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BHASKARBHAVAN-KUKATPALLY-HYD.
 JEE – ROOT MATERIAL
MATHEMATICS

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1. UNITS & DIMENSIONS

2 VECTORS 1-17

MOTION IN A
3 18-21
STRAIGHR LINE

4 MOTION IN A PLANE 22-24

LAWS OF MOTION &

5 25-30
FRICTION
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UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

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UNITS & DIMENSIONS
Q. What is physics?
A branch of science which deals with nature and its laws.

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Those physical aspects whose quantitative or qualitative measurements is essential in understabding
physics.

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Eg. Mass, distance, density, energy, work, acceleration, force, speed etc.

UNITS
A standard measure of physical quantities is known as units
Eg: Metre, Kg, sec.
Representation of physical quantity
h (where h is number &  is standard unit)

SYSTEM of UNITS
1. FPS (Foot Pound Second)
2. MKS (Metre Kilogram Second)
3. CGS (Centimetre Gram Second)
4. SI units

CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

1. Fundamental Physical Quantity (FPQ)

Those physical quantites which are independent i.e. cannot be expressed in terms of other
fundamental physical quantities.
There are 7 FPQ:

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

SI unit
Symbol
(i) Mass M Kg
(ii) Length L mts
(iii) Time T sec.
(iv) Temperature K or Q Kelvin
(v) Current I Ampere
(vi) Luminous intensity cd Candela
(vii) Amount of substance mol Mole

2. Derived Physical Quantities

Those physical quantities which can be expressed in terms of fundamental physical quantites.
Eg: Speed, Acc. Force, Velocity etc.
length
Speed =
time
Acc. (mt/sec2) = length

Note: Besides the above physical quantities there are two more supplementary quantites. They are:
(i) Angle Radian
(ii) Solid Angle Steradion
 radian = 180 0

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 
– 900
2

– 450
4

= 300
6

– 600
3

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Dimensional Formula
The representation of a derived physical quantity in terms of fundamental physical quantites is
known as Dimensional formula.
length L
eq. Speed = = = LT–
time T
length
Acc. = = LT–2
(time)2
Force = m × acc.
= M × LT–2
= MLT–2
Momentum = mass × velocity
= MLT–1
Dimensions
The powers to which the FPQ’s are to be raised in order to obtain a derived physical quantites are
knowns as dimensions.
eg: The dimension of length in speed = 1
The dimension of other&FPQ’s
time in =speed
–1 is 0

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

Force = MLT–2
For force dimension of mass is 1, length is 1 & time is –2.

GREEK SYMBOLS
 = alpha  = beta  = gamma  = delta
 = eta  = omega  = row  = lamda
 = theta  = fie  = nue

force
Prob: Pressure is given by a relation . Find the dimensional formula of force & area. FInd the
area
dimensions of length & time in pressure.
Ans: Dimensions length in pressure = –1; Dimensions time in pressure = –2

Note: Dimensional formula of constants.

A constant may or may not have dimensions are numbers in formula’s do not have any dimensions.
Eg: Energy = mgn
ML
= L
T2
= ML2T–2

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 1
K.E. = mV2
2
 1  ML2
ML2T–2 =   2
2  T

USES OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

1. Checking the anwers

Prob: A student obtains an answer v = FL . Check the correctness.

m

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Ans: Correct.

Prob: A scientist claims that pressure at a point in flowing liquid is given by P = V2 where  is density&
V is the velocity of liquid. Check the correctness and comment.
Ans: He is dimensionally correct.

mV2
Prob: A student uses a formula centrifugal force as F = where V is velocity and R is radius of
R
track. Check the correctness.
Ans: The answer is dimensionally correct.

Note: Angle & solid angle have units but they do not have dimensional formula.
mt = (mt) (rad)
l = RQ
L = L[]
=1
 is dimensionless

UNIT S AND DIMENSIONS

 in radians
Radian when multiplied with meter it get destroys only metre remains.

