PERCENTAGE

Percent:
The ‘percent’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Per centum’. It implies “out of every hundred”.
The symbol ‘%’ is used to denote percentage. For example, 15% means 15 out of 100. Each ratio can be
expressed as a percentage.
1
For example, ½ can be expressed as a percentage by multiplying by 100; 2 × 100 = 50%
A given percentage value can be converted to corresponding fraction by dividing by 100.
Example: 75% = 75 out of hundred= 75/100 = 3/4
Percentage fraction conversion chart:

𝑦
Formula to calculate percentage value: y% of x = 100 × 𝑥
From the above formula, we have the following result: x% of y = y% of x.
Whenever we have two numbers a and b, one number can be expressed as a percentage of the other as follows:
𝑥 𝑦
x as a percent of y = 𝑦 × 100, y as a percent of x =𝑥 × 100
Percentage increase or decrease:

increase in the quatity

Percentage increase = × 100
original quantity

decrease in the quatity

Percentage decrease = × 100
original quantity

For example, if the net profit of a company grew from 50 crore in 2003 to 75 crore in 2004, then the percentage
increase in the net profit from 2003 to 2004 is calculated as follows: increase in the net profit = (75 – 50) crore
= 25 crore. This increase is on Rs. 50 crore.
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 2003 𝑡𝑜 2004 25
So, 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 = × 100 = × 100 = 50%
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑛 2003 50
When a quantity increases or decreases by some percent, the new value of the quantity can be directly
calculated as follows:
If the original quantity is 120 and it increases by 25% ,
Then the new quantity is: 1.25 × 120 = 150
(Here, 1.25 = 1 + 0.25, where 0.25 is equivalent to 25%)
Similarly, if there is a decrease by 25% on 120, then the new quantity is: 0.75 × 120 = 90
(Here, 0.75 = 1 – 0.25, where 0.25 is equivalent to 25%)

(i) If x is a% more than y, then y is 𝑎/(100 + 𝑎) × 100 %less than x.

(ii) If x is a% less than y, then y is (𝑎/(100 − 𝑎) × 100 )% more than x
Example: If in an examination, the marks secured by Prerna are 20% less than that of Vinita, then marks
secured by Vinita are how much percent more than prerna’s marks?
Solution: a = 20%
According to the above formula; Required percentage
𝑎 20
= × 100% = × 100 = 25%
100−𝑎 80
(iii) If a number is first increased by a% and then decreased by a% then the net effect is always a decrease
𝑎2
which is equal to ‘a% of a’ i.e., 100%
Example: The salary of a worker is first increased by 5% and then it is decreased by 5%. What is the change in
his salary?
Solution: Here a = 5% There will be a net decrease; Percent decrease
𝑎2 52
= 100 % = 100%=0.25%
(iv) If a quantity is first changed (increased or decreased) by a% and then changed (increased or decreased) by
b%, then
(±𝑎)(±𝑏)
Net Change = (±𝑎 ± 𝑏 + 100 )%
Net change is an increase or a decrease according to the positive or negative sign, respectively of the final
result.
Example: The price of an article is first increased by 20% and then decreased by 25% due to reduction in sales.
Find the net percent change in the final price of the article.
Solution: a = 20%, b = 25%
(10)×(−25)
Required percentage change = (20 − 25 + )%=(-5-5)%= -10%
100
So, there is a net decrease of 10% in the final price of the article as the final result is negative.
(v) If the price of a commodity increases or decreases by a%, then the decrease or increase in consumption, so
𝑎
as not to increase or decrease the expenditure is equal to (100±𝑎 ) × 100%
(vi) If the population of a town is P and it increases (or decreases) at the rate of R% per annum, then

('+' sign for increment; '–' sign for decrement).

