INTRODUCTION

Public security management

This unit will allow you to understand the management of public

administration, analyzing the concepts of readministration and
strategic management; the origin of public services, their
benefits, their generalities, their state origin combined with
politics and above all the need to ensure their efficiency to
achieve the purposes of the State.

Strategic management . Taken from

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In this topic, the administrative responsibility of public servants will

be understood, it is based on respect for minimum rights to
safeguard individual and social guarantees, respecting
confidentiality, loyalty, transparency in the acts to be carried out;
efficiently and coordination with other instances exercising
cooperation between institutions.

Subsequently, the analysis of “security at its three levels” will be carried out. National
security is born from the government's need to avoid conflicts in the management of the
country and citizen security, better called security of people or individuals; It is important to
mention that it does not seek the security of the State, but rather it seeks to provide
security to its governed. In other words, it seeks social peace as the essential element of
human coexistence and public safety, which is just one of the specific functions that the
Executive Branch has within its powers to prevent crimes so that the index does not rise.
of criminality.

Finally, “the system of police function” will be identified, in its double aspect, eminently
public, as well as social; and mainly because it is a State institution, police administration
is born from the theoretical elements of public administration, in principle in its
management aspect.

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Purposes
At the end of this unit you will achieve:

• Identify the applicable concepts, the nature and typology of the public service.
• Distinguish national, citizen and public security.
• Identify the police administration subsystems.
• Analyze the new police model at the federal level.

Specific competence

• Analyze the theoretical framework of public service and public security, identifying
security at its three levels as well as new police models at the
federal level, through the review of police function systems.

Syllabus

In order to comply with the competition and purposes, the following topics will be studied:

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3. Public security management

The theoretical framework of public services and public security

1. The concepts of public services
2. The nature of public service
3. The typology of public service

Security at three levels

4. national security
5. Citizen security
6. public safety

The police system

7. Police administration subsystems
8. The surrender subsystem
The theoretical framework of public services and public security
9. Towards a new model
police at the federal level Before starting, the word management will be
defined:

Management

1 .- Each of the procedures and steps, generally legal or official, that are followed to
solve an issue: "He promised me that he would not take long to handle it",
"Diplomatic efforts are made to recover the stolen jewelry."

2 .- Set of actions carried out by the person responsible for directing, presiding over
or organizing something during the period of his or her position: the management of
the president of the republic, the management of an ambassador; "His management
as secretary of the interior was highly questioned by the opposition" (DEM, 2015).

The word management applies to the act carried out by a public servant through
procedures and in the exercise of his powers conferred on him by the public administration
and which are indicated in the Federal Law of Public Administration.

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Therefore, the actions of public servants are important because they are responsible for
providing public security, which is defined as a “comprehensive conception” in two areas:

1 .- The first area: is related to intergovernmental policy management, where the

participation of the three levels of government is contemplated, that is, federal, state and
municipal; coordinated and cooperating under the limits that the law indicates as well as
the operation allows them.

In this same area, a perspective of cooperation between public security and the
administration of justice is proposed, thus arising the importance of all actors participating
in security policies being able to unify their actions for the benefit of society.

Therefore, it is necessary for each area of government to reevaluate its actions and
proposals; redesigning their decision-making processes and application of public security
policies; On the other hand, it must promote effective participation by citizens; coupled with
the fact of promoting actions that promote coordination between the three levels of
government based on recognizing their jurisdiction and competence, within the framework
of legality so that the spirit of the law is not exceeded.

To achieve such coordination and management between governments effectively, it is

important to promote government capacity, that is, the quality of the capacity of institutions
to prevent and combat public insecurity. It is important to point out that it is not only
corrective but fundamentally it must be preventive, thus avoiding a social structure
damaged by sociocultural factors, which can lead to problems such as a society in chaos,
the lack of legitimacy of institutions, political instability, which in Sometimes it can result in
an economic crisis in the country, when some or all of these negative factors come
together.

2 .- The second area : The “comprehensive conception” of public security arises from the
fact that insecurity is due to social, cultural, economic and political dimensions or
environments, therefore, it is necessary for public management to correct its designs and
its policies based on factors that cause insecurity, especially considering changes in the
social environment.

Therefore, social management is important in security policies, which implies going

beyond the strictly police approach, since crime preventive policies must be taken into
consideration fundamentally, taking economic, educational and social factors as a prelude.
that affect public safety.

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In conclusion, the work of the State in relation to its management in the field of public
security must contain the aforementioned aspects: crime prevention, greater coordination
between the three levels of government and its security forces, rapprochement of security
forces to citizens to implement cultural, recreational and educational programs that help
the governed prevent criminal behavior.