2. Checking the homogenety of equations

V = u + at Two terms can be added only when they have same dimensional formula.
V = LT–1
u = LT–1
acc. × time = LT–2 × T = LT–1
S = ut × ½ at2
S=L
ut = LT–1 × T = L
at = LT–2 × T2 = L
V2 = u2 + as
  
L2T–2 L2T–2 (LT–2)L = L2T–2

3. Deducing relation between physical quantities

Prob: Time period of a simple pendulum is found to depend on length of string, l and gravitational
force, g. Deduce relation between them.

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 l
Ans: t = 2
g

Prob: Centripetal acc. is found to depend upon speed V and radius of track r.
V2
Ans: aC =
r

Prob: Velocity of a wave, V is found to depend upon pressure & density. Deduce a relation between
them.

Ans: V = K
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P


Prob: Pressure is found to depend on densites, , gravitational acc., g and height h of liquid column.
Ans: P=

Prob: Reynold’s number (Dimensional less) is given by

VD
Re =  where  is density, V is velocity, D is diameter &  is coefficient of viscosity.
(a) Find the dimensional formula of .
(b) Viscous force (F) is found to depend upon , radius (r) and velocity (V). Deduce a relation between
them.
Ans: (a)  = ML–1T–1 ; (b) F = KrV

Prob: Suppose mass, velocity & time were fundamental physical quantities then write the dimensional
formula of force & pressure.
Ans: Force [MVT–1] Pressure [M1V–1T–3]

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS GM1M 2

Prob: Gravitational force of attraction is given by F = . Find the dimensional formula of G.
R2
m3
Ans: M–1L3T–2
Kg sec2

Note: 1. Logarithm
logay = x
y = ax
eg. 8 = 23
log28 = 3
2. e
value of e = 2.71 ................
logex = ln x
3. Few CGS and SI units
Mass Kg gm
Length mt cm
Time sec. sec.
Speed m/sec. cm/s
velocity m/s cm/s
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 dyne
Force erge
Energy ,, ,,

CONVERSION OF UNITS
1 Kg = 1000 gm
1m = 100 cm
1 sec. = 1 sec.
1 km/hr = 
5
 m/sec.

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18

1 km 1000 mt 1000 mt/sec.

 
1 hr 3600 sec. 3600

Prob: Calculate the no. of dynes in one Newton

gm cm
Ans: 105
sec2

Prob: Calculate how many erg’s are there in 1 Joule

107 gm cm2
Ans:
sec2

Prob: The value of gravitational acc. is 9.8 m/sec2. Find the numerical value of g in CGS units.
Ans: 980 cm/sec2

Prob: If the units of length is doubled, unit of mass is made half and unit of time remains same. Find the
numerical value of I N force in new system of units.
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
Prob: If unit of length is doubled, unit of mass is made 3 times & unit of time is made half. Then find
numerical value of 1 J in new system of units.

Prob: Obtain the numerical value of G in the new system of units given in the previous problem.

MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS
1. y=

2. Inverse function
y = sin 
 = sin–1 y

y=

3. y=

4. y=
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Prob: Displacement of a particle as a function of time is given as

y(t) = t +
t+
,  &  are constants. Find dimensional formula of ,  & .

Prob: Velocity of particle is given by

Ax Cx2
V(x, t) = +
B+t B
Find dimensional formula of A, B, C.

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Prob: Force on a body as a function of distance x is given as F = sin (x ), a and b are constants. FInd

2
the unit of .

Prob: Momentum of particle is given as
 – t 
P =  +   e
  

 
,  &  are constants. Find dimensional formula of ,  & .

Notes: 1. Tension in a string  Force

Force
2. Surface tension of water  Length

Mass
3. Mass per unit length ()  Length
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
In Physical, numerical data is given in format a × 10b where a is suppose to lie between 0 to 10 i.e.
0 < a < 10 and b is order of magnitude.

eg: G =

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VECTORS & SCALERS
SCALER
Those physical quantities which can be completely described by knowing their magnitude only.
eg.: mass, distance travelled, volume, time, speed, current, energy, moment of inertia, temperature,
power, .

VECTOR
Those physical quantities whose complete decription requires magnitude as well as direction are

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known as vectors.
eg: Displacement, velocity, force, acc., momentum, weight.

