INDEX

Experiment Experiment name

Number

01 Study on different types of equipment of textile testing lab

02 Study on multipurpose humidity meter , Digital Pneumatic

stiffness tester and testometric machine (UTM)

03 Study on Crease recovery, Pneumatic stiffness tester and

Universal testing machine (UTM)
 KHULNA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
KUET

SESSIONAL REPORT
Course No: TE 2214

Department Of Textile Engineering

Experiment No: 01
Name of the Experiment: Study on different types of light source used in textile testing,grey
scale for: color change and color staining,multifibre fabric,blue wool.

Remarks:

Name: Mahabub Alom Refaet

Date Of Performance: 13.08.2023 Roll No: 2021047
Date Of Submission: 28.08.2023 Group No: B
Year: 2nd
Semester: 2nd
Experiment no:01
Experiment name:Study on different types of light source used in textile testing,grey scale for:
color change and color staining,multifibre fabric,blue wool.
Introduction: Textile testing is a critical and integral part of the textile industry, playing a pivotal
role in ensuring the quality, performance, safety, and compliance of textile products. This
comprehensive evaluation process involves a range of standardized tests and assessments that help
textile manufacturers, suppliers, and consumers make informed decisions about textile materials
and products. It also ensures that textiles meet regulatory and industry standards.
Different types of light source used in textile:

Textile testing involves the evaluation of various properties of textiles and fabrics to ensure their
quality, durability, and compliance with industry standards. Different types of light sources are
used in textile testing to simulate various lighting conditions and assess the textile's performance.
Here are some common types of light sources used in textile testing:

Daylight Simulation Light Sources:

D65 Daylight: This simulates average daylight conditions and is commonly used for color
assessment and colorfastness testing.

D50 Daylight: Used for color assessment and evaluation of colorfastness under artificial daylight
conditions, especially for indoor applications.

D75 Daylight: Used for specific applications requiring a bluer spectrum of light, such as for
assessing the color of outdoor textiles.

Incandescent Light Sources:

Tungsten Filament (Illuminant A): This simulates the warm, yellowish light of incandescent
bulbs, often used for testing textiles that will be used in indoor lighting scenarios.

Tungsten Halogen (Illuminant B or C): These sources are similar to incandescent light but have a
more controlled and consistent spectrum.

Fluorescent Light Sources:

Cool White Fluorescent (Illuminant F2): Used for colorfastness testing and color assessment
under cool white fluorescent lighting conditions.

Warm White Fluorescent (Illuminant F7): Simulates warmer, more yellowish fluorescent lighting
often found in retail and office environments.

Daylight Fluorescent (Illuminant F11): Used for evaluating textiles under daylight fluorescent
lighting conditions.

Ultraviolet (UV) Light Sources:

UVA (Blacklight): Used to assess the textile's resistance to UV radiation and to test for optical
brighteners in fabrics.

UVB: Simulates higher-energy UV radiation and is used for specialized UV testing.

Xenon Arc Lamps:

Xenon Arc Lamp: Used for accelerated aging and weathering tests to evaluate a textile's resistance
to outdoor conditions, including sunlight and rain.
LED Light Sources:

Custom LEDs: Some textile testing applications use custom-designed LED arrays to replicate
specific lighting conditions, providing flexibility and energy efficiency.
Infrared (IR) Light Sources:

IR Lamps: Used to assess how textiles respond to infrared radiation, which can impact their
thermal properties.
Flash and Strobe Lights: These are used for high-speed imaging and can be employed in specific
testing scenarios where rapid changes in lighting conditions need to be captured.

Monochromatic Light Sources: These sources emit light of a single wavelength and are used in
specialized applications such as color analysis and fiber characterization.
Full-Spectrum Light Sources: These sources aim to replicate the entire visible spectrum of light
accurately, providing a comprehensive evaluation of color and appearance.

The choice of light source in textile testing depends on the specific parameters being evaluated,
such as color, colorfastness, UV resistance, or thermal properties. Accurate simulation of real-
world lighting conditions is essential to ensure that textiles meet performance standards and
customer expectations.