The concepts of public services

Public services in every society are strongly related to the structure and functionality of this
sector, which comprises a substantial part that occupies the economic resources of a
society, which contribute to its financing to receive in exchange the so-called "fiscal
payments", services publics that satisfy the needs of socially aggregated individuals.
crime-257995/
The importance of public services is based on creating the necessary conditions for
society itself to function correctly and fulfill the purposes for which it was created. In the
case of a capitalist society, its objective is to
organize society for the reproduction of
capital with its respective profit in favor of
the owners of the companies, therefore, if
there are no public services that help to
have a good public security in its
environment, there will be no reproduction
of capital that contributes to the survival of
the system.
Tax payments . Taken from
An example is the impact caused by the [Link]
growth of organized crime in the Mexican
Republic since the 1990s, since this circumstantial circumstance has prevented the arrival
of private investment to the country and, on the other hand, the capital established in
locations such as Michoacán, Guerrero, Tamaulipas and Nuevo León have chosen to
change their place of residence from factories to other countries, affecting business
productivity and profits, as well as sources of employment.

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The nature of public service

Public services have their nature of origin, that is, they are born from the intrinsic functions
of the State itself through public servants. These functions must be within the applicable
legal framework, in other words, the public servant by his nature ensures that his actions are
in accordance with what is stated in the legal norm (express powers), for example:

If the governor of the state of Morelos expropriates land for public utility in terms of the
Federal Expropriation Law (art. 2 Section VII and art. 27 paragraph 2 of the Federal
Constitution), this public servant must have the power to express the possibility of carrying
out this act of expropriation, otherwise said administrative act is not valid.

In this context, some of the characteristics that public servants must have are the following:

1 .-That the powers and prerogatives that the public servant will enjoy for the exercise of
their functions exist expressly in the norm; That is, the administrative acts carried out by the
server are expressly authorized by the Law.
2 .-That the position conferred on the public servant is contemplated in the specific
administrative law, which will be limited according to the functions and powers of the position
and which will also be subject to a temporality depending on whether it is by popular election
or by direct appointment of a hierarchical superior.
3 .-The public service par excellence is free for the governed, however, of course the public
servant receives a payment for the provision of his service.

It is important to remember that among the characteristics of the functions of a public

servant are those that his powers and duties are set forth in a law, that his position or
position exists explicitly in a law or decree and that the services he provides are free for the
public. governed.

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The typology of public service

The doctrine recognizes that the State carries out three essential activities to achieve its
purposes, a result of the principle of the division of powers in constitutional theory according
to the following scheme:

Scheme 1. The division of powers

The legislative function It is carried out by the popular representatives, through the
: Chamber of Senators and Deputies, carrying out the process of
creating laws following an initiative that is presented to either
chamber.
The administrative Which falls on the executive branch whether at the federal, state
function: or municipal level, its fundamental objective is the public
administration of the country's economic resources, although it
has express powers to present legislative initiatives and the right
to veto a law, before the publication in the Official Gazette of the
Federation .
The jurisdictional Whose holder is the Judicial Branch of the Federation and in the
function : states of the republic through the Superior Courts of Justice of
each entity and whose objective is to impart justice to the
governed.

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It is very important to take into consideration that the public services provided by the State
through public servants are classified in a general way in the terms that you can see in the
following diagram:
Services
essential and
non-essential
Scheme 2. Types of public services.
To understand the different types of public services, the following are examples:

• Essential and non-essential public services.- Among the former is the supply of water
and electricity; and the second, the music concerts financed by the governments of your
entity.

Direct or Permanent
concessioned and sporadic

Types

services
Due to the
public origin of the
nature
person
providing

Decentralize
two or
centralized

• Permanent and sporadic public services.- Regarding the first of the aforementioned,
the public security service is permanent and the sporadic ones could be a vaccination
campaign.

• Public service by the origin of the person providing it.- For this circumstance, those
that come from the health, educational and transportation sectors are cited.

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• Centralized and decentralized public service.- This concerns the state body that
provides it, since the public services that Pemex performs, such as refining oil or extracting
it, are decentralized, since the parastatal is a decentralized company of the Mexican State,
an issue that This does not occur with the services provided by the Ministry of Public
Education because these are centralized in the terms of the Organic Law of the Federal
Public Administration.

• Public service by its nature.- This is related to the type of service provided, such as a
literacy campaign undertaken by the Ministry of Public Education, or a crime prevention
program promoted by the Ministry of Public Security of some entity. federative.

• Direct and concessioned public service.- Regarding the first: the Mexican Postal
Service, the Administration of Justice and the Civil Registry Services, with regard to the
second, they would be open television since the electrical radio spectrum is concessioned
by the State Mexican to individuals and the same occurs with the sale of gasoline to the
public by virtue of the fact that Petróleos Mexicanos grants individuals the right to sell fuel
by appointment.

