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Define the scope of my Independence of the thirteen Question tables

research workshop colonies.

THE FIRST SETTLER

 Who were the first European colonizers?
European colonization of America began in the late 15th century after Christopher Columbus
arrived in 1492 with the support of the Crown of Castile. From there, the Spanish Empire, the
Portuguese Empire, and from the beginning of the 17th century the British Empire (1608),
France (1607) and the Netherlands (1625), conquered and colonized a large part of the
American territory, subjecting its native inhabitants.

 When did they arrive to the new continent?

From the beginning of the 17th century the British Empire (1608), France (1607) and the
Netherlands (1625).

 Where were they located?

The Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire were the first to carry out the conquest, and
they settled mainly in southern North America, Central America and in the Andean area of
South America (Aztec and Inca empires, respectively). Spain was the power that imposed the
greatest colonial presence in America. In the Caribbean, it dominated above all Cuba,
Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, including the Florida peninsula within its Caribbean
possessions. From the Antillean settlements, he took possession by force of the great states
existing in America at that time: in North America he came to appropriate the Aztec Empire, in
present-day Mexico, establishing himself in its cities, in addition to dominating the Tlaxcalans,
Tarascans, Mixtecs and Zapotecs. From there he controlled a large part of Central America,
dominating the Mayan-speaking populations, the Pipils, the Niquirans and the Ngäbe-speaking
peoples of Veragua (Panama). From Panama the conquest of the Andean zone of South
America was undertaken to the central zone of present-day Chile. At the same time, in search of
the Sierra de la Plata and the lands of the White King, cities were founded in the Plata estuary
and on the banks of the Paraná and Paraguay rivers, Asunción being the most important of
them.

Portugal appropriated most of the Atlantic coastal strip of the northern part of South America,
which would later give rise to the State of Brazil. England established thirteen colonies on the
North American Atlantic coastal strip, as well as on some Caribbean islands.

France occupied present-day French Guiana in South America (still under its rule), Louisiana in
the Gulf of Mexico, some Caribbean islands, and the Canadian region of Quebec.

The Netherlands established colonies in North America (New Amsterdam, which would later
become New York), northern South America (Dutch Guyana today Suriname) and some
settlements on Caribbean islands (Netherlands Antilles and Aruba).
REASONS FOR DISSATISFACTION
 What was the economic, political, social and cultural organization of the Thirteen Colonies?

Social organization
The society was mixed. Colonists of English origin predominated, but as we know there were
settlers from Holland, Sweden, France, and other European countries. All of this occurred
thanks to the massive immigration to America. In 1685 there was a large immigration to
Pennsylvania, since its founder, W. Penn allowed the reception of French Protestants,
Mennonites, Anabaptists and Moravians, coming from France, Switzerland, Germany and
Holland after the abolition of the edict of Nantes. There was also a great emigration from
Scotland and Ireland, about 250,000 people emigrated to the colonies in the 17th century, only
Irish. Slaves were another huge source of immigration to America.

Political organization

The political administration of the American colonies is controlled in principle by English society.
In the beginning, the colonies were controlled by variants of the King's Privy Council. But
starting in 1675, with the creation of the Lords of Trade, the government of the colonies was
modified in favor of greater control by the English Crown.

England renounced complete political subordination, but not that of the colonial economy. With
this new interest, instruments were established to promote mercantilism. In 1696 the Lords of
Trade was replaced by the Board of Trade, which highlighted the failure of the administrative
centralization of the empire and became passive towards the colonies.

In the North American colonies, self-government stands out from the beginning of their
existence. In them they had a governor normally chosen by the crown and who had legislative,
military and judicial power. There was also an upper house of the legislature, made up of
settlers chosen by the crown through the governor and who were in charge of legislation.

 What was your relationship with the English metropolis?

