPTER III:

MAIN CONTAMINATES

3.1 main contaminants in water

 Garbage, chemical waste from factories and industries.

 Wastewater and other oxygen-demanding waste (mostly
organic matter, the decomposition of which results in water
deoxygenation).
 Pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, parasites that
enter water from organic waste, including feces and other
materials that can be decomposed by aerobic bacteria.
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 Chemical products, including pesticides, various industrial
products, surface-active substances contained in detergents,
and the decomposition products of other organic compounds.
 Oil, especially from accidental discharges.
 Inorganic minerals and chemical compounds.
 Sediment formed by soil particles and minerals carried by
storms and runoff from croplands, unprotected soils
(vegetative cover), mining operations, roads and urban
demolitions.
 Radioactive substances from waste produced by the mining
and refining of uranium and thorium, nuclear power plants
and the industrial, medical and scientific use of radioactive
materials.
 Heat can also be considered a pollutant when the discharge of
water used to cool factories and power plants raises the
temperature of the water they are supplied with.
 Dumping of sewage. Most urban centers directly discharge
sewage (black or sewage) into rivers, lakes and the sea. Drains
contain excrement, detergents, industrial waste, petroleum,
oils and other substances that are toxic to aquatic plants and
animals. With the discharge of drains, without prior
treatment, disease-producing agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasite eggs, amoebas, etc.) are dispersed.
 Dumping of garbage and waste into the waters. It is a
widespread custom in the country to dump garbage and waste
on the shores of the sea, rivers and lakes, without any care and
in an absolutely disorderly manner. This problem occurs

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 especially near cities and industries. Garbage contains plastics,
glass, cans and organic remains, which either do not
decompose or when decomposed produce toxic substances
(iron produces iron oxide), with a negative impact.
 Dumping of mining tailings. This form of water pollution is
widespread and those responsible are the mining centers and
concentrators. Mine tailings contain iron, copper, zinc,
mercury, lead, arsenic and other substances that are extremely
toxic to plants, animals and humans. Another case is that of
gold panning, due to the dumping of mercury into the waters
of rivers and streams.
 Dumping of chemicals and industrial waste. It consists of the
deposition of various products (fertilizers, petroleum, oils,
acids, soda, formation or deep waters, etc.) from industrial
activities.
 Noise from maritime constructions, ships and oil wells
produce unnatural sound waves that affect the way of life of
animals that communicate through echolocation such as
whales and dolphins.

3.2 causes of water pollution

Currently, nearly 5 million people in the world die from

drinking contaminated water , a situation that is especially
exacerbated in contexts of social exclusion, poverty and
marginalization.

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To understand this situation, perhaps we should go back to
the main causes that have caused water pollution. Let's see
what they are:

1) Industrial waste
Industry is one of the main factors that cause water
pollution. Unfortunately, thousands of companies are still
unaware of the proper use that should be given to this
resource and discharge quantities of polluting products
derived from their industrial processes. Rivers and canals are
the most affected by these bad practices.

2) Increase in temperatures

Although it may not seem like it, global warming also

influences water pollution. How is it possible? The
explanation is simple: when an ecosystem suffers
temperatures above usual, the water sources decrease their
amount of oxygen, which causes the water to alter its
composition.

3) Use of pesticides in agriculture

The vast majority of agricultural processes of our time use

fertilizers and chemicals for the cultivation and production of
food. Well, these products are filtered through underground
channels that, in most cases, end up in the water networks that

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 we use for our consumption. This water will hardly be treated
so that it returns to the canals suitable for consumption.

4) Deforestation

Excessive felling of trees contributes to rivers, lakes and

other water sources drying up. In addition to this, the felling
of forests does not in all cases include the removal of the roots
of the trees that are on the banks of the rivers, which causes
the appearance of sediments and bacteria under the soil and
the subsequent contamination of this precious resource.
resource.

5) Oil spills

Finally, we cannot forget a practice that has traditionally

caused water pollution in various parts of the planet: the
spilling of crude oil and its derivatives. These spills are due to
poor transportation of oil and the filtration of products such as
gasoline, which is generally stored in underground tanks; In
many cases, the tanks leak and the substance seeps into the
bodies around them, including water sources suitable for
human consumption.

3.3 consequences of water pollution

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 The water that nature provides us, in its different forms,
does not meet the requirements to be consumed directly by
humans, due to the contamination it contains. To achieve
satisfactory water quality and make it drinkable, distillations
or other purification processes are carried out.
Water can be contaminated in different ways, although the
most common currently is through the discharge of sewage or
sewage from urban areas into rivers and streams.
Other sources of water pollution are organic waste from
livestock or poultry slaughterhouses. The processing of fruits
and vegetables requires large amounts of water for washing,
peeling and blanching, which produces large amounts of
waste water with high organic content.
These concentrations of organic matter cause a high
percentage of phosphates in the water of the rivers or streams
into which they are discharged. These phosphates cause rapid
growth in the algae population. Algae use oxygen in large
quantities, which causes the necessary concentration of
oxygen in the water to decrease to allow aquatic animals to
breathe, causing their death.