You must remember that the functions of the State are divided into the Executive, Judicial
and Legislative Branch, as well as the types of public service provided by the State, which,
among others, are concessioned, centralized and others.

Closing of topic

This topic included the study of government management through public servants, their
characteristics, rights and obligations.

In terms of public security, quality management is essential since the results are reflected
in security policies.

Finally, you identified the different types of public services provided by the State directly or
through concessionaires authorized for this purpose.

Security at three levels

As has already been seen in the subjects of Introduction to Public Security, Legal
Foundations of the Action of the Public and Private Security Corps, among others, article
21 of the Constitution in its ninth paragraph provides that in public security in the country
they have interference in the three orders or levels of government, that is, the

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Federal, state and municipal authorities will be the ones that coordinate and manage
public security in their respective constituencies, review the ninth paragraph cited above.

ARTICLE 21. The investigation of crimes corresponds to the public ministry and the police, which will
act under the leadership and command of the former in the exercise of this function.
(reformed in its entirety by decree published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on June 18,
2008).

The exercise of criminal action before the courts corresponds to the public ministry. The law will
determine the cases in which individuals may bring criminal action before the judicial authority.

The imposition of sentences, their modification and duration are specific and exclusive to the judicial
authority.

The administrative authority is responsible for applying sanctions for violations of government and
police regulations, which will only consist of a fine, arrest for up to thirty-six hours or work in favor of
the community; but if the offender does not pay the fine that has been imposed, this will be
exchanged for the corresponding arrest, which will not exceed in any case thirty-six hours.

If the violator of the government and police regulations is a day laborer, laborer or worker, he may not
be punished with a fine greater than the amount of his day's wages or salary for one day.

In the case of non-salaried workers, the fine imposed for violation of government and police
regulations will not exceed the equivalent of one day of their income.

The public ministry may consider criteria of opportunity for the exercise of criminal action, in the
cases and conditions established by law.

The federal executive may, with the approval of the senate in each case, recognize the jurisdiction of
the international criminal court.

Public security is a function in charge of the federation, the federal district, the states and the
municipalities, which includes the prevention of crimes; the investigation and prosecution to
make it effective, as well as the sanction of administrative infractions, in the terms of the law,
in the respective powers that this constitution indicates. The actions of public security
institutions will be governed by the principles of legality, objectivity, efficiency,
professionalism, honesty and respect for human rights recognized in this constitution.

Public security institutions will be civil, disciplined and professional. The public ministry and
the police institutions of the three levels of government must coordinate with each other to
meet the objectives of public security and will form the national public security system, which
will be subject to the following minimum bases:

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 A) The regulation of the selection, entry, training, permanence, evaluation, recognition
and certification of members of public security institutions. The operation and
development of these actions will be the responsibility of the federation, the federal
district, the states and the municipalities within the scope of their respective powers.

B)The establishment of criminalistic and personnel databases for public security institutions. No
person will be able to enter public security institutions if they have not been duly certified and
registered in the system.

C) The formulation of public policies aimed at preventing the commission of crimes.

D) The participation of the community will be determined, which will contribute, among others, to the
evaluation processes of crime prevention policies as well as public security institutions.

E) Federal aid funds for public security, at the national level, will be contributed to the federal entities
and municipalities to be allocated exclusively for these purposes (DOF, 2013).

It is necessary to reiterate this point since within the public services provided by the State
is public security and this is distributed in its provision at the municipal, state and federal
level, taking into consideration that, as reviewed in the Law courses Criminal and Criminal
Procedure , there are crimes that are only punished at the federal level, such as money
laundering and drug trafficking; As well as homicide and robbery, they are crimes that are
judged by local or state jurisdictions.

Therefore, in matters of public security, the Federal Preventive Police is the one that will
monitor crimes under federal jurisdiction; and the state public security police forces will be
responsible, where appropriate, for the prevention, investigation and prosecution of crimes
that are not federal in nature.

national security

To understand this topic, the concept of National Security will be defined, this being the
power that the Mexican State has to maintain its integrity, stability and permanence; The
purpose of which is to carry out military and intelligence strategies for the preservation of
the state itself in national territory in the face of any foreign or internal disturbance that
could affect the Mexican Republic.

As reviewed in previous quarters in the subjects Overview of public security and Legal
foundations of the actions of security forces, there is a great difference between the
concept of national security and public security, as you can see in the following table.

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National security Public security

Goals Its purpose is to maintain the Its objective is to safeguard the
integrity, stability and integrity and rights of people, as
permanence of the Mexican well as preserve public freedoms,
State. order and peace.

