HYPOTHA

LAMUS
CALOSUS BODY

Lateral
ventricle —

THALAM
US PUT
It controls the CNS and S. endocrine , therefore
maintains homeostasis of the body. It is the center
of the limbic system and can also control the
blood chemistry .
Cerebral cortex

Pineal
gland

Suprachiasmatic
nucleus

Optic chiasma

Pituitary
gland hypothala
mus
FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
• Autonomous control: Hi controls the ANS , which maintains homeostasis.
• Endocrine control : Through releasing or releasing factors, they control the production of
pituitary hormones .
• Neurosecretion : The secretion of oxytocin and vasopressin.
• Temperature regulation : Controls the mechanisms that regulate heat loss. Maintains the
temperature .
• Regulation of food and water intake : Regulates the hunger center , satiety center . Lateral
stimulation initiates the sensation of hunger and destruction produces anorexia; On the other
hand, stimulation of the medial region inhibits eating and reduces food intake , and its
destruction produces a voracious appetite . Stimulation of other areas produces desire to drink
water or thirst center.
• Emotion and behavior: Produces the physical expression of emotion
• Control of circadian rhythms : Hi controls several of these rhythms: body temperature, adrenal
cortex activity, eosinophils, renal secretion, sleep and wake states, limbic system and reticular
activating system.
The hypothalamus extends from the optic chiasm to the caudal limit of the mammillary
tubercles .

It lies below the thalamus and forms the floor and

lower part of the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle.

Since it extends from the optic chiasm to the

lamina terminalis and the anterior commissure , it
is called the preoptic area .

Caudally the hypothalamus joins the tegmentum

of the midbrain.
 ■ Inferior vision is Olfactory tract

Previous A- Anterior perforated substance

related to: vision

- Infundibulum (ta.khhipofisariol
Quasmaoptical -—■
mammillary bodies

optic tract Temporal lobe (cut surface)

Optic chiasma.
Oculomotor nenius (lili

1. Tuber cinereum

Trodear nerve (IV)

Cerebral peduncle

2. Tuber Cinereum and lateral geniculate body Abducens nerve VI)

- Nen ias facial

Posterior periodic substance
(VIl) or intermediate

the Infundibulum. Brid Vestibulocochlear

nerve (VIII)
ge Cerebellar flocculus

3. Bodies Medium cer ebelous peduncle

-choroidal plexus
44 ventricle
Olive
• Glossopharyngeal nenio (IX

Mammillaries. Pyramid
Vagus nerve (X
Ventral roots of the I cervical nerve (C 11 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

B Nenio accessory (XI)

Decusation of the pyramids
HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
In the medial area it has the following nuclei: (From front to back).
Dorsomedial nucleus
(Gl 1. Preoptic core stimulation)
Infudibular nucleus
2. Previous core (arched) and

3. Part of the suprachiasmatic LATER

Posterior hypothalamus --------- Medial preoptic area
nucleus. (Increased blood pressure)
(Mydriasis)
(bladder contraction)
(Decreased heart rate)
4. paraventricular nucleus. (Chill)
(Decreased blood pressure)

5. Core dorsomedial. Supraoptic core

(vasopressin release)
6. Core ventromedial. Optic chiasma
7. Core infundibular. peritrigonal nucleus ---------------
infundibulum

8.
periventricular
FORMER
Core
zone later.
(Endocrine control) (Hunger)
(Increased blood pressure)
Posterior preoptic area and anterior hypothalamic area
(Regulation of body temperature) (Gasping)
(Anger) (Sweating)
Paraventricular nucleus (Oxytocin release) (Water conservation) (thyrotropin inhibition)
ventromedial nucleus------------ Lateral hypothalamic area (Not shown) (Thirst and
(Satiety) hunger)
(Neuroendocrine control)
FIGURE 58-6. Control centers of the hypothalamus (sagittal vision).mammillary body------------------
(Feeding reflexes)
In the lateral area the following hypothalamic nuclei are recognized: (From front
backward)
1 .Preoptic core.
2 .Part of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
3 .Supra-optic core.
4 .Lateral core.
5 Tuberomammillary nucleus
6 .Lateral tuberal nuclei.
The hypothalamus
receives information
from the rest of the

body by:

Nervous connections.
• Bloodstream.
• Cerebrospinal fluid.
INFERENCES FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS
Receives many afferent fibers:
1 Somatic and visceral afferents : Somatic, gustatory and visceral sensation go to the hypothalamus through collateral
branches of the lemniscal afferent fibers.
2 .Visual afferents leave the optic chiasm and pass through the suprachiasmatic nucleus
3 .The sense of smell through the medial forebrain tract.
4 .No auditory afferents have been identified
5 Corticohypothalamic fibers arise in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex and pass to the hypothalamus.
6 .The hippocampohypothalamic fibers
7.1 The amygdalohypothalamic fibers .
8 .The thalamohypothalamic fibers .
9 .Tegmental fibers
OUTPUT OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
Fibers that descend to the brainstem and ME: These are the preoptic, anterior, posterior and lateral nuclei of the
hypothalamus.
• Mamillothalamic tract: Originates in the nucleus of the mammillary body.
• Mamilotegmental tract
• Limbic system pathways.

l' Cortex 1 Thalamocingulate dpi cin ircumvolution

prefr tract

0 anterior
thalamus Fornix

Thalam

mammillothalamic tract

mammillary body

ircumvolution of
CONNECTIONS OF THE
HYPOTHALAMUS WITH THE
LATER
Posterior hypothalamus ------------,
(Increased blood pressure) \
FORMER

PITUITARY
>— Paraventricular nucleus
(Mydriasis) \
(Chill) \ / / (Oxytocin release)
/ (Water Conservation)

Dorsomedial nucleus ---------------------\_g H!POTHALAMUS./

(Gl stimulation) /7 Yo -----Medial preoptic area
9
(6NfBb0 "n, 1 ¡
• (P.m d=ah, Gf ( (bladder contraction)

peritrigonal nucleus ----------------F------ V2N) cOEN (Decrease in heart rate)

(Decreased blood pressure)

(Hunger) : Nd i r}. --------Supraoptic core

(Increased blood pressure) ' a. 1 ' (vasopressin release)
(Anger) •( {0 5 Optic chiasma
ventromedial nucleus-----------------4 / ________ '—Infundibulum
(Satiety) / /
(Neuroendocrine control) / [________ --------Posterior preoptic area and anterior hypothalamic area
(Regulation of body temperature) (Gasping)
mammillary body----------------------< / (Sweating)
(Feeding reflexes) (thyrotropin inhibition)

Infudibular nucleus (arched) and periventricular zone (Endocrine

control)
Lateral hypothalamic area
(Not shown)
(Thirst and hunger)
Hypothalamohypophysial tract
 Oxytocin It occurs in the paraventricular nucleus. This
stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscle of
the uterus and causes contraction of the epithelial
cells surrounding the alveoli and mammary gland
ducts.

Neurosectorial hypothalamic cells Hypothalamic neurosecretory cells: production of releasing and inhibitory
produce vasopressin and oxytocin. hormones

Primary middle eminence

capillary plexus
tuberal part

Via
Superior pituitary hypothalamushypophy
artery sis
infundibulum (stem)

Portal system of veins

carrying releasing and
inhibitory hormones inferior pituitary
artery
released in the median
eminence
Herring bodies (store
Secondary capillary plexus ADH and oxytocins)
nervous part
Chromophil
e
hypophyseal veins
Distal
delivery

Fig. 13-2. Scheme of the pituitary gland and its circulatory system.
Copyright 002 by W B. Saunder Company. AU righisze served.
 Porta Pipophyseal System.
Neurosecretory cells are found in the medial area of the hypothalamus > These produce
releasing hormones and release-inhibiting hormones.

These hormones are packaged in granules and transported to the median eminence and
infundibulum . There these granules are expelled
Cells
by exocytosis into the fenestrated capillaries of
Neurons synthesizing
trophic hormones

hypothalamus the upper portion of the portal pituitary system.

—» Half

Anterior pituitary artery

Adenohypoph
ysis
Neurohypoph
Connected by
blood vessels Connected by
nerve fibers
 It is formed from the superior pituitary artery , branch of the ICA; It enters the median
eminence and branches into tufts of capillaries.
Portal-
pituitary
system
These capillaries drain into the long and short descending vessels that terminate in the anterior
lobe of the pituitary gland . It then divides into capillary sinusoids .
Neu cells, ^cretons
synthesizing
/M. < / Neurons
NK /trophic hormones

hypothalam
us
94------Emipehcia Media

1)847 Anterior pituitary artery

77 WJt

Adenohypophy
sis
Connected by Neurohypophy
blood vessels sisConnected by
nerve fibers
Releasing hormones stimulate the production of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) and
growth hormone (GH).

Inhibitory hormones inhibit the release of melanocyte-stimulating

hormones (MSH) and
* luteotrophic hormone (LTH)-

Growth inhibitory hormone (somastotatin) inhibits the release of

growth hormone.