By the mid-18th century, the colonies already had a mature culture, influenced by the medieval
system, the Renaissance, and the religious reform of Europe. However, not everything in this
culture came from outside, the virgin environment that made up these colonies, together with its
racial and cultural variety made a characteristic culture on its own. This culture was made up of
Puritanism, the Enlightenment and the educational system. The language of the English
colonists changed over time, it became Americanized. This new American English language
contained words borrowed from the Indians, the French, and the Dutch. In addition,
Americanisms also emerged from combinations of English words, these also acquired other
meanings. In the 18th century, visitors to the colonies were amazed by the correct English with
which Americans spoke.

 Why did the seven years war start?

The true causes of the Seven Years' War, one of the many fought between France and England
during the 18th century over maritime preponderance, lay in the acute struggle for control of
trade in the Antilles and for the monopoly of trafficking. slaves, both in British hands.
At that time, Antillean sugar production exceeded 150,000 tons annually and Jamaica had
become the center of the continental slave market—whose traffic amounted to an average of
 80,000 per year—and a warehouse for the British merchandise that flooded the ports. Spanish
people. A new Hispanic monarch, Charles III, moved by personal ambitions and resentments
and by national demands, with respect to the British occupation of Gibraltar and the coast of
Honduras, provided the reason for the war, by signing with France, on August 26, 1761, the
Family Pact, which was, in fact, a provocation against England and served on a silver platter the
casus belli to impose it on Spain.

 What were its consequences?

Defensive and offensive political-military alliances between Spain and France through which
both parties were obliged to consider their common enemy as a common enemy, to defend
each other and not to make separate pacts or truces. In total, three pacts were signed at
different historical moments. The first Family Pact, so called because both the French and
Spanish monarchs were Bourbons, was signed on November 7, 1733. The second, on October
25, 1741. The third Family Pact was concluded on August 26, 1761 by Louis XIV of France and
Charles III of Spain, the latter driven more by personal resentments than by political
considerations. In fact, it involved Spain in the Seven Years' War and allowed the English to
attack and take Havana.

INDEPENDENCE PROCESS
 Why did the English crown request higher taxes?
Colonists paid taxes under the Melade Law, which was amended in 1764 to include import
duties on foreign melts, sugar, wine, and other items. The new legislation was known as the
Sugar Law.

Because the Sugar Act did not yield substantial amounts of revenue, the Stamp Act of 1765 was
added. The Stamp Act imposed a direct tax on all newspapers printed in the colonies and most
commercial and legal documents.

 Why did the colonists refuse?

In 1765, representatives from nine colonies met as the "Stamp Law Congress" and protested
the new tax. Merchants refused to sell British goods, stamp dealers were threatened by angry
mobs, and most colonists simply refused to buy the stamps. The British Parliament was forced
to repeal the Stamp Act, but it enforced the Lodging Act, imposed taxes on tea and other
products, and sent customs officials to Boston to collect those tariffs. Again the colonists chose
to disobey, so British soldiers were sent to Boston.

Tensions were eased when Lord North, the new British Prime Minister, eliminated all new taxes
except that on tea. In 1773, a group of patriots responded to this tax by staging the Boston Tea
Party: disguised as indigenous people, they boarded British merchant ships and threw 342
crates of tea into the water in Boston Harbor. Parliament then enacted the "Intolerable Laws."

 How was the independence revolution carried out?

Some of the laws that sought to limit the freedoms of the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies are the
following:
  Quartering Law (1765), by which the obligation to provide accommodation to soldiers coming
from England was imposed.
 Molasses Law (1764), prevented the production of sugar in the colonies
 Stamp Law (1765), forced the colonists to use stamped paper - which was a monopoly of the
Crown - for all legal documents, pamphlets or newspapers.
 Tax laws on imported products such as glass, paper, lead and tea (1767)

The US Independence revolution is a bourgeois revolution. In this, the upper and middle classes
dedicated mainly to foreign trade sought to end the protectionist system of the English Monarchy that
limited their freedom to trade, since in order to carry out this activity it required the payment of
numerous taxes or tariffs.

 Who participated in the revolution?

ILLUSTRATED THOUGHT

 What is enlightened thought?