Instruments Its instruments are the Its instruments are prevention,

operation of intelligence and prosecution, punishment of
counterintelligence tasks to infractions, as well as the social
propose measures for reintegration of criminals and
prevention, deterrence, offenders.
containment or neutralization of
risks or threats.

Responsible National security is a federal Public security is a concurrent

authorities matter. The Government of the matter in which the three levels of
Republic establishes government share responsibility
cooperation mechanisms with for it in the areas of their
state and municipal authorities. competence.

The Federal National Security Law is primarily made up of the fundamental concepts of
National Security, articles 1, 2 and 3, from which the protection of the country against
threats and risks that could come from abroad or from within arise. Likewise, this law
refers to the maintenance of the constitutional order and strengthening of democratic
institutions in Mexico.
Article 5 of the aforementioned law gives us the description of facts that may constitute a
threat to national security, such as espionage, sabotage, foreign intervention and others.

In article 2 of the aforementioned law, the head of the Federal Executive is conferred
with command of national security in coordination with the National Security Council.

The National Research and Security Center (CISEN) has existed since 1989, which is in
charge of intelligence work in the country both internally and against foreign powers, in the
terms of article 18 of the aforementioned law.

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This public security law is very important, since although it is true that national security
is not the same as public security , as has already been seen, but undoubtedly one must
know this text because both public functions are related.

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TASK.

Public service and national security

Purpose: Identify the applicable concepts, the nature and typology of public service as
well as national and public security.

Instructions:

1. Within the classroom , contribute and debate your ideas with your classmates
on the following questions:

• How important is the public service provided by the State? Because?

• What is the difference between national security and public security ?

2. Compare and comment on the contributions of at least three colleagues; in them

you will see the coincidences in relation to your contribution and you will be able to
discuss the differences.

* Consult the forum rubric to know the criteria that will be taken into account when grading
your work.
Citizen security

On this topic, the concept and object pointed out by Mansilla (2012) will be reviewed.

In the current legal framework and the social, economic and political factors that within a given territorial
district influence society in such a way that they allow each of its members, private individuals and legal
entities, to carry out their activities and participate in the system of interrelationships that are generated within
the social group, with the complete certainty that their daily actions will be respected, which will allow them
generate resources and sources of income and satisfy their basic needs such as food, health,
education and housing, in a climate of trust and respect for public institutions (p. 483).
It must be specified in this case that the object pursued by “citizen security” is not
to protect the individual from the different acts of authority that could violate their
legal sphere, nor to preserve the subjective public rights that provide the
governed with a harmonious coexistence. and peaceful in conditions of equity,
equality and freedom for all members of the social group in relation to the State
or maintain

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order, protect the physical safety of people and their property, or assist the population in
the event of accidents or disasters, as intended by legal security, public order and public
safety, if not to guarantee the governed levels of adequate security taking into account the
following three stages:

•
The essentially legal, which includes aspects such as the legal
framework, respect for dignity and human rights and the exercise of
citizenship.

•
The socioeconomic level consists of the ability to generate
resources and sources of income and also refers to basic needs such
as food, health, education and housing.
•
That which aims to structure a culture of trust towards institutions.

According to the Secretariat of Citizen Security of the Government of

the State of Mexico, the security objectives would be the following:
Taken from the Secretariat of Citizen Security of the State of Mexico (2011).

Use prevention
Promote safety like a tool
of the citizen. for the combat of
delinquency.

Advance in the use of

Strengthen inter- technologies and
institutional maintain a society
coordination protected from risks.
mechanisms.

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In conclusion, citizen security aims to ensure that people can live in a society with security
and dignity where they can expect the Mexican State to satisfy all their biological and social
needs, including the security of the people.

public safety

To address this issue of the concept that concerns us, Mansilla (2012) is cited:

Public security is a public service whose provision corresponds exclusively to the State and in which
the three powers (executive, legislative and judicial) and the three levels of government (federal, local
and municipal) must act jointly and in an orderly manner. always obeying and respecting the system of
interrelationships that operates between them (from supra to subordination, from coordination and from
sub to supra ordination) in order to maintain public order, protect the physical integrity and assets of
people, prevent the commission of illicit acts and the violation of government regulations on civic justice
and police, collaborating in the prosecution and investigation of crimes and assisting the population in
the event of accidents and disasters ( p. 482).

After the reform of June 2008 in criminal matters, article 21 of the Constitution was
modified with regard to public security in relation to the functions: these will be
prevention, investigation and prosecution of crimes, with the understanding that The
police forces of the three levels will always be acting in a coordinated manner among
themselves, to satisfy the security demands of citizens that are currently
overwhelmed due to corruption and impunity on the part of the authorities and the criminal
organization that the groups have built. criminals in Mexico.
The mission of public security is fundamentally to prevent the commission of crimes, since in
the event that such illegal conduct does not exist, there will be no person affected and
therefore there is no need to investigate or prosecute the alleged active subjects who by
prevention issues did not commit unlawful conduct.