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 CHAPTER IV:

WATER POLLUTION IN TACNA

4.1 water pollution in Tacna.

In the Tacna province of Tarata, the septic tank of the

Challapalca Maximum Security Prison collapsed and the drain
entered the wetlands of the Maure River. This contamination
point was detected by the National Water Authority ( ANA ),
during the field work of its professionals in the four
provinces.
39 contaminant sources were identified. From March 19 to
26, ANA professionals visited the Maure, Uchusuma, Caplina,
Los Molles basins, the aquifer of the Caplina River valley and
the marine coast of the province of Tacna. Regarding what
was found in Challapalca, ANA officials informed the
National Penitentiary Institute ( INPE ), to to give a prompt
solution.

Biologist César Panty, member of the ANA's

Comprehensive Water Resources Management project,
explained that during field visits several high Andean
communities and towns were identified that dump their waste
in streams or near rivers. Among these cases is the dump
located in a ravine that is a tributary of the Uchusuma River
(Palca district).

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 In Palca, leaks were also detected in the septic tanks of the
Vilavilani community, towards the Uchusuma. Both
contamination points are classified by Panty as high risk. "In a
dry season, apparently, there is no risk of throwing garbage in
a stream, but if there is rain , that waste will end up
contaminating the river and being a danger," Panty said in a
presentation held by the ANA on Friday at the University
Jorge Basadre.

The situation of the Caplina aquifer drew attention, where

eight points of contamination of agro-industrial origin were
found. These are small companies that process green olives
and use caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) for their purpose.
The wastewater from this activity is deposited on the ground,
without any type of geomembrane to protect the soil, creating
black pools of water in the open air.

4.2 arsenic indices in Tacna waters.

The Regional Government of Tacna reduced to the

minimum level the level of arsenic contamination of the water
distributed for human consumption in the town. The objective
was achieved with the "Expansion of the Calana Drinking
Water Treatment Plant to 500 l/s in the Province of Tacna"
whose work was recently completed.

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 The announcement was made by Governor Guzmán
Fernández Delgado, who said that with this the population
can rest assured, since in addition to reducing natural
pollution of the resource, greater water treatment is carried
out for the benefit of citizens.

"More than a week ago the Regional Government of

Tacna completed this work and handed it over to the EPS.
Currently Tacna already drinks quality water, without arsenic.
It is a great contribution for the department, especially for
those of us who live in the Cercado and the Alto de la Alianza
and Ciudad Nueva districts who consume water that comes
from the Andean part," said the authority.

According to the reports provided by Laboratorios

Analíticos del Sur in a sampling carried out a few weeks ago
for the EPS Tacna, the level of contamination with minerals in
the water consumed by the city barely reaches 0.0012 mg/l, a
figure well below the level required by national and
international health standards in force to date.

Until this year, the EPS Tacna had been distributing water
resources above 0.030 mg/l, a figure that exceeds the national
standard that requires a level no higher than 0.010 mg/l. This
situation led him to face complaints filed by the Regional
Health Directorate.

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 The work carried out by the Regional Government of
Tacna cost S/1,965,954.75, including the construction of a
flocculator and a rapid filter that complemented the works
carried out by the Ministry of Housing, Construction and
Sanitation (MVCS) with the construction of a pre-flowering
shed. , installation of storage and dosing equipment for ferric
coagulants, waterproofing and maintenance of metal parts of
contact tanks and change of filter material for the 4 filters of
the plant located in Calana.

Guzmán Fernández also highlighted that with the

purification of water in Tacna, cases of anemia in the
department will be drastically reduced, since the arsenic
contained in drinking water was one of the main chelators that
suppressed iron from the foods consumed by the population.

CONCLUSIONS

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FIRST: water contamination is very common and ordinary. When
using water as a solvent, food preparation, in the
agronomic aspect it is used to water plants and to fumigate
said plants. Which means that by using these products we
contaminate the water to a certain and small percentage,
and well, we all do the same thing and in different
proportions and we end up contaminating the water in an
unusual way.

SECOND: Next we conclude that water contamination in Peru and

the world occurs in different ways that in a certain way are
inevitable, since that is how we solve it. But there are cases
in which the forms are indiscriminate and contaminate the
environment as a whole, be it animals, plants and human
beings themselves.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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- Last edited: November 29, 2019. How to quote: "Water." Author: María Estela
Raffino. From Argentina. To: Concepto.de. Available at:
https://concepto.de/agua/. Accessed: December 3, 2019.

Source: https://concepto.de/agua/#ixzz6745XkvNB
- According to the study Screening of pesticides and veterinary drugs
in small streams in the European Union by liquid chromatography
high resolution mass spectrometry by David Santillo, Jorge Casado,
Kevin Brigden and Paul Johnston, published in June 2019 in the
journal Science, there are pesticides and veterinary drugs animals in
European waterways.
- Diario: La República ANA detects 39 sources of river contamination
in Tacna and drinking water is free of arsenic with the expansion
of the Calana treatment plant . Work of the Regional Government
of Tacna reduced the level of arsenic in the water consumed by
Tacna to 0.040 mg/ the 0.0012 mg/l.
Apr 19, 2019 | 1:03 a.m.

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