The Enlightenment had a notable influence on the English colonies, as we have already seen.
This new liberal ideology permeated this new State that was being formed, especially the
philosophical theories of Locke. There are several notable people, such as Cotton Mather and
Jonathan Edwards, James Logan, William Byrd II of Virginia, John Winthrop IV, John Bartram
and Elihu Palmer. But it is really Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) who best exemplified the
American Enlightenment. He was a multifaceted and self-taught genius, with faith in reason,
progress and man, passion for tolerance and freedom, in short, a humanist characteristic of the
Enlightenment. But his utilitarian and pragmatic mental makeup and his relative lack of interest
in pure science or abstract speculation mark him out as a typical American.

 Who were the enlightened ones?

They were a group of intellectuals, thinkers, philosophers, who, dissatisfied with the old regime,
wanted to change the way of understanding power and class society.

 What rights did Enlightenment thought promote?

Universalism . Against the national and traditional values that Romanticism would later exalt,
the Enlightenment declared itself cosmopolitan and assumed a certain cultural relativity. Travel
books and the exotic are viewed favorably as a source of the human and the universal. This is
also how the Greco-Roman tradition prevails, considering it “the most universal” of the existing
ones.

 Why were these rights expressed in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of
America?
The Declaration of Independence can be summarized in a few short sentences: End of oppression.
Separation between England and the Thirteen colonies. Freedom, independence. This text remains as
it was written but there are still scattered colonies of world powers, spread across the world. This text
may have helped these colonies at the time, but there are people in high political positions who do not
remember all this.

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Search for secondary Arrival of the first settlers Worksheets
information

Twenty-some ships carried hundreds of people on an expedition that would be equivalent, from the point of view of
the 16th century, to an interplanetary voyage. That bold undertaking was infinitely greater, both in size and scope, and
more famous than the later transatlantic expeditions to Jamestown and Plymouth. The trip sealed the link between England
and the mid-Atlantic coast of North America, the seed of the British Empire and the United States.

"The enormous importance of Raleigh's Virginian expeditions to the history and culture of the modern world is often forgotten
or underestimated," writes Neil MacGregor, former director of the British Museum. The museum houses White's
extraordinary paintings, which helped shape the European concept of the New World and its inhabitants.

Although the governor was convinced that settlers had headed to Croatoan , no evidence of this was ever found until a
1993 hurricane exposed large amounts of pottery debris and other remains of a Native American settlement.

"We English lost it, so it's up to us to find it again," says Mark Horton enthusiastically. The archaeologist from the University
of Bristol stands next to a rectangular hole in the shade of some Virgi oaks girl Across the tree-lined dune, the waters of
Pamlico Sound lap against the North Carolina beach.

In the 1580s, a nearby cove made this place the perfect place to catch scallops and oysters and fish for turtles and fish.
There were areas of fertile soil suitable for growing corn, pumpkins and beans. When the inlet was closed a century or so
after White's departure, the area became part of Hatteras Island, a long boomerang of sand and maritime forest jutting into
the Atlantic.

A local organization, the Croatoan Archaeological Society, sponsors an annual excavation that Horton leads. Since
2013 , they have unearthed Old World objects mixed with Native American artifacts in the center of a town. Among the
finds are the remains of what It may have been a rapier , some fragments of European copper, the barrel of a firearm,
a shot and a piece of slate with its slate .
It is one of the few American treasures of supposedly Elizabethan artifacts, and all have turned up in the place where
Governor White believed the lost settlers had gone.

As I chat with Horton, a team member passes a bucket full of dirt to a volunteer, who pours it into a sieve. Give it a wash
with a hose and recover a tiny light blue Italian-made bead. That same day, a thin, round object appears, manufactured in
Antwerp (Belgium) in 1648 to weigh the silver of a Hungarian currency called a ducat. to me In the late 17th century the
new global economy reached even the remote Croatoan Island.