The vision that public security institutions must have will have to create communication
strategies between the three levels of police authorities that are federal, state and municipal,
to efficiently carry out the work actions of the police themselves, with the aim of crime
prevention.

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Within its strategic objectives we can mention the following:

a) Prevent and combat the commission of crimes.
b) Eliminate corruption and purge the security forces.
c) Improve the professionalization of police officers.
d) Promote the participation of society for the prevention of crimes.

e) Strengthen inter-institutional coordination mechanisms.

f) Strengthen the technological infrastructure for crime prevention and investigation
tasks.

In the case of the Federal Preventive Police that had its origin in 1998, which currently
belongs to the uncertain Federal Public Security Secretariat, there are
four general coordinations which make up its current structure:
General Intelligence General Coordination General Coordination
Coordination for of Federal Support of the Professional
Prevention General Regional Forces Institute
Security Coordination
• • •
Its objective is the •
It comes from the Whose obligation is As its name
planning, collection, defunct Federal to care for clandestine suggests, its
analysis and Highway Police and armed groups and objectives are the
exploitation of its function is take care of the education, training
information in order control, inspection country's strategic and specialization of
to avoid the and surveillance on facilities such as oil police officers in
commission of crimes the roads of our and electricity plants . police areas and
(prevention). country . matters related to
internal security,
intelligence work,
police techniques
and physical
development.

Finally, review the following outline of the functions of police institutions according to article
75 of the General Law of the National Public Security System.

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Insurance management and
administration

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TASK 3.
The responsibility of public servants

Purpose : Analyze the organization and distribution of responsibilities of the National

Public Security Commission through the General Law of the National Public Security
System to identify through an organizational chart the positions and responsibilities of
public servants.

Instructions:

1. Investigate the organizational chart of functions of the National Public Security

Commission on each of the positions and responsibilities of public servants and
levels.

2. Prepare a double entry table, in the right column place the positions and in the left
the responsibilities of the public servants you investigated.

3. Subsequently, write a conclusion on the importance of each of the responsibilities of

public servants.

4. Your document must have the following characteristics:

• Cover with your identification information: full name, registration, name of

the course, name of the activity and date of preparation.
• Your document must have at least two pages (not counting the cover
page or the references section) and be written in Arial font size 12 and 1.5
line spacing.
• Be very careful with your spelling and make sure you correctly cite the
sources consulted.

Good luck……

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Closing of topic

In this section, public security was identified in its three levels according to article 21 of the
Constitution, the concepts of National, citizen and public Security, understanding these
organizations as entities that are made up of public servants who have the function of
providing security to citizens, according to the guidelines of the General Law of the
National Public Security System.

The police system

This topic should begin with the opinion of Patricio Tudela, in his work Society and Police:
Development and challenges of the police function in Latin American democracies, on the
concept of the police function.

The term police designates an institution, an organization and a social group dedicated to
formal social control. However, it is important to note that the institution and the function
are two different things, since the institution is the dependency that represents the image
that the State provides of this service to the governed, and the function derives from the
manuals that for the purposes The police elements must comply, however, the word
police can be used both to refer to the institution and to the person who represents the
security activity entrusted by the agency (2007, p. 10).

As Reiner points out, one thing is the police and another, different thing, is police activity
(2006, p. 533).
It is important to reflect on the following question:

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What is the function and task of a police force?

Undoubtedly, the police tend to be foreign and unknown to citizens in our country; one
answer would be that the police perform multiple functions and, in practice, a diversity of
activities.

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It is important to reflect on the following questions:

What is a police institution? What is the essence of its function?

Answering the questions, a purely conceptual approach would lead us to one more
definition, among many others that are equally legitimate and valid, highlighting that the
police are a security force in charge of ensuring the maintenance of public order and the
safety of citizens and subject to the orders of the political authorities.

For its part, another approach would emphasize the relationships and their manifestations
with the components of the system, rather than its evident attributes, and would highlight
its contribution, as part of a complex mesh of functional interrelationships to a shared
purpose co-production of security and justice.

In general, relationships seem essential between society, the State and the police. Here it
is interesting to develop a functionalist and socio-political perspective on the society-police
relationship and the State/government-police link.

To go deeper, read Society and Police: Development and

challenges of the police function in Latin American democracies ,
which is found in the unit tab.