Gray scale: A “gray scale” version of an image uses a mix of black and white to represent the
“value” of the colors. Gray scale is used for visually evaluating changes in color of textiles
resulting from colorfastness tests. There are two types of gray scale – one for assessing color
change and another for staining. The color change gray scale consists of nine pairs of grey- colored
chips, in grades ranging from 1 to 5. The staining scale consists of nine pairs of grey and white-
colored chips, in grades ranging from 1 to 5. They are manufactured strictly in accordance with
ISO 105- A02 and AO3.
Gray scale for color change: In colorfastness tests, it is necessary to determine the magnitude of
the change in color between the original sample and the sample after testing. Slight changes may
be acceptable to the consumer, whereas large changes would certainly be unacceptable. The correct
use of the gray scale is important, and the angle of viewing, and the quality and intensity of
radiation used to view the samples and the gray scales are specified in the standards, in order to
minimize operator bias.
 Fig-1:Grey scale for color change & Color Staining

Gray scale for color staining: There is also a second set of gray scales, known as the gray scale
for staining. The result of staining from a colorfastness test is rated by visually comparing the
difference in color or the contrast between the stained and unstained specimens with the differences
represented by the Scale. Here, the first pair rated 5 are white, whereas the contrast again increases
with the second shade becoming grayer as the rating decreases. This scale is used to assess the wet
and dry rubbing fastness test as well as several others that measure the transfer of color to other
substrates, including washing fastness. A chromatic transference scale for assessment
of rubfastness tests, with a range of different shades, can also be used.
Multifiber fabric: Multifibre is one of the most common type of adjacent fabric,made from yarns
from various generic kinds of fibres, each of which forms a strip of at least 15mm width providing
even thickness of fabric.

Blue Wool Standards: Blue Wool Standards are a set of reference materials used to evaluate
the lightfastness and colorfastness of textiles. They consist of wool fabric dyed with specific
dyes that fade at different rates when exposed to light. Textile samples are compared to the
Blue Wool Standards to determine their resistance to fading and color change.
In textile testing, these light sources and test materials are essential for ensuring that textiles
meet quality and performance standards. They help manufacturers assess the colorfastness,
durability, and overall quality of their products under various conditions. Additionally, these
standardized testing methods ensure consistency and reliability in the evaluation of textile
properties.
Objectives of Textile Testing:

1. Quality Assurance: Textile testing is primarily conducted to ensure that textile products
meet certain quality standards and specifications. This includes assessing the fabric's
strength, durability, and overall performance, as well as evaluating factors like
colorfastness and dimensional stability.
2. Product Development: Textile testing is instrumental during the product development
stage. Manufacturers use it to determine the most suitable materials, dyeing processes, and
finishing techniques to achieve the desired product characteristics.
3. Compliance: There are numerous regulations and standards governing the textile industry,
which vary by region and product type. Textile testing ensures that products comply with
these regulations, covering aspects such as safety, flammability, and chemical content.
4. Consumer Satisfaction: Textile testing helps in producing textiles that meet or exceed
consumer expectations. This includes factors like comfort, appearance, and the absence of
allergenic or harmful substances.
5. Cost Efficiency: Efficient textile testing can help identify and rectify issues in the
manufacturing process early, reducing waste and production costs.

Conclusion:
In the textile industry, textile testing serves as the cornerstone of quality assurance, regulatory
compliance, and innovation. This multifaceted process encompasses a spectrum of standardized tests
and assessments that underpin the production of textiles of impeccable quality. It safeguards
consumers by ensuring that textiles meet safety standards, environmental regulations, and
performance expectations. Textile testing also fuels innovation, enabling manufacturers to develop
textiles with tailored attributes and sustainability in mind. Moreover, it enhances cost efficiency by
detecting manufacturing issues early, reducing waste, and bolstering market competitiveness. In a
globalized textile market, where products traverse international borders, textile testing plays a pivotal
role in enabling seamless trade by ensuring that textiles meet diverse regional standards. Ultimately,
textile testing is not merely a technicality but an indispensable practice that ensures textiles fulfill their
intended functions while upholding high standards of quality, safety, and environmental
responsibility.
Experiment No: 02

Experiment Name: Study on multipurpose humidity meter , Digital Pneumatic stiffness

tester and testometric machine.

Introduction:

In order to evaluate the stiffness and flexibility of textile materials, the textile industry uses the
unique and effective digital pneumatic stiffness tester. Understanding a fabric's stiffness is crucial
for establishing its viability for a certain use in the textile manufacturing industry, especially in
industries like garment fabrication. Pneumatic technology is used by this computerized gadget to
precisely test the bending and flexural qualities of [Link] assessing the mechanical
characteristics of textiles and associated materials, a testometric machine is a flexible testing tool
that is often used in the textile industry. In the textile business, testometric equipment is essential
to the processes of development, research, and quality assurance. Manufacturers of textiles
benefit from its capacity to deliver precise and trustworthy test findings.