Representation Of a Vector
a
a – bold letter
eg: a = 2m/sec. (east)

Graphical Representation Of a Vector

It requires a fixed referenced direction are known as vectors.

Length of vector corresponds to it magnitude larger the length larger the magnitude.

Prob: Plot (a) 2m/sec. velocity in east direction

(b) 4m/sec. (600N of east)
(c) 1m/sec. (300 W of south)

Magnitude of a Vector
It’s the numerical value of a physical quantity and is dimensionless. It is always expressed with
units.

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eg: V = 
2 m / s east
magnitude

Representation
|a |
eg: V = 2m/s east
| V | = 2 (m/sec)
or V = 2m/sec.
Note: A vector can be moved anywhere in the space parallely.

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Angle Between Two Vectors

Move the vectors parallely in such a way that their tails comes in contact. The smaller angle
between or the < less than 1800 then will be the angle between them.

Equality of Vectors
Two vectors are said to be equal if they have same magnitude, same direction and they represent
same physical quantity.

Types of Vectors
1. Uunit Vector: A vector whose magnitude is 1 is known as unit vector.
2. Null Vector: A vector whose magnitude is 0 is known as null vector. A null vector has

got arbitrary direction. eg. displacement = 0

collinear or like non collinear or unlike

3. Parallel or Anti Parallel Vectors: If the < between two vectors is zero the vectors are said to be
parallel i.e. they will have same direction.


If the angle between two vectors is 1800 or  then are known as anti || vectors.



eg: a = 2m / sec (east)
  parallel
b = 5m / sec (east) 

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
a = 2m / sec (east) 
  anti parallel
b = 5m / sec (west) 

Negative of a Vector
Putting a ‘–ve’ sign on vector, reverses the direction keeping the magnitude same.
a = 
– a = 
Multiplying a Vector with a Scalar
Case I: If scaler is +ve

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A positive=sca ler only changes the magnitude and keeps the direction same.
a 5m/sec. (east)
2 a = 10m/sec. (east)
Case II : If scalar is –ve
A –ve scales changes magnitude as well as direction.
a = 5 m/sec. (east)
–2 a = –10 m/sec. (east)
or = 10 m/sec. (west)

A Vector Pointing Quadrants

Scaler Addition
A particle makes a displacement OA along a straight & then makes a displacement AB along a
straight line.
Distance travelled during OA & displacement during OA is same i.e. 4mt.
Distance & displacement during AB is 2mt

Prob: What is the total distance travelled from O to B?

Inference: Scalers are added algebrically

Net displacement  A + 2
Hence, vectors are added by some other way.

Vector Addition
(a) Geometrical way
(i) Triangular law of vector addition

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

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Draw the given vectors in such a way, the tail of one matches with the head of other. Complete the
 by drawing the third side. Mark out the arrow which points from initial tail to final head. This
will give us the resultant vector. Only valid for adding two vectors.

(ii) Parallelogram law

This is also used for adding two vectors.

Draw a line from head of b parallel to a . Draw another line from head of a || to b . This will
create a ||gram. The drawn diagonal will give the resultant R = a + b .
Add the two vectors

| a | or a = 1mt.
| b | or b = 1mt.

Note: If two vectors of equal magnitude are added then their resultant lies along angle bisector.

Q. A person makes a displacement of 3 mts towards north & then makes a displacement of 4 mts.
towards east. Find the net displacement? Plot the vectors.

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Vectors can be added in any order their resultant is always same.

3
tan =
4
0
 = tan–1  3  = 370
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 
4

Net displacement  5 mts (370N of east)

3 3 4
 tan370 =  sin370 =  cos370 =
4 5 5
4 4 3
 tan53 =
0
 sin53 =
0
 cos530 =
3 5 5
(b) Analytical method

ABC is right angled triangle

In ABC
AC
cos =
AB
AC
cos =
b
AC = b cos 
BC
sin =
AB
BC
sin =
b
BC = b sin 
In  OBC
(BC)2 + (OC)2 = (OB)2
b2 sin 2  + (a + bcos )2 = R 2
b2 sin 2  + a 2 + b2 cos2  + 2ab cos = R 2
a 2 + b2 (sin 2  + cos2 ) + 2absin  = R 2
R 2 = a 2 + b2 + 2ab cos 
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R = a 2 + b2 + 2abcos
BC
tan  =
OC
bsin 
tan  =
a + b cos 
Special Cases :
1.  = 0°
R = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos 0