Tudela (2007) mentions the characteristics and functions that modern

security forces must have:

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Management and administration
of the

1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and public disorder.
2. The ability of the police to carry out their work depends on public approval of their
actions.
3. The police must ensure the free cooperation of citizens in voluntary compliance with the
law to ensure and maintain the respect of the population.
4. The degree of public cooperation that can be assured decreases proportionally to the
need to use physical force.
5. The police seek and maintain public favor not by pleasing public opinion, but by
constantly demonstrating absolute and impartial service to the law.
6. The police use physical force only to the extent necessary to ensure compliance with
the law or to restore order when the exercise of persuasion, exhortation and warnings
proves insufficient.
7. The police must maintain a relationship with the population that confirms that historical
tradition according to which the police are the people and the people are the police, given
that the police are only members of the population who are paid to carry out those tasks
with exclusive dedication. tasks that fall to each citizen in relation to the well-being and
existence of the community.

8. The police must always direct their action strictly to their functions and never appear to
usurp the powers of the judicial apparatus.
9. The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible
evidence of police action in managing those realities.

Police forces are public bodies financed by citizens and administered by the State to
provide a public security service to those governed, maintaining order in society and so
that it can reproduce itself as such, since if security forces did not exist As such, the
prevailing economic regime (society) could not survive for obvious reasons.
Finally, the author Mansilla (2012) explains the action of the State and the exercise of
public security:

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The action of the State and the exercise of the public service of public security through the three
powers and the three government bodies is inefficient if there is no effective social participation of the
individual, the family, non-governmental organizations as well as the country's educational institutions,
in actions that range from the training of minors (who must be instilled with values such as respect,
discipline and honesty), attention to adolescents, the promotion of the culture of reporting, and the
monitoring and evaluation of the programs that are developed and implemented and the policies that
are adopted regarding public security.
It is not possible for the exercise of the public security service to achieve the desirable goals
for society, such as the reduction in crime rates and the increase in the population's trust in
the authorities in charge of providing said service, if the Current regulations on the matter do
not tend to adequately regulate the coordinated and orderly participation of the three powers,
the three government bodies and civil society. It is only based on the law that the public
security service should be provided (p. 488).

It is important to understand what the author points out, that for public security
provided by the State to be effective, there must be real cooperation between police and
citizens in a coordinated manner and in accordance with current laws; Likewise, the
provision of the public state security service will have the characteristics of being
coordinated and orderly with regard to its connection with the three levels of government
provided for in article 21 of the Constitution, which will give certainty to all members of
society.

Police administration subsystems

The police administration is made up of different subsystems which will be reviewed later.

In a general way, the administration of the police forces is made up of different processes
which are related to each other for the fulfillment of the constitutional mandate already
described in article 21.

The object of study below is detailed about the different subsystems that generally make
up the administrative organization of police forces, in the terms explained to us by
Villalobos (2010):

1. Planning, programming and budget subsystem. Area of police administration in

charge of establishing institutional objectives and goals, as well as the
corresponding budget allocations and task programming, considering activities
typical of a police corporation such as supervision, control or investigation.

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It is the technical function of the police administration and must be reflected in the
organizational chart in a technical, planning or similar subdirectorate, where the
lines of work required to comply with the programmatic agenda are defined
(Sánchez, 2003).

2. Organization subsystem. The organization is the determination of functions,

responsibilities, rules and standards of behavior of a set of areas, departments
and positions, which allows regulating the functions of the members assigned to
an entity. The organization is reflected in the organizational structure. In this way,
the Police Organization Subsystem makes it possible to meet its goals,
objectives, the legal mandate and implement the work plan and program.

The design of the organization structure, work system, group work arrangements
and individual task assignments must be carried out in accordance with this
organizational structure (Harmon, 1999).

3. Police control subsystem. Process by which those in charge of this function

within the corporation (generally managers) determine:
• Strategies so that the quality of the organization's different systems and services
can be improved

• Whether or not the established institutional goals and objectives are being met.

• Whether institutional performance is consistent with the program and work plans.

• Whether officers follow the organization's policies and procedures.

The aspects of efficiency and effectiveness, as well as the references of quantity and
quality, are the control criteria of this administration function.

If goals or objectives are not being achieved; If plans, policies and procedures are not
being followed, or a performance problem has been detected in the organization's service,
mainly with respect to human rights, those responsible must establish the reasons and
determine corrective actions.

Controlling can be the most problematic managerial function due to the difficulties that the
person in charge faces in detecting system failures or the reasons for inadequate service,
as well as designing strategies to change and improve them.

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For example, police corruption and misuse of force remain serious performance problems,
despite efforts to analyze their causes and correct them.