Objectives:

I. To know about multipurpose humidity meter.

II. To know about digital Pneumatic stiffness tester.
III. To know how testometric machine works.

Description:

1. Multipurpose humidity meter:

In the textile sector, the multifunctional humidity meter is a crucial instrument for preserving the
delicate moisture balance during numerous manufacturing processes. The quality and
performance of textile materials can be greatly impacted by variations in humidity because of
their high susceptibility to such changes. By precisely detecting and regulating humidity levels,
this cutting-edge technology plays a crucial part in guaranteeing ideal manufacturing conditions.
It protects textiles from problems including fiber distortions, mold development, and
degeneration by avoiding excessive moisture, maintaining their integrity and beauty. The
multifunctional humidity meter also helps firms adjust their environmental control systems
efficiently, which reduces energy consumption. Because of its capacity to deliver precise and
timely data, it gives textile experts the capability to make wise decisions that guarantee
consistent product quality and customer [Link] research and development, this device is
invaluable for studying the behavior of textiles under different humidity levels, driving
innovation and enhancing the overall quality of textiles in the industry.

Fig: Multipurpose humidity meter

2. Digital Pneumatic stiffness tester:

This digital device applies controlled pressure to textile samples, allowing precise measurements
of their bending and flexural properties. Unlike traditional methods, the digital interface
enhances the accuracy and efficiency of stiffness evaluations. It provides textile manufacturers
with invaluable insights into the mechanical behavior of fabrics, ensuring they meet the required
standards for applications ranging from clothing to industrial textiles. With its ability to generate
reliable and consistent results, the digital pneumatic stiffness tester aids manufacturers in
selecting materials that not only meet quality criteria but also cater to specific needs, promoting
innovation and efficiency within the textile industry. Its digital capabilities enable easy data
analysis and interpretation, making it an indispensable tool for quality control and research and
development endeavors in the ever-evolving textile landscape.

Fig: Digital Pneumatic stiffness tester

3. Testometric Machine:

The testometric machine is a key tool in the quality control procedures used in the textile
industry. This advanced tool is designed to assess the mechanical characteristics of textiles with
unmatched accuracy. The testometric machine tests important characteristics such tensile
strength, elongation, rip resistance, and seam slippage by applying regulated tensile pressures to
textile samples. These measures are essential for making sure that textile products, from ordinary
clothing to industrial materials, are long-lasting, safe, and function well. Manufacturers rely on
the data generated by testometric machines to meet industry standards, validate material
specifications, and innovate new textile designs. Through its ability to provide accurate and
reliable test results, the testometric machine plays a pivotal role in guaranteeing that textiles meet
stringent quality criteria, ultimately instilling confidence in consumers and driving advancements
within the textile sector.

Fig: Testometric machine

Discussion:

The study on the Multipurpose Humidity Meter, Digital Pneumatic Stiffness Tester, and
Testometric Machine for textile engineering demonstrated the critical role these instruments play
in ensuring the quality and functionality of textile products. The accurate and repeatable results
obtained from these instruments make them indispensable tools for textile engineers and
researchers.

The information generated by these instruments can be applied to product development, quality
control, and process optimization in the textile industry. Their versatility and digital capabilities
enhance their usability and efficiency in textile laboratories. Overall, these instruments are
essential for advancing the field of textile engineering and producing high-quality textile
[Link] textile industry has undergone a significant revolution thanks to devices like
Testometric machines, multipurpose humidity meters, and digital pneumatic stiffness testers.
These high-tech tools are essential for ensuring the reliability and durability of textile products.
The versatile humidity meter measures and regulates moisture levels with accuracy to protect
fabrics and ensure ideal production conditions. Digital pneumatic stiffness testers provide
accurate measurements of fabric stiffness, assisting producers in producing textiles with the
desired feel and texture. Furthermore, testometric equipment makes it possible to thoroughly test
textile materials to make sure they adhere to industry standards for sturdiness, elasticity, and
durability. Textile producers can improve product quality, optimize production procedures, and
adapt to changing market demands by utilizing these cutting-edge tools. The integration of these
technologies not only improves the efficiency of textile production but also contributes
significantly to the overall advancement and sustainability of the industry. As technology
continues to advance, further innovations in these areas are expected, promising an even brighter
future for the textile sector.