Some tricks to calculate faster:

(i) Splitting the percentage into parts
Example: Find 51% of 128.
Solution: 51% of 128 = (50 + 1)% of 128 = 50% of 128 + 1% of 128 = 64 + 1.28 = 65.28
(ii) Interchanging the percentage value and the number
Example: Find 39% of 12.5
Solution: 39% of 12.5 = 12.5% of 39 =1/8 * 39= 4.875
Solution: 39% of 12.5 = 12.5% of 39 = 1/8 × 39 = 4.875
SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Nikhil spent 20% of his monthly income on food and 15% on house rent. 40% of the remaining he
spent on transport and 30% on entertainment. He is left with an amount of Rs. 8775 after all the expenditures.
What is Nikhil’s monthly income?
Sol. Let the income be Rs. 100

Final Saving = 100 – 20 – 15 – 26 – 19.5 = Rs. 19.5; But his final saving is Rs. 8775

So, Income = Rs. 100 × 450 = Rs. 45000.

Example 2. If the price of a Commodity be raised by 40%, by how much percent must a householder reduce his
consumption of that commodity, so as not to increase his expenditure?
Sol. Here, a = 40%; According to the formula,

Reduction in Consumption =

Example 3. The population of a town is 352800. If it increases at the rate of 5% per annum, then what will be
its population 2 years hence. Also, find the population 2 years ago.
Sol. P = 352800, R = 5%, n =2

20 20
= 352800 × 21 × 21 = 320000
𝑃 352800
Population 2 years ago = 𝑅 𝑛
= 5 2
= 32000
(1+ ) (1+ )
100 100
Example 4. There are 3 contestants P, Q and R in an election. P secured 20% of the votes and Q secured 70% of
the remaining votes. If R secured 4800 votes, by how many votes has the winner won the election?
Sol. Let the total number of votes be 100.
P secured 20% = 20 votes.
Remaining votes = 100 – 20 = 80
Q secured 70% of 80 = 56 votes.
R secured (80 – 56) = 24 votes.
But R secured 4800 votes.

So, winner Q won the election by 56 – 24 = 32 votes

Example 5. Rahul answered 40% of the first 75 questions correctly in an examination consisting of 150
questions. Find the percentage of the remaining 75 questions that he needs to answer correctly in order to
answer 60% of the total number of questions correctly?
40 ×75
Sol. 60% of total number of questions that Rahul answered correctly in the first 75 questions = 100 = 30
Number of questions from the remaining 75 questions that he should answer correctly = 90 – 30 =60
60 4
Required percentage =75 × 100 = 60 × 3 = 80%

Type 1- Foundation

Q1. 3.5 can be expressed in terms of percentage as :