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R = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab
R=a+b

|R |=|a |+|b|
Two vectors are added like scalars in  b/w then is 0.
Two vectors are added like scalars when they are in same direction
2.  = 180 or 
R = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos180 = a 2 + b2  2ab = (a  b)2
  
R = |a – b| or |R |= |a ||b|

3.  = 90 or
2
R = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos90

R = a 2 + b2

Range of Resultant:
R = a 2 + b2 + 2abcos
1  cos  1
Rmax = a 2 + b2 + 2ab =a+b

| R |max = | a | + | b |
Rmin = a 2 + b2  2ab = |a – b|
  
or | R |min = | a |  | b |

Rmin  R  Rmax
| a b | R  a + b
    
|a |  | b | | R ||a | +| b |
     
|a || b| |a +b ||a | + |b |
Q. This forces of magnitudes 6N and 4N are acting on the body. Which of the following can be the resultant
of the two?
2  R  10
(1) 11 N (5) 2 N

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(2) 10 N (6) 1 N
(3) 8 N (7) 0
(4) 7 N
Correct answers – (2), (3), (4), (5).
How to measure angle of vector

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45° with x-axis –30° with x-axis or 330° with x-axis.
ˆi, ˆj notation or RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS or UNIT VECTOR FORM.
Unit Vector : A vector whose magnitude is one (1).

Representation : aˆ
Standard unit vectors : ˆi, ĵ, k̂
ˆi – unit vector in +ve x direction.
ˆj – unit vector in +ve if direction.

k̂ – unit vector in +ve z direction

a
= aˆ
a
5 mt ˆi
eg : = (1 mt)ˆi
5
a = ax + a y
ax
cos  =
a
ay
sin  =
a
a x= a cos 
 y= a sinˆ 
a
ˆ
ax = a x i = (a cos )i
ˆ ˆ
a y = a y j = (a sin ) j

a = (a cos ) i + (a sin ) j
 
x component y component

a = a 2x + a 2y
ay
tan  =
ax

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Q. ˆ ˆ
a = 3i + 2 j
b = ˆi  ˆj
(i) Plot the vectors

(ii) Find the vector R such that R = a + b . Plot R

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13 units with tan–1 (2/3) with x-axis

tan  = 2/3
 = tan–1 (2/3)
tan  = 1

= or 45°
4
ˆi, ˆj = 2 units with –45° with x-axis.

R = a+b
= 3ˆi + 2ˆj + 2ˆj  ˆj 3ˆi + 2ˆj + ˆi  ˆj
= 4ˆi + ˆj
17 units with tan–1 (4) from x-axis.

Q. Given two vectors 

ˆ ˆ
express then in i, j rotation. Obtain a  b .

Q. Given vector a and b

(i) Express a in ˆi, ˆj rotation
(ii) Plot b = 2ˆi  3ˆj

(iii) If R = 2a  b . Plot vector R.

Q. A particle makes three-displacements

S1 = 2ˆi + xˆj
S2 = (x + y)ˆi + 2ˆj
S3 = xˆi  4ˆj
If net displacement is 0 find valueof x and y.

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Q. Two forces are acting on a body as shown

(a) If the resultant of two forces lie along y-axis. Find the magnitude of F2 .

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(b) Where should a third force F3 . So that the body stays under equilibrium.

Q.

If resultant of a and b lie along y-axis. Find the magnitude of b .

WRITING ˆi, ˆj NOTATION FROM CO-ORDINATES :

 ˆ ˆ
AB = (x 2  x1 )i + (y2  y1 ) j

| AB | = (x 2  x1) 2+ (y 2 y )1 2


AB represents
(i) displacement from point Ato point B
(ii) direction A to B
(iii) Position of B with reference to A or Position vector of B as seen by A.
In general position vectors are written with respect to origin.

