INTRODUCTION TO

STATISTICS
RAFAEL L. ULILA
DISCUSSANT
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CTIASTSITS
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STATISTICS
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ADTA
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DATA
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TOPNLAPIUO
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POPULATION
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LPASME
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SAMPLE
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TISEDPERCIV
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DESCRIPTIVE
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LIATERNFENI
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INFERENTIAL
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
DEFINITION
A branch of mathematics dealing with
the collection, analysis, interpretation,
and presentation of masses of
numerical data.
-WEBSTER
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
DEFINITION
“ Statistics are numerical statements of
facts in any department of enquiry
placed in relation to each other.”
-A. L. Bowley
‘Statistics is the science of counting’.
-A. L. Bowley
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
DEFINITION
“ Statistics may rightly be called the
science of averages.
-Bowleg
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

DEFINITION
“ Statistics is a body of methods for
making wise decisions on the face of
uncertainty.
-Wallis and Roberts
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

DEFINITION
“ Statistics is a body of methods for
obtaining and analyzing numerical
data in order to make better
decisions in an uncertain world.”
-Edward N. Dubois
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
“ Statistics may be defined as the
collection , presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of numerical
data from logical amalysis.”
-Croxton and Cowden

DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
“ Statistics may be defined as the
collection , presentation, analysis,
and interpretation of numerical
data.”
-Croxton and Cowden

DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Ya-Lun-Chou slightly modifies Wallis and
Roberts definition and come with the
following definition. “ Statistics is a method
of decision making in the face of uncertainty
on the basis of numerical data and
calculated risk.”

DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS: ITS
NATURE
NATURE OF STATISTICS
-SCIENCE
We can define statistics as a science in which
we study:
▪ Numerous methods in collecting ,
classifying, tabulating and presenting facts
using graphs and diagrams.
▪ Several ways of condensing data regarding
various social, political, and economic
problems
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS: ITS
NATURE
NATURE OF STATISTICS
-SCIENCE
Tippet defines statistics as, “ A science, where
the statistical method is a part of the general
scientific methods and based on the same
fundamental ideas and processes.”
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS: ITS
NATURE
NATURE OF STATISTICS
-ART
Science teaches us to know, art teaches us to
do.
Statistics- as an art of applying the science of
scientific methods.
As an art, statistics offers a better
understanding and solutions to problems in real
life as it offers quantitative information.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS: ITS SCOPE
Statistics is applied in every sphere of human activity-social as well as
physical-like Biology, Commerce, Education, Planning, Information
Technology, etc.
1. Statistics and Industry
2. Statistics and Commerce
3. Statistics and Agriculture
4. Statistics and Economics
5. Statistics and Education
6. Statistics and Planning
7. Statistics and Medicine
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS: ITS
CHARACTERISTICS
1. Aggregate of facts collected in systematic manner for a
specific purpose.
2. Affected by large number of causes to marked extent.
3. Numerically expressed.
4. To be placed in relation to the other.
5. Enumerated or estimated with a reasonable degree of
accuracy.
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS: ITS
FUNCTIONS
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS: ITS IMPORTANCE

1. Statistics helps us in
decision-making
2. Statistics helps predict the
future
3. Statistics helps estimate the
risk level
4. Statistics helps understand
the demographics
5. Statistics helps in measuring
the success rate of a program
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS: ITS IMPORTANCE
6. Statistics helps measures the
health of a nation

7. Statistics helps improve quality of

a product or service

8. Statistics can be used for better

marketing

9. Statistics can be used to find root

cause of a problem
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS: ITS LIMITATIONS

1. Statistics helps us in on-making

2. Statistics is not suitable to the

study of qualitative phenomenon.
3. Statistics does not study
individuals.
4. Statistical laws are not exact.
5. Statistics table may be misused.
6. Statistics is only, one of the
methods of studying a problem.
 TWO FIELDS OF STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

• In this branch of statistics, the goal is • Are produced through complex
to describe. Numerical measures are mathematical calculations that allow
used to tell about feature of a set of scientists to infer trends about a larger
data. population based on a study of a
• Uses data that provides a description sample taken from it.
of the population either through
numerical calculation or graph or • Makes inference and prediction about
table. It provides a graphical summary population based on a sample of data
of data. taken from population. It generalizes a
large dataset and applies probabilities
to draw a conclusion.
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
There are a number of items that belong in this
portion of statistics, such as:
▪ The average or measure of the center of data
set, consisting of the mean, median, mode, or
midrange
▪ The spread of a data set, which can be
measured with the range or standard deviation
▪ Overall descriptions of data such as the five
number summary
▪ Measurement such as skewness and kurtosis
▪ The exploration of relationships and correlation
between paired data
 TYPES OF
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS
• Measures of central tendency • Measures of spread describe how
data are distributed and relate to
capture general trends within
the data and are calculated each other:
and expressed as the: ✔ The range
✔ Mean ✔ Frequency distribution
✔ Median ✔ Quartiles
✔ Mean absolute deviation
✔ mode
✔ variance
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Scientists or experts use inferential statistics to
examine the relationship between variables
within a sample and then make generalizations
or predictions about how those variables will
relate to a larger population.