Roll: 2021047
Experiment no: 03

Experiment name: Study on Crease recovery, Pneumatic stiffness tester and Universal
testing machine (UTM).

Introduction:

Crease recovery in textiles refers to the ability of a fabric to return to its original, crease-free
state after being subjected to mechanical deformation, such as folding or compression. This
property is particularly important in clothing, home textiles, and various industrial applications
where maintaining a neat and wrinkle-free appearance is desirable. Crease recovery is influenced
by the fabric's fiber type, yarn structure, finishing treatments, and overall textile construction.
The crease recovery angle, also known as the "recovery angle" or simply "recovery angle," is a
measure of a textile material's ability to recover its original shape after being subjected to a
creasing force. It is commonly used to assess the crease resistance of fabrics, especially in the
textile industry.

Stiffness refers to the resistance of a fabric to bending or deformation. It is a fundamental

mechanical property that influences how a fabric feels, drapes, and behaves. Stiffness is a result
of the interactions between the fibers, yarns, and finishing processes used in the production of
the textile. A pneumatic stiffness tester in the textile industry is a specialized device used to
measure the stiffness of fabrics and textiles. Stiffness is an essential characteristic in textiles, as it
determines how a fabric behaves and feels when worn or used in different applications. Fabrics
with specific stiffness properties are desirable for various products such as clothing, upholstery,
and industrial materials. The pneumatic stiffness tester is designed to quantify this property
accurately.

A Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is a versatile and sophisticated piece of equipment widely
used in the textile industry for evaluating the mechanical properties of various materials,
including textiles. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality and performance of textile
products, such as fabrics, fibers, yarns, and related materials. The UTM is designed to perform a
 wide range of mechanical tests, providing valuable data for research, development, and quality
control purposes.

Objectives:

I. To learn about Crease recovery.

II. To measure crease recovery angle.
III. To study about Pneumatic stiffness tester.
IV. To measure stiffness of fabric by pneumatic stiffness tester.
V. To study about Universal testing machine.
VI. To measure mechanical properties of fabric sample.

Description:

1. Crease recovery tester:

The ability of a fabric to recover to its original condition is called crease recovery. Besides we
can say, crease recovery is a measure of creases resistance, specified quantitatively in terms of
crease recovery angle. To measure this, the popular instrument is Shirley crease recovery tester.
The instrument consists of a circular dial which carries the clamp for holding the specimen.
Directly under the center of the dial there is a knife edge and an index line for measuring the
recovery angle. Crease recovery is determined depending upon this recovery angle. If the angle
is 0o then recovery is zero and if the angle is 180o then recovery is full. Crease recovery depends
on the construction, twist of yarn, pressure, time etc. Usually crease recovery is more in warp
way than in weft way. This is because warp yarns are well in quality, strength, treated with
sizing, kept in more tension during weaving etc.

Key Components :
Sample Clamps: The tester typically includes two clamps where the fabric sample is securely held
in place. These clamps mimic the conditions a fabric might experience when it's worn or handled.

Deformation Mechanism: To induce creases in the fabric, a deformation mechanism is used, often
involving a set of rollers or folding mechanisms. The fabric is subjected to a defined level of stress
through this mechanism, ensuring uniformity in the testing process.

Creasing Time and Pressure Control: The tester allows for precise control over the duration and
pressure applied during creasing. This ensures consistency in testing conditions.

Recovery Assessment: After the creasing process, the fabric is released from the clamps, allowing
it to recover naturally. The crease recovery tester records the fabric's ability to regain its original
smoothness and shape.
 Fig: Crease recovery Tester

Apparatus:

• Shirley crease recovery tester

• Scissor
• Glass plates
• Steel plates
• Weight.

Working Procedure:

I. The specimen is cut by template and carefully creased by folding in half.

II. The crease is imparted on fabric by placing it between two plates and adding 500gm
weight on it.
III. After 5 min the weight is removed, and the creased fabric is clamped on the instrument.
IV. Then it is allowed to recover from the crease. The recovery time may vary to suit creases.
Usually, it is 5 min.
V. When the crease recovers the dial of the instrument is rotated to keep the free edge of the
specimen in line with the knife edge.
VI. The recovery angle is read from the engraved scale. The value of recovery angle is taken
and thus crease recovery is measured.