 ˆ ˆ = x ˆi + y ˆj
OA = (x 0  0)i + (y0  0) j 0 0

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eg. : position vector of (2, 3) = 2ˆi + 3ˆj

Note :

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Position vector of A is r1
Position vector of B is r2
then   
AB = r2  r1
Q. Point Ais given as (7, a) and point B is given as (3, b). Aforce of 20N acts at an  of –53° with x-axis.
Another force acts along direction AB and has magnitude 10 N. Find
(i) vector AB
(ii) magnitude of AB 

(iii) a unit vector in direction of AB

(iv) Plot the 20 N force and express it in ˆi, ˆj
(v) Find the force of 10 N in direction of AB
(vi) Let resultant.
Q. Point A is given as (2, a) and point B is given as (2b, 2). Find a force vector of magnitude 100 N in
direction of AB.

Q.

Three forces are acting on a body under equilibrium. Find magnitudes of F1 and F2.

3-D VECTORS
( ˆi, ˆj, k̂ Notations)

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ˆ ˆ ˆ
a = a x i + a y j+ a z k

| a | = (a x )2 + (a y )2 + (a z )2

For eg.: a = 2î + ĵ + k̂

| a | = 4 + 1+ 1 = 6
a2 + a2 = a2
x y 1
2 2 2
a =a +a
1 z

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a x2 = a 2x + a 2y + a 2z

Direction Cosines:
The angle which a makes with x, y and z axis are ,  and  respectively.
a
cos  = z
a
ay
cos =
a
a
cos = x
a
Q. Prove : cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
2
a 2z a y a 2x a2 + a2 + a2 a2
L.H.S. = 2+ 2 + 2 = z y x
=
a a a a2 a2
=1
Q. Points A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 3, 4) and C(0, 1, 0) are given
 
(i) Find AB and BC

(ii) Find the resultant of AB and BC  .

(iii) Find a vector in direction of R whose magnitude is 10.

Miltiplication of Vectors:
1. Scalar Product of Dot Product
2. Vector Product or Cross Product

Dot Product (a  b)
 
a  b = | a || b | cos 
or ab cos 
where  is the angle between the vectors
Note : If dot product of two vectors in 0, than a  b
or If   90°

then a b = 0
Thus î  ĵ = 0 = ˆj î
ĵ k̂ = 0 = k̂  ĵ

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 Sri Chaitanya IITAcademy
k̂  î = 0 = î  k̂

a  b = abcos

b  a = ab cos
 
a b = ba
Note : a  a = (a)(a) cos 0
= a2
ˆi ˆi = 1
ˆ ˆ
j j = 1
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy
k̂  k̂ = 1

Derivation a = a xˆi + a yˆj + azkˆ

b = b x î + b y ĵ + b z k̂ = a x bx + a y b y + a z b z

e.g : a = ˆi + 2 ĵ + k̂
b = 2î  ĵ + 2k̂

ab = 22+2 = 2
Example of Scalar Product
Force × Displacement × cos  = 
F d = 
Meaning of FScos

5 sin  1 F
FSsin  = 0
FScos = 
FScos means displacement ‘S’ done in direction of force, F.
Finding angle between two
 vectors
ˆ ˆ ˆ
a = a x i + a y j+ a z k

b = b x î + b y ĵ + b z k̂

a = ax2 + ay2 + az2 , b = bx 2 + by2 + bz2


a  b = a x bx + a y b y + a z b z

also a  b = abcos

ab
cos  =
ab
Q. A(1, 2, 0), B(1, 6, 3) and P(8, 26, 0). A body is displaced from A to B during the AB displacement a
force of 50 N acts on the body in direction AP. Find the mark done by the force during AB.

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 Sri Chaitanya IITAcademy
Vector Product or Cross Product

Representation : a b
Formula a  b = [absin ] n̂
where ab is the magnitude of a and b and  is angle between them


Direction of n̂ a b

(i) Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy

Right Hand Rule : Keep your right hand in such a way that the fingers point along the curved arrow as

shown. The thumb will we us the direction ofa b .
 