4. Police performance evaluation subsystem. It constitutes the process of

analyzing the overall performance of police performance, both of the corporation
and of an aggregate, as well as of each function carried out by the police in
particular. It considers that most police officers try to get feedback on the way in
which they fulfill their functions. , so commanders and officers under their
command must evaluate the particular performance of each officer to decide the
actions they should take. In this sense, informal evaluation, based on observation
of daily work, is necessary but insufficient if The evaluation is intended to operate
as an institutional learning mechanism.
Observe the following diagram in order to detail the areas in which the police
administration is made up.
Scheme. Police Administration Organization Model

Taken from Villalobos (2010).

PARAMETERS

INFORMATION
SUBSYSTEM

SUBJECTS OF
SUBSYSTEMS : ADMINISTRATION
e planning, programming and budgeting
POLICE
e Accountability and promotion: police
career and internal and external
• Supervision and
communication and information and ACCOUNTABILITY control
analysis and evaluation of official • Police action and
performance
SUBSYSTEM Human rights
• Police deployment
• Internal affairs

The administration
Instrumentation of Public administration: police part of the
the policy of security and police theory, methods and
public security they have a character principles of the
eminently social public administration
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The police accountability subsystem

Continuing with Villalobos (2010), he mentions the following:

The objective of the accountability subsystem within the police administration approach is to promote and
contribute to the qualitative transformation of police performance. This transformation is the effect and
consequence of a profound review of police performance procedures, the scope and purposes of their
action, which are defined by the legal frameworks and by the Society-State-Police relationship.

With the implementation of a control system of this nature, it is intended that the results and
achievements will materialize in the improvement of the orders of social coexistence, in the reduction of
crime rates, in police performances in accordance with the law, in a work police force that addresses,
first and foremost, the needs of citizens, that has human rights as a fundamental reference, guides the
actions of the police towards a transparent service and “…examines, supervises and even bureaucratizes
discretion, in order to ensure that, in a manner everyday, agents are doing what we expect from them, not
what we fear from them” (Varenik, 2005, p. 25).

The evaluation of police performance, achievements, results and social impact, constitutes the opportunity
to know to what extent the institutions in charge of public security meet the objectives for which they were
created. The generation of evaluation mechanisms for their actions, systematized in the accountability
subsystem, will allow these institutions and the results of their projects to improve, since if the effects of
their actions are unknown, it is not possible to analyze whether they are positive. , negative or neutral, and
therefore makes it impossible for corporations to learn from themselves, which entails political risks,
legitimacy of the State's actions, governability, and even economic and social impacts.

Traditionally, the issue of accountability has an eminently supervisory connotation, referring to the
accounting reports that the administrators present to the owners of the companies, in this sense, the
administrator was responsible for the company, therefore, he had to report periodically and in detail about
the management of resources (Villalobos 2010, pp. 75-77).

In conclusion and the important thing about this subsystem is that the security forces always act
under the criteria of legality, legitimacy, transparency and in accordance with the circumstances
of each specific case, this can be materialized if the police administration in its actions complies
with the parameters established by article 21 of the Constitution, as well as in federal and local
laws on the subject under study.

Towards a new police model at the federal level

This model is structured by a police development system that contains a duly renewed body of
regulations, as well as professionalization schemes.

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the police career, disciplinary regime and evaluation of police forces through trust control
exams; also with the support of what is known as the Mexico Platform, so that security
forces at the federal, local and municipal levels have access to the databases of said
technological complex, which provides them with analysis, generation and use of security
information. intelligence for the prevention and investigation of crimes.

In this regard, it is important to know the benefits of the Mexico Platform, remember that
they were previously studied in the courses on Legal Fundamentals of the Action of
Security Forces in Mexico and Information Systems.
Now, let's look at the following image of the New Police Model:

O
R

LEGAL CHANGES

INVESTIGATION

COMPREHENSIVE POLICE DEVELOPMENT

SYSTEM

OPERATION MODEL
OPERATIONAL
REPRESSIVE PROACTIVE PREVENTIVE
METHODOLOGIC
REAGENT
AL APPROVAL OF PROTOCOLS,
METHODOLOGIES AND
PROCEDURES
CRIME
PREVENTION CITIZEN
PARTICIPATION

SOCIAL PROXIMITY
INTERCONNECTION
OF DATABASES INFORMATION
EXCHANGE

UNIQUE CRIMINAL
CUTTING-EDGE
INFORMATION SYSTEM
TECHNOLOGY

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To expand the analysis of this subtopic, the “New Police Model” document will be reviewed
since for the purpose of the course the fundamental parts that were designed in the
administration of former President Felipe Calderón Hinojosa through the head of the
Secretary of Security will be stated. Federal Public Genaro García Luna.

To delve deeper into the topic, review the “New police model in Mexico.”
[Link]

The proposed concept of the new police model has its origin in the
Constitutional Reform of June 2008 in Criminal Matters, in the General
Law of the National Public Security System and the Federal Police Law that was published
in 2009, among other legal regulations. Of the mattery.