Activity Issue Product

Search for primary and The main discontents of the Comparative table explaining
secondary information settlers the differences in the
Navigation Records

Navigation Records Content Effects

The main effects were:
 Regulated companies became
superfluous, as England became a
large commercial monopoly;
 Trade was opened to the Baltic ,
Russia and Africa ;
They established:  The monopoly allowed English
 that all colonies were subordinate to merchants to buy products at low
Parliament (which would allow for a prices and sell them at high prices,
coherent imperial policy); which meant an accumulation of
 any industrial development of the capital. This capital would be
colonies capable of competing with allocated to industry. This
The Navigation Acts of England were that of England was prohibited; "commercial revolution" was a
a series of laws which, passed on 9  that trade with the colonies was precondition of the Industrial
October 1651 , restricted the use of monopolized by English navigators. Revolution ;
foreign ships in the trade of England In this way, the empire was closed  aggressive industrial policy led to
(later Great Britain and its colonies). to foreign shipping. trade wars with Holland and
They arose as a consequence of the Until then, Holland had a monopoly on alliance with Portugal;
Revolution of 1648 , in response to the the sea. Oliver Cromwell 's government  the colonies became more
economic conflict. Resentment against intended in this way to protect English important as markets for British
these laws motivated the Anglo-Dutch merchants and shipowners. Harmed by manufactures;
Wars and the American War of the Navigation Law , the Dutch declared  The State became a servant of
Independence . war on England , but had to sign peace industry: it had to protect British
Adam Smith called it "perhaps the due to the superiority of the English. interests with external war, and
wisest of all the commercial regulations This legislation signaled the transition guarantee internal order by
of England." [ citation needed ] It was England from an organization based on protecting the bourgeoisie;
's first step towards becoming the most monopolistic companies ( British East
important naval power in the world.  The expansion of the English (later
India Company ) to a full integration of British) merchant fleet was
the country's trade based on national encouraged, which in the following
monopoly. England's customs revenue 100 years increased its tonnage
increased more than three and a half tenfold,
becoming the largest in the
times between 1643 and 1659. At the world. The increase in commercial
end of the century they were ten times shipping and commerce in general
what they had been at the beginning. also facilitated a rapid increase in
the size and quality of the British
Navy , leading to the United
Kingdom becoming a global
superpower .
The law was repealed in 1849 , a time
when free trade was imposed.

Activity Issue Product

Source analysis The main reasons for the Essay on the consequences
settlers' discontent of the Seven Years' War.
 Consequences of war 7 years

Policies

The elimination of France as a colonial rival also eliminates the dangers to which the colonies were
exposed. In 1776 the USA was founded.

The Americans rose up against England and began the American Revolution, they wanted
independence. They wrote the Declaration of Independence, with the rights of man and the ideas of the
Enlightenment were adopted. Profound changes were applied in politics at the hands of the
bourgeoisie.

Economic

England's victory in the Seven Years' War and its dominance over world trade prepared the Industrial
Revolution.

In 1769 Jammes Watt invented the steam engine. Adam Smith later published The Wealth of Nations.
People moved to the cities to look for work and the wealthiest invested in factories. The workers were
unprotected and people were exploited.

Cultural

Romanticism (1760) addresses the new forms of experience brought about by the transformation of
fundamental concepts. Nostalgia, maternal love is discovered...

The concept of history emerges. The value of originality, of something unmatched, is produced.
Rousseau's ideas of human nature prevail.

Literary art will be based on feelings and love.

Activity Issue Product

Source analysis The independence process Timeline
 Activity Issue Product
Information source search The independence process Summary of the Boston
 Massacre.

Summary of the Boston Massacre.

Massacre in Boston. It was the result of the culmination of

several clashes between British soldiers and the people of
Boston that occurred on March 5, 1770 in front of the Old
State House on King Street.

The Boston Massacre began when a young apprentice to a

wig maker named Edward Garrick approached a Customs
House officer on the night of March 5th requesting payment
from his master. When the ignored apprentice became loud in
his demands, a British sentry, Private Lance White, pulled the young man out of the building and beat
him. Garrick, furious, returned with a group of settlers and pelted White with snowballs, ice, and trash.