A. 0.35% B. 3.5% C. 35% D. 350%
Q2. What is 15 percent of Rs. 34?
A. Rs 3.40 B. Rs. 3.75 C. Rs. 4.50 D. Rs. 5.10
Q3. 88% of 370+24% of 210-? = 118
A. 256 B. 258 C. 268 D. 358
Q4. 860% of 50+50% of 860 =?
A. 430 B. 516 C. 860 D. 960
Q5. 60% of 264 is the same as:
A. 10% of 44 B. 15% of 1056 C. 30% of 132 D. 17% of 544
Q6. 270 candidates appeared for an examination, of which 252 passed. The pass percentage is?
1 1 1
A. 80% B. 83 2% C. 90 3% D. 93 3%
Q7. What percent of Rs. 2650 is Rs. 1987.50?
A. 60% B. 75% C. 80% D. 85%
Q8. What percent of a day is 3 hours?
1 1 2 1
A. 12 2% B. 16 3% C. 18 3% D. 22 2%
Q9. How many litres of pure acid are there in 8 litres of a 20% solution?
A. 1.4 B. 1.5 C. 1.6 D. 2.4
Q10. Which one of the following shows the best percentage?
384 425 570 480
A. 540 B. 500 C. 700 D. 660
1
Q11. 0.15% of 33 3 % of Rs. 10,000 is?
A. Rs 0.05 B. Rs. 5 C. Rs. 105 D. Rs. 150
Q12. 45% of 1500+35% of 1700 = ? % of 3175
A. 30 B. 35 C. 45 D. None of these
Q13. An agent gets a commission of 2.5% on the sales of cloth. If on a certain day, he gets Rs. 12.50 as
commission, the cloth sold through him on that day is worth?
A. Rs. 250 B. Rs. 500 C. Rs. 750 D. Rs. 1250
Q14. If Rs. 2800 is 2/7th of the value of a house, the worth of the house (in Rs.) is?
A. 8,00,000 B. 9,80,000 C. 10,00,000 D. None of these
Q15. If 35% of a number is 175, then what percent of 175 is that number?
A. 35% B. 65% C. 280% D. None of these
Q16. If 35% of a number is 12 less than 50% of that number, then the number is:
A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 80
Q17. What percentage of numbers from 1 to 70 have squares that end in the digit 1?
A. 1% B. 14% C. 20% D. 21%
Q18. If 75% of a number is added to 75, then the result is the number itself. The number is:
A. 50 B. 60 C. 300 D. 400
Q19. The sum of two numbers is 2490. If 6.5% of one number is equal to 8.5% of the other, then the numbers
are:
A. 989,151 B. 1011,1479 C. 1401,1089 D. 1411,1079
Q20. When any number is divided by 12, then dividend comes ¼th of the other number. By how much percent
first number is greater than the second number?
 A. 150 B. 200 C. 300 D. Data
inadequate
Q21. If one number is 80% of the other and the sum of their square is 656, then the numbers are:
A. 4,5 B. 8,10 C. 16,20 D. 14,12
Q22. A person’s salary has increased from Rs. 7200 to Rs. 8100. What is the percentage increase in his salary?
2 1
A. 25% B. 18% C. 16 % D. 12 %
3 2
Q23. A’s salary is 20% less than B’s salary. Then B’s salary is more than A’s salary by:
1 2
A. 33 2 % B. 16 3 % C. 20% D. 25%
Q24. If the price of petrol is increased by 20%, by what percentage should the consumption be decreased by the
consumer, if the expenditure on petrol remains unchanged?
2 2
A. 16 % B. 6 % C. 8% D. 15%
3 3
Q25. The price of an article of Rs. 100. Its price is increased by 10%, then again its price is increased by 10%.
How much is increased in total price?
A. 20 B. 21 C. 11 D. 121
1
Q26. An agent sells goods of value of Rs. 15000. The commission which he receives is 12 2%, is what amount?
A. Rs. 1875 B. Rs. 2125 C. Rs. 2000 D. Rs. 2700
Q27. The monthly income of a person is Rs. 5000. If his income is increased by 30%, then what is his monthly
income now?
A. Rs. 7000 B. Rs. 5500 C. Rs. 4500 D. Rs. 6500
Q28. The price of a certain article is Rs. 15000. But due to slump in the market, its price decrease by 8%. Find
the new price of the article?
A. Rs. 14000 B. Rs. 13800 C. Rs. 16500 D. Rs. 12600
Q29. A man losses 20% of his money. After spending 25% of the remainder, he has Rs. 480 left. What is the
amount of money he originally had?
A. Rs. 600 B. Rs. 720 C. Rs. 720 D. None of these
Q30. 15% of 10% of 20% of 1000 is?
A. 1.50 B. 67 C. 150 D. 3