Returning to the basic aspect of the new police model, remember what was argued in the
course of Legal Foundations of the actions of the security forces that the core point of the
new police model is represented by the Police Development System, which is made up of
the benefits social, ordering of their functions, service of their career and disciplinary
regime, this has to do with the requirements for entry, development, professionalization
and permanence of the personnel of the police corporations at the three levels of
government, whose objective is to safeguard stability, interinstitutional mobility and
professional development of police officers, during their time in public and private security
institutions.

The professionalization and permanent training of members of the law enforcement

agencies is fundamentally based on the police career, ensuring that the public servant has
a service project, which must be professional, dignified and attractive, taking into account
the achievements of an academic nature that the police can reach.

It is important to mention that one of the achievements of the police model is to ensure
public servants the following social services:

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a) Medical services b) The possibility of c) Loans

private . acquire goods short and personal
from medium
durable term.

f) Unemployment
d) Seniority pension e) Work risks. due to age
system. advanced.

Another very important aspect for the professionalization and training of representatives of
order and justice is that there is a disciplinary regime that can control incorrect conduct in
the police function, establishing labor and trust control policies that ensure the correct
performance of police officers. at the service of citizens. All of this is linked to the three
levels of government in the police field.

In conclusion, it can be said that the purpose of the development, training and
professionalization of police officers, according to the new police model, is to integrate all
types of services with professionalization, discipline and police justice that gives rise to the
birth of public security forces and private sector that have the characteristics of honesty,
efficiency, a vocation for service, as well as acting in scientific research, for a better
performance of their functions as public servants.

Now, the companies that provide private security are not part of the State structure,
however, they must be registered, so that the members who are working in them have an
identification card, which contains the half affiliation. of these workers, with the purpose of
having them identified in a catalog and they cannot belong to police forces dependent on
the State, as well as to other private companies of this type.

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TASK 3.
New police model

Purpose: Analyze the new police model with the previous model to understand public
security management.

1. Prepare a double entry table in which you develop the differences between the new
and the previous public security management model .

2. At the end of your table, make a conclusion so that you explain very clearly what
your position is towards the topic analyzed.

3. It is very important that you contribute your own ideas in the conclusion you make.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCE

To further strengthen the topic of study, review the new police model.

• Dammert, L. and Ungar M. (2012). The new police model in Mexico. In M. Roses. The
need for a new police model in Mexico: a comparative perspective (pp. 63-94).
Retrieved from [Link]

CONCLUSION

In this unit, the theoretical framework of public services and public security, the Function System,
was analyzed.
Police, which is divided into four subsystems that have to do with the administration, organization
and accountability of police forces and, finally, the new federal police model, its functions of
prevention, investigation and prosecution of crimes and their fundamental objectives which are
the reduction of crime rates through citizen participation and ensuring that the three levels of the
security forces act in a coordinated manner. Likewise, the topics of management, public service,
public servants, national, public and citizen security were reviewed, the importance of these as
an obligation of the State towards citizens in its different powers.
Likewise, in the administrative aspect, the concept of police function, its administration from the
point of view of accountability, organizational and police control, was studied.

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Reference sources

• Andrés, G. (2010). Police law (policiology and public security). Mexico: Flores Editor and
Distributor.
• De Pina, R. (2009). Law Dictionary (38th ed.) . Mexico: Porrúa.
• Official Gazette of the Federation (1976). Organic Law of the Federal Public Administration.
Last reform published in the DOF 01-02-2013.
• Official Journal of the Federation. (2002). Federal Law on Administrative Responsibilities of
Public Servants . Last reform published in DOF 28 05-2009.
• Official Journal of the Federation. (2005). National Security Law . Last reform published in
the DOF 12-26-2005.
• Official Journal of the Federation. (2009). General Law of the National Public Security
System. Last reform published in the DOF 06-14-2012.
• Duguit, L. (1920). Souveraineté et liberté: leçons faites à l'Université Columbia. NY.
• Maldonado, I. (2011). The police in the adversarial criminal system (3rd. ed.) . Mexico:
Ubijus.
• Mansilla, A. (2012). Challenges and perspectives of public security in the 21st century: ordo
ab chao. Mexico: UNAM.
• SHCP. (2002). Glossary of the most common terms in the federal public administration.
Mexico: Undersecretariat of Expenditures.

Cybergraphic sources

• National Security and Research Center : Retrieved from:

[Link]
• National security commission . Retrieved from:
[Link] c=7d1
• Official Journal of the Federation. (2008). The sector program . Retrieved from:
[Link]
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Division of Social and Administrative Sciences | Bachelor of Public Safety 30