2. Pneumatic stiffness tester:

The Digital Pneumatic Stiffness Tester in the textile industry is a cutting-edge instrument
designed to assess the stiffness and flexibility of textile materials accurately. By utilizing
advanced pneumatic technology, this digital device applies controlled pressure to textile samples,
allowing precise measurements of their bending and flexural properties. Unlike traditional
methods, the digital interface enhances the accuracy and efficiency of stiffness evaluations. It
provides textile manufacturers with invaluable insights into the mechanical behavior of fabrics,
ensuring they meet the required standards for applications ranging from clothing to industrial
textiles. With its ability to generate reliable and consistent results, the digital pneumatic stiffness
tester aids manufacturers in selecting materials that not only meet quality criteria but also cater to
specific needs, promoting innovation and efficiency within the textile industry. Its digital
capabilities enable easy data analysis and interpretation, making it an indispensable tool for
quality control and research and development endeavors in the ever-evolving textile landscape.

Fig: Pneumatic stiffness tester

Various parts of Pneumatic stiffness tester:

I. Sample Holder: The sample holder is designed to securely hold the textile specimen in
place during testing. It ensures that the fabric is properly aligned and subjected to the
bending force accurately.
II. Pneumatic Actuator: The pneumatic actuator generates the bending force applied to the
fabric sample. It operates using compressed air, which exerts pressure on the fabric,
causing it to bend. The actuator's pressure and flow control are crucial for obtaining
precise and consistent test results.
III. Pressure Regulator: The pressure regulator controls the amount of compressed air
supplied to the pneumatic actuator. Proper regulation of pressure is essential to ensure
uniform testing conditions and accurate stiffness measurements.
IV. Bending Length Adjuster: This component allows the user to adjust the length of the
bending section, which determines the span over which the fabric is bent. Different
standards and applications may require specific bending lengths, so this adjustability is
crucial for versatility.
V. Control Panel: The control panel contains user interface elements such as buttons,
switches, and a display screen. It allows the operator to input test parameters, control the
testing process, and view the test results. Modern pneumatic stiffness testers may have
digital interfaces for more precise control and data analysis.
VI. Load Cell: Some pneumatic stiffness testers are equipped with load cells to measure the
force applied to the fabric during bending. The load cell provides accurate force readings,
which are essential for calculating stiffness values.
VII. Data Recording System: A pneumatic stiffness tester may be equipped with a data
recording system to store test results for future analysis and quality control purposes. This
system can include software for data analysis and generating test reports.
Working procedure:

I. A representative sample of the textile material was cut according to the specified
dimensions for testing.
II. The pneumatic stiffness tester was turned on and allowed it to stabilize.
III. The prepared fabric sample was placed in the sample holder of the stiffness tester.
IV. The testing machine was started using the control panel.
V. The measured values were recorded.
VI. The recorded data was analyzed to understand the fabric's stiffness characteristics.

3. Universal testing machine (UTM):

A Universal Testing Machine (UTM) in the textile industry is a highly versatile piece of
equipment used to evaluate the mechanical properties of textile materials. It performs various
tests on textiles, including fibers, yarns, fabrics, and other related materials, to determine their
strength, elongation, durability, and other mechanical characteristics. UTM plays a crucial role in
quality control, research, and development within the textile sector. A Universal Testing Machine
(UTM) plays a critical role in the textile industry by performing various mechanical tests on
textile materials. These tests are essential for quality control, research, and development,
ensuring that textiles meet specific standards and requirements.
 Fig: Universal testing machine

Various parts of a Universal Testing Machine:

I. Load Frame: The load frame is the main structure of the UTM. It provides the rigidity
and stability needed for conducting tests. The load frame supports other components and
ensures that the applied load is distributed evenly to the specimen.
II. Load Cell: The load cell is a transducer that measures the force applied to the specimen
during testing. It converts the mechanical force into an electrical signal, which is then
displayed as the load or force applied to the material. In the textile industry, load cells are
crucial for conducting tensile strength tests on fabrics, fibers, and yarns.
 III. Crosshead: The crosshead is the moving part of the UTM that holds the grips or fixtures
to which the specimen is attached. It controls the separation rate between the grips,
allowing for precise testing conditions. The crosshead moves vertically and is essential
for conducting tensile, compressive, and flexural tests.
IV. Grips and Fixtures: Grips and fixtures are used to hold the textile specimen securely
during testing. There are various types of grips and fixtures designed specifically for
different types of tests, such as tensile, compression, bending, and tear tests. Proper
selection of grips ensures accurate and reliable test results.
V. Extensometer: An extensometer is an optional accessory attached to the specimen during
tensile testing. It measures the elongation or deformation of the material accurately.
Extensometers are used to obtain data for calculations such as Young's modulus, yield
strength, and elongation at break.
VI. Control Panel: The control panel contains the user interface elements, including buttons,
switches, and a digital display. Operators use the control panel to set testing parameters
such as load, displacement, and testing speed. Modern UTMs may have touchscreen
interfaces and computer connectivity for more advanced control and data analysis.
VII. Software: UTMs often come with dedicated software that allows users to control the
machine, collect data, and generate test reports. The software provides real-time graphs
and data analysis tools, enabling detailed examination of the material's mechanical
properties.
VIII. Safety Features: UTMs are equipped with various safety features such as emergency
stop buttons, overload protection, and safety interlocks to ensure the operator's safety
during testing procedures.
IX. Motor and Drive System: The motor and drive system provide the power needed to
move the crosshead at a specified speed. The driving system must be precise and reliable
to maintain consistent testing conditions.
Working Procedure:

I. Samples of the textile material were cut according to the specified dimensions for the test
being conducted.
II. The prepared samples were mounted in the appropriate grips or fixtures attached to the
UTM.
III. The UTM was set to the desired test parameters, including load range, elongation, strain
and any other specific conditions relevant to the test method being conducted.
IV. The test was initiated using the control panel or software interface of the UTM.
V. Measured Data of measurements were recorded.
VI. Recorded Data of measurements were analyzed.
VII. Thus, Data of measurements were taken for 3 different fabric samples. And thus the
experiment was done.

Experimental Data:

[Link] crease recovery:

Sample size: (40*15) mm

Time: 5min (under load) + 5min (for angle measurement)

Load applied: 500 gm.

Recovery angle: 90 degrees

2. For pneumatic stiffness tester:

Sample size: (8*4) inch

Table-1: Measurement of stiffness:

Observation no. Applied load(N) Average load(N)

01 1.9
02 1.8 1.87
03 1.9

3. For Universal testing machine:

Sample size: (200*50) mm

Table-2: Measurement of mechanical properties

Observation Force at Elongation at Elongation at Strain at peak Strain at

number peak(N) peak(mm) break(mm) (%) break (%)
01 303.41 14.51 41.138 7.255 20.569
02 460.05 47.937 70.151 23.969 35.076
03 286.86 17.139 42.217 8.57 21.109

Result and Discussion:

In this experiment we measured crease recovery angle, stiffness, and other mechanical properties
of fabric. The crease recovery angle was 90 degrees. The average load for stiffness measurement
was 1.87 N. And other mechanical properties like strain and elongation were also measured
which are given in table 2. Crease recovery test of fabric is determined depending
upon the recovery angle. If the angle is 0 degree, then recovery is zero and if the angle is 180
degrees, then recovery is full. The results of the crease recovery test can be used to classify
fabrics into categories, such as excellent, good, fair, or poor recovery. Fabrics with excellent
crease recovery properties are desirable for applications like apparel, where maintaining a crisp
appearance is essential. This test is valuable in the fashion and interior design industries, where
the drape and feel of a fabric are crucial for customer satisfaction. Fabrics with specific stiffness
characteristics are more suitable for tailored garments, upholstery, or sportswear. This
information aids in making informed decisions regarding fabric selection and design. This
information is vital in industries where the strength and durability of fabrics are paramount, such
as automotive, industrial, or technical textiles. Fabrics with high tensile strength may be used in
safety equipment or heavy-duty applications, while those with lower strength properties may
find application in less demanding contexts.

In conclusion, the study on crease recovery, pneumatic stiffness testing, and UTM testing
contributes to the understanding of textile properties and their applicability in various industries.
These tests provide essential information for manufacturers, designers, and quality control
personnel in selecting textiles that meet the specific requirements of their products. Additionally,
they aid in improving the overall performance, comfort, and aesthetics of textiles, ensuring
customer satisfaction and product success. The data obtained from these tests is crucial for
making informed decisions in fabric selection, product development, and quality control in the
textile industry.

Roll: 2021047