Type 2- Moderate

Q1. In an examination it is required to get 35% of the aggregate marks to pass Rishu got 216 marks and
declared failed by 5% marks then what was the total marks?
A. 620 B. 720 C. 820 D. 710
Q2. The price of Petrol went up 20%. In order to keep expenses same Ram must reduce travel by:
A. 25% B. 30% C. 33.33% D. 16.67%
Q3. If the length and breadth of a rectangle field are increased. The area increased by 50%. If the length
increased by 20%, by what percentage was breadth increased?
A. 25% B.30% C. 20% D. Data
inadequate
Q4. Aditya’s salary is 80% of Amit’s salary and 120% of Rajiv’s salary. What is Amit’s salary if Rajiv’s salary
is 30,000?
A. 40000 B. 45000 C. 50000 D. 55000
Q5. In a class 60% of the students pass in Hindi and 45% pass in Sanskrit. If 25% of them pass in both subjects,
what percentage of the students fails in both subjects?
A. 80% B. 20% C. 25% D. 75%
Q6. An arc contains 23% copper. To get 69% of copper the quantity of the arc required is:
A. 200 B. 250 C. 300 D. 400
Q7. Rice is now being sold at Rs. 30 per kg. During last month its rate was Rs. 26 per kg. Find by how much
percentage must a family reduce its consumption to keep the expenditure fixed?
 1 1
A. 12 2 B. 13 3 C. 14% D. 15%
Q8. Aditya salary was increased by 40% and then decreased by 25%. Find out net effect in Aditya’s salary?
A. 4% increase B. 3% increase C. 5% increase D. 6% increase
Q9. In a certain school, 20% of students are below 8 years of age. The number of students above 8 years of age
is 2/3 of the number of students of 8 years age which is 48. What is the total number of students in the school?
A. 72 B. 80 C. 120 D. 100
Q10. A student multiplied a number by 3/5 instead of 5/3. What is the percentage error in the calculation?
A. 34% B. 44% C. 54% D. 64%
Q11. In an election between two candidates, one got 55% of the total valid votes, 20% of the votes were invalid.
If the total number of votes was 7500, the number of valid votes that the other candidate got, was?
A. 2700 B. 2900 C. 3000 D. 3100
Q12. Three candidates contested an election and received 1136, 7636 and 11628 votes respectively. What
percentage of the total votes did the winning candidate get?
A. 57% B. 60% C. 65% D. 90%
Q13. Rajeev buys good worth Rs. 6650. He gets a rebate of 6% on it. After getting the rebate, he pay sales tax
@ 10%. Find the amount he will have to pay for the goods?
A. Rs. 6876.10 B. 6999.20 C. Rs. 6654 D. Rs. 7000
Q14. The population of a town increased from 1,75,000 to 2,62,500 in a decade. The average percent increase
of population per year is?
A. 4.37% B. 5% C. 6% D. 8.75%
Q15. In an examination, A candidate obtains 25% marks and fails by 45 marks while another candidate obtains
46% marks and passed by 15% marks. What are the passing marks?
A. 600 B. 675 C. 700 D. 750
Q16. Aditya has some amount out of which 25% is stolen in bus, 10% he gave to his friend, 50% of remainder
is spent in party and rest Rs. 26 gave to his mother. What was his initial amount?
A. 1230 B. 80 C. 160 D. 90
Q17. If A’s salary is 20% higher than B then how much B salary is less than A’s salary?
1
A. 20% B. 25% C. 16.67% D. 33 3 %
Q18. If a number is increased by 20% and then reduced by 20%. After this operation the number?
A. does not change B. increase by 1% C. 4% increase D. 4% decrease
Q19. If 3/5 of a number is 23 more than 50% of the same number, then what will be 80% of the number?
A. 230 B. 174 C. 23 D. 184
Q20. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 30% less than third number. What is the second number as a
percentage of the first?
A. 87.5% B. 88% C. 77.5% D. 87%
Q21. The sum of two number is 23 20 of the first number. The second number is what percent of the first?
A. 5% B. 10% C. 15% D. 20%
Q22. In a examination it is required to multiply a number with 7 but by mistake a student divide it by 7 then
what is error percent?
A. 7% B. 97.96% C. 91% D. 49%
Q23. 405 toffees were distributed equally among children in such a way that the number of toffees received by
each child is 20% of total number of children. How many toffees did each child got?
A. 40 B. 30 C. 42 D. None of these
Q24. Ram scored 30% marks and failed by 15 marks. Aditya score 40% marks and obtained 35 marks more
than those required to pass. The pass percentage is?
A. 33% B. 38% C. 43% D. 46%
Q25. The price of sugar is reduced by 2%. How many kg of sugar can now be bought for the money which was
sufficient to buy 49 kg of sugar earlier?
A. 1 kg less B. 1 kg more C. 2 kg more D. 2 kg less
Q26. Aditya's salary is 125% of Ram's salary. Sanjay's salary is 80% of Ram's salary. If the total of all the three
salaries is Rs. 61000. What is Sanjay's salary?
 A. 10000 B. 12000 C. 15000 D. 16000
Q27. If A is 150% of B then B is what percent of A+B?
A. 30% B. 35% C. 40% D. 45%
Q28. If in the examination 20% failed in Hindi, 25% failed in English and 7% failed in both subject then the
percentage of student who failed in atleast one of the subjects?
A. 50% B. 45% C. 55% D. 38%
Q29. If 30% students failed in English, 45% failed in Math and 25% failed in both then the student who pass in
both subject is?
A. 38% B. 55% C. 70% D. 50%
Q30. Population of Delhi increases by 10% every year. If the current population of Delhi is 1,331,000 then
what was its population 3years ago?
A. 1000000 B. 25000 C. 10000000 D. 1543200