There are two major divisions of inferential statistics:

1. A confidence interval- gives a range of values for
an unknown parameter of the population by
measuring a statistical sample.
2. Test of significance or hypothesis testing where
experts make a claim about the population by
analyzing a statistical sample.
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
Techniques that experts use to examine the
relationships between variables, and thereby to
create inferential statistics, include:
✔ Linear regression analyses
✔ Logistic regression analyses
✔ ANOVA
✔ Correlation analysis
✔ Structural equation modeling
✔ Survival analysis
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Techniques that experts use to test the

significance to determine whether they can
generalize their results to a larger population.
Common tests of significance include the;
✔CHI-SQUARE
✔T-TEST
 UNDERSTANDING DATA TYPES

QUANTITATIVE DATA QUALITATIVE DATA

Tells us about the quantities of Also referred to as categorical
things or the things we can data. They are observed
measure. And, so they are phenomenon and cannot be
expressed in terms of numbers. It measured with numbers.
is also known as numerical data
and includes statistical data
analysis. Example: race, age group,
gender, origin, and so on.
Example: height, water, distance,
etc.
UNDERSTANDING DATA TYPES
 QUALITATIVE
DATA TYPES
NOMINAL DATA ORDINAL DATA
- Is a type of data that represents - Ordinal values represent discrete
discrete units which is why it as well as ordered units. Unlike
cannot be ordered and nominal, here the ordering matters.
measured. They are used to However, there is no consistency in
the relative distance between the
label variables without providing adjacent categories.
any quantitative value.
Example: Opinion, Socio-economic
Example: Gender, Nationality status
 QUANTITATIVE
DATA TYPES
DISCRETE DATA CONTINUOUS DATA
- They are data with fixed points Represent an endless range of
and can’t take any measures in possible values within a specific
between. So all counted data range. It can be divided into finer
are discrete data. parts to be measured but not
counted.
Example: shoe sizes, number of Example: temperature range, height,
students in class, number of weight, etc.
languages an individual can
speaks, etc.
 TYPES of
CONTINUOUS
INTERVAL DATA DATA RATIO DATA
- It represents ordered data that is Like interval data, ratio data are also
measured along a numerical ordered with the same difference
scale with equal distances between the individual units.
between the adjacent units. However, they also have meaningful
zero so they cannot take negative
values.
Example: IQ test’s intelligence
scale, time if measured using a Example: temperature on a Kelvin
12-hour clock scale, height ( zero is the starting
point).
 SCALES OF
MEASUREMENTS
There are four different scales of measurement. The data can be
defined as being one of the four scales. The four types of scales
are:
1. NOMINAL SCALE
2. ORDINAL SCALE
3. INTERVAL SCALE
4. RATIO SCALE
 SCALES OF
MEASUREMENTS
 NOMINAL SCALE
- Is the first level of measurement scale in which the numbers serve as
tags or labels to classify or identify objects. A nominal scale usually deals
with the non-numeric variables or the number that do not have any value.

Example: what is your gender?

M- male
F- female
 ORDINAL SCALE
- Is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the ordering and ranking of data
without establishing the degree of variation between them. Ordinal represents
the “ order”.

Example:
❑ Ranking of school students- 1st, 2nd ,3rd
❑ Evaluating the frequency of occurrences- very often, often, not often, not at
all
❑ Assessing the degree of agreement – totally agree, agree, neutral, disagree
 INTERVAL SCALE
- Is the 3rd level of measurement scale. It is defined as a quantitative
measurement scale in which the difference between two variables is
meaningful. In other words, the variables are measured in exact manner,
not as in a relative way in which the presence of zero is arbitrary.
Example:
❑ Likert scale
❑ Net promoter scale
 RATIO SCALE
- Is the 4th level of measurement scale, which is quantitative. It allows researchers to
compare the differences or intervals. The ratio scale has unique feature. It possesses the
character of the origin or zero points.

Example:
What is your weight in kgs?
• Less than 55 kgs
• 55-75 kgs
• 76-85 kgs
• 86-95 kgs
• More than 95 kgs
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