Event that led to the so-called “American Revolution” took place on March 5, 1770. Faced with the tax
levy proposals, certain groups of citizens from the colonies carried out a series of protests and
mobilizations. A series of riots took place. The existing tension led to the military occupation of Boston.

In one of these riots, the situation overwhelmed the English soldiers who, faced with the possible loss
of control of the situation, ended up shooting at the crowded crowd. 6 people died.

The soldiers were tried by a jury made up of settlers. Six of them were found innocent, and two guilty
of murder.

The Boston Massacre was a resource later used as a propaganda element, where the strength of the
expression of the working class was expressed.

John Adams would say that after this event, the Independence of America was established.

Activity Issue Product

Source analysis Enlightened thought Analysis of the Declaration of
Independence
 ANALYSIS OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
The independence of the thirteen colonies is considered as the revolutionary process that took place in
North America, towards the second half of the 18th century it was led by the inhabitants of the 13
English colonies, in response to the political and economic measures imposed by George III , king of
England. Where the illustration was the main cultural movement that gave initiative to this event. This
brought about a revolution in favor of independence and an order based on the equality of citizens
before the law, the separation of powers and respect for human rights. In addition to something very
important, the creation of a new nation: the United States. This process took place during the years
1775 – 1783 in areas of: North America, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea.

Since the middle of the 18th century there were a series of factors (dependent economy, lack of
political autonomy) that damaged relations between colonists and the Metropolis.
 The seven years' war that England had against France generated an economic crisis in the state of
Great Britain. Therefore, the Crown is obliged to solve this problem, making unsatisfactory
decisions for the residents. The crown tried to alleviate it by resorting to the forced economic
assistance of the colonists in the form of new taxes.
 Taxes were established such as the Townshend Acts that levied on paper, glass, lead and tea.
 In 1770 the so-called “Boston Massacre” occurred, where a violent reaction was unleashed by the
colonists.
 The political, social and economic consolidation that the colonists achieved due to the freedoms
that the Crown had initially granted them.
 The influence of the ideas of the Enlightenment, which the colonists resorted to to oppose the new
provisions and justify the fight against the English Crown.
Development
The Proclamation of 1763 - Prevented access to the territories won through the war. Likewise, trade
with the tribes established on the borders was prohibited. Land speculators, immigrants and merchants
in general felt that their growth was hindered. Later, in 1774, this proclamation would be reaffirmed with
the Law of Quebec, by which the Crown redefined the established territorial limits.
Creation of numerous tax laws - caused the population to not feel satisfied with what had been agreed,
bringing with it the population's rejection of the English authorities. This created conflicts and disputes,
a clear example was the Boston Mutiny, which ended with deaths. The actions of the authorities were
what produced the revolution of the inhabitants which ended in the war in which they faced each other.
1774: Established a Declaration of Rights, from which the repeal of the imposed measures was
requested and the embargo against English trade was carried out. The Crown's response was not
satisfactory: it suspended taxes, but reinforced military surveillance and imposed a governor in
Massachusetts.

1775: The first war had already broken out a little earlier in Lexington. George Washington was
appointed Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. Likewise, a commission was appointed to
request foreign aid. George III, English king, decided to send more troops.

1776, July 4: Congressmen, representatives of the thirteen colonies, proclaimed the Act of Declaration
of Independence of the United States of America. The writing of this document is attributed to Thomas
Jefferson.
Consequences
 Creation of independent states in North America
 Creation of a political system far from traditional regimes
 Creation of the Monroe Doctrine, establishing America for Americans
 North American imperialism as a form of government
 Final abolition of slavery
 The expansionist policy.
 Association of Puerto Rico to the United States.
 Establishment of social system racist to non-whites
 Imposition of democracy as a form of government
 The growing industry leads to applying a policy of economic expansion to secure
markets and sources of raw materials.
 Racism intensifies and the Ku-Klux-Klan organization emerges.
 Abuses and exploitation of the industrial working class.

Activity Issue Product

Evaluation and preparation of Investigation workshop Presentation of the cartoon or
the historical comic strip or comic and rubrics
comic