Note : a  b  b a in direction
   
a  b = ba
 
a b =  ba
 
 (a  b) + ( b a) = 0
(ii) Screw Rule : Assume a screw at point 0

If we rotate the screw along the curved arrow the screw come out if the direction is anti-clockwise. The

movement of screw will tell us the direction ofa b
Note :

î  ĵ = k̂ ĵ î = k̂
ĵ k̂ = î k̂  î =  ĵ
k̂  î = ĵ k̂  ĵ = î
ˆi  ˆi = 0
ˆj ˆj = 0

 k̂  k̂ = 0
Derivation  b = (a î + a ĵ + a k̂)  (b î + b ĵ + b k̂)
a x y z x y z

= a x b y k̂  a x b z ĵ  a y b y k̂ + a y b z î + a z b x ĵ  a z b y î

= (a y b z  a z b y )î  (a x b x  a z b x ) ĵ + (a x b y  a y b x )k̂
= (a x b z  a z b x )
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy Vectors Page # 14
 Sri Chaitanya IITAcademy
ˆi ˆj kˆ
 
a  b = ax a y az
bx by bz

= (a y b z  a z b y )î  (a x b z  a z b x ) ĵ + (a x b y  a y b x )k̂

Q.

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy

two vector a and b are given.
(1)  between a and b
(2) magnitude of a component of a along b
(3) Find the ˆi , ˆj notation of component of a along b
(4) Find the ˆi , ˆj notation of component of a  to b .
Q. a1b = a  a11b
b = 2ˆi + ˆj
Find the components of a along and 1 b in unit vector form [( ˆi, ˆj ) notation].

Vector Notations of Eq. of Motions

  1 2
S = (u)t + a(t)
2
v = u + (a)t
v  v = u  u + 2a  s
m  
K.E. = 
(v v)
2
Power = F V
 = FS
 1
V = (S)
E 
F=
m(a)
 
 = rF
  Force
Torque Position vector
Q. A particle is located at (–1, –2) and moves to (–9, 4) in 5 sec. Find velocity.
Q. A particle of mass 1 kg. is located at (1, 0, –1). It moves with a velocity = 2î + 3 ĵ and acc. = 2î + 4 ĵ  2k̂ .
It reaches point B in 1 sec. Find
(1) Co-ordinate of B (2) Velocity of B
(3) Total distance travelled (4) Power at t = 2 sec.

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 Sri Chaitanya IITAcademy
Q.

Under the action of two forces F1 and F . A particle of mass 5 kg. move with are acc. of 10 m/s 2at 37°
2

Q. Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy

North of East. Find F2
Resultant of two forces of magnitude P and 2P is 1 to P. Find  between two forces.

Q.

Resultant of these forces = 10 N. Find P and Q.

Q. Two vectors of magnitude P and Q are inclined at  Q resultant is of magnitude 2P. If angle between P
P
and Q is changes is (180 – Q) resultant is halved. Find Q .

Q. Two vectors are given A = 2ˆi + ˆj and B = ˆi  ˆj sketch then graphically. Find component of A along B
and 1 to B .

Q. A = 2î + 3ˆj  k̂ , B = 4î + 2 ĵ  2k̂ . Find a vector 11 to A but 2 times magnitude of B.

Approminations :
sin   

tan     if  is small ( in radians)
1.
cos   1 

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy Vectors Page # 16

 Sri Chaitanya IITAcademy
 2  2 
eg : sin 2 = sin  180 =
 180 = 90
 
2. Binomial Theorem  (1+ x)n  1+ nx if x << 1
eg : (1+ .001)9  1+ 9(.001) = 1.009(1
0.01)8 = 1+ (8)(0.01)
= 1 + 0.08
= 1.08
 0.01  8
Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy
–
(5 + .01) 8 = 5 8  1+ 
 5 
(8)(.01) 
= 5 8 1+
 5 
 1 
1/ 3
Q. (124)1/ 3 = (125 1)1/ 3 = 1251/ 31 
 125 
  1  1    1 
= 51      = 51  
  3  125    175 

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy Vectors Page # 17

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1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE 31 - 40

2 PERIODIC TABLE 41 - 52

3 CHEMICAL BONDING 53 - 61

4 STOICHIOMETRY 62 - 72

5 GOC
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SRICHAITANYA IIT ACADEMY
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