Previous Years (Memory Based)

Q1. What is the 40% of 50% of 3/4th of 3200?

A. 480 B. 560 C. 420 D. 600
Q2. One-fifth of a number is 62. What will 73% of that number be?
A. 198.7 B. 212.5 C. 226.3 D. 234.8
Q3. 2/3 of 3/4th of 1/5 of a number is 15. What is 30% of that number?
A. 45 B. 60 C. 75 D. 30
Q4. 3/4th of 2/3rd of 1/5th of a number is 249.6. What is 50% of that number?
A. 3794 B. 3749 C. 3734 D. None of these
Q5. Ishan spent Rs. 35645 on buying a bike Rs. 24355 on buying a television and the remaining 20% of the
total amount he had as cash with him. What was the amount?
A. Rs 60000 B. Rs. 72000 C. Rs. 75000 D. Rs. 80000
Q6. Ishan spent Rs. 35645 on buying a bike Rs. 24355 on buying a television and the remaining 20% of the
total amount he had as cash with him. What was the amount?
A. Rs 98540 B. Rs. 102300 C. Rs. 134560 D. Can’t determine
Q7. Rajesh spent Rs. 44620 on Deepawali shopping, Rs. 32764 on buying computer and the remaining 32% of
the total amount he had as cash with him. What was the total amount?
A. Rs 36416 B. Rs. 113800 C. Rs. 77384 D. Can’t determine
Q8. Harjeet spends 50% of his monthly income on household items, 20% of his monthly income on buying
clothes, 5% of his monthly income on medicines and the remaining amount of Rs. 11250 he saves. What is
Harjeet’s monthly income?
A. Rs 38200 B. Rs. 34000 C. Rs. 41600 D. Rs. 45000
Q9. Mr Giridhar spends 50% of his monthly income on household items and out of the remaining he spends
50% on transport, 25% on entertainment, 10% on sports and remaining amount of ₹900. What is, Mr Giridhar’s
monthly income?
A. Rs 60000 B. Rs. 12000 C. Rs. 9000 D. Can’t determine
Q10. Shruti decided to donate 12% of her salary to an orphanage. On the day of donation, she changed her mind
and donated Rs. 3150 which was 75% of what she had decided earlier. How much is Shruti’s salary?
A. Rs. 35000 B. Rs. 42500 C. Rs. 39100 D. Can’t determine
Q11. Asha’s monthly income is 60% of Deepak’s monthly income, 120% of Maya’s monthly income. What is
Maya’s monthly income, if Deepak’s monthly income is Rs. 78000?
A. Rs. 39000 B. Rs. 42000 C. Rs. 36000 D. Can’t determine
Q12. A sum of Rs. 2236 is divided among A, B and C such that A receives 25% more than C and C receives
25% less than B. What is A’s share in the amount?
A. Rs. 460 B. Rs. 890 C. Rs. 780 D. Rs. 1280
Q13. Pooja invests 13% of her monthly salary, i.e., Rs. 8554 in Mediclaim Policies. Later she invest 23% of her
montly salary on Child Education Policies, she also invests another 8% of her monthly salary on Mutual Funds.
What is the total annual amount invested by Pooja?
 A. Rs. 28952 B. Rs. 43428 C. Rs. 347424 D. Rs. 173712
Q14. Mr. Sarang invests 6% of his monthly salary, i.e., Rs. 2,100 on insurance policies. He also invests 8% of
his monthly salary on Family Mediclaim Policies and another 9% of his salary on NSCs. What is the total
