» Science Skills Laboratory apparatus spatula forceps glassrod— dropper pipette thermometer | © E pestle burete (1 6 ») TH kh | mh : \. nt 3 timer or stopwatch forcemeter or mortar boss newton metor & | GS. ™ candle f Petri dish mounted tripod and gauze I needle » f 3 clamp stand Buncen burner a i 4 \ Par < (MEY corer Ee ea =< om top pan balance microscope slide ‘microscope retort stand,Units [enya We use different units for metre mm measuring different things. | centimetre lon For example, we use metres to length mnillmetre measure length, kilometre km + If we want to measure very long things, we can use _ gram g kilometres. A kilometre is kilogram kg 1000 metres. force newton N * If we want to measure small “ule things, we can use centimetres. on youl J There are 100 centimetres kilojoule kJ in | metre, volume centimetres cubed | cm? + If we want to measure = . ratul Cel 5 very small objects, we can eee eS use millimetres. There are time seconds s 1000 millimetres in | metre. current amperes (amps) _ [A Place the 0 mark on the Make sure you know the units the ruler is ruler exactly at one end marked in, of the object you are This ruler is marked in millimetres (mm). ‘measuring. There are 10. mm in 1 cm. Read the scale at the ‘other end of the object you are measuring.How to measure temperature Do nothold the bub, or the Safety! Never put a laboratory thermometer into your mouth. thermometer will measure the . temperature of Measuring the your fingers. temperature of the air Put your eye level with the top of the liquid to read the ‘The thermometer ‘temperature from measures the the scale. temperature of ‘the air around ‘the bulb. Measuring the temperature of a liquid Hold the thermometer at the top. Stir the liquid using a glass rod, to make sure the liquid is mixed up and all at the same temperature. Then place the thermometer bulb in the liquid, The thermometer Do not let the bulb touch the glass, measures the or the thermometer will measure temperature of the the temperature of the glass. liquid around the bulb. How to measure a volume of liquid The scale on apparatus for measuring a volume is shown in ml or em? ml stands for millilitres. cm stands for cubic centimetres. I mlis exactly the same as I em’, Reading the scale The top of a liquid forms a curve. The gurve is called a meniscus. Put your eye exactly level with the meniscus. Note the point on the scale that the bottom of the meniscus comes to.How to make a results table You use a results table to record the results that you collect when you do an experiment, The purpose of a results table is: * to show other people your results * to organise your results clearly, so that you can use them to draw a graph, to doa calculation or to make a conclusion. Imagine that you are doing an experiment to measure how the temperature of some hot water changes as it cools. You measure the temperature of the water every five minutes for 30 minutes. Here is what your results table could look like Make sure that each column has a heading saying exactly what the numbers mean, (Sometimes, it might be better to have headings for the rows, rather than the columns.) Always include the units of Always use a ruler to your measurements in the draw neat lines for ——- Timeinminutes | Temperaturein*C headings. the rows and columns of your table. 0 76 5 64 10 54 15 4G 20 Mm 5 36 Do not write units with your rests 30 34How to draw a line graph If your results are a series of numbers, like the ones in the results table on the previous page, it’s often a good idea to draw a line graph to display them. This makes it easy to sce trends and patterns in the results. * The independent variable goes along the bottom of your graph. In this case, this is the time at which you took your readings. * The dependent variable goes up the side of your graph. In this case, this is the temperature of the water. 80 Label each axis to say coxactly what the numbors are. You can copy the headings from your Plot each point really results table. wv 7 eaetully. Use'a small, \ neat cross, ora dot \ with a circle round it \ a Use a sharp medium soft \ pencil todrawa clear, temperature Hin ling: Hevels 900d mn eraser ready, in case you me need to erase it and start a i 40 30 0 5 10 15 20 ab 30 f time in rine The scale runs from your lowest value (or just These points are making a curve below it) to your highest value (or just above it). shape. So we can draw a smooth : ‘ best fit curve like this. It does not The scale goes up in equal intervals. Choosd sey cr ia intervals that make it easy to plot your graph. ae nae Thi 3 tS Stops of .[Link] There are the same number of ut one oes Ue BL RARE SED: Steps OF 2 atm points above and below the line. 10 also work well.