annual amount invested by Mr. Sarang?
A. Rs. 11400 B. Rs. 96600 C. Rs. 8050 D. Rs. 9500
Q15. Mrs. Jain invests 14% of her monthly salary, i.e., Rs. 7014 in Insurance Policies. Later she invests 21% of
her monthly salary on Family Mediclaim Policies; also she invests another 6.5% of her salary on Mutual Funds.
What is the total annual amount invested by Mrs. Jain?
A. Rs. 25050 B. Rs. 50100 C. Rs. 242550 D. Rs. 249498
Q16. Rita invested 25% more than Sunil. Sunil invested 30% less than Abhinav who invested Rs. 6000. What is
the respective ratio between the amount that Rita invested and the total amount invested by all of them together?
A. 35:104 B. 13:29 C. 101:36 D.35:103
Q17. Deepti invests 11% of her monthly salary, i.e., Rs. 5236 in Fixed Deposits. Later she invests 19% of her
monthly salary on Life Insurance Policies; also she invests another 7% of her monthly salary on Mutual Funds.
What is the total annual amount invested by Deepti?
A. Rs. 211344 B. Rs. 17612 C. Rs. 105672 D. Rs. 35224
Q18. In a class of 80 students, each student got sweets that are 15% of the total number of students. How many
sweets were there?
A. 1200 B. 850 C. 900 D. None of these
Q19. In a class of 50 students and 5 teachers, each student got sweets that are 12% of the total number of
students and each teacher got sweets that are 20% of the total number of students. How many sweets were
there?
A. 345 B. 365 C. 330 D. 350
Q20. In a class of 80 students and 5 teachers, each student got sweets that are 15% of the total number of
students and each teacher got sweets that are 25% of the total number of students. How many sweets were
there?
A. 1030 B. 1040 C. 1050 D. 1060
Q21. A candidate appearing for an examination has to secure 35% marks to pass. But he secured only 40 marks
and failed by 30 marks. What would be the maximum marks of test?
A. 280 B. 180 C. 200 D. 150
Q22. Raja got 76 per cent marks and Seema got 480 marks in a test. The maximum marks of the test is equal to
the marks obtained by Raja and Seema together. How many marks did Raja score in the test?
A. 1450 B. 1520 C. 1540 D. 2000
Q23. On a test consisting of 150 questions, Rita answered 40% of the first 75 questions correctly. What per cent
of the other 75 questions does she need to answer correctly for her grade on the entire exam to be 60%?
A. 80 B. 70 C. 40 D. 50
Q24. In an election between two candidates, one got 52% of the total valid votes. 25% of the total votes were
invalid. The total number of votes were 8400. How many valid votes did the other person get?
A. 3276 B. 3196 C. 3024 D. Can’t determine
Q25. In a college-election between two candidates, one candidate got 55% of the total valid votes 15% of the
votes were invalid. If the total votes were 15,200, what is the number of valid votes the other candidates got?
A. 7106 B. 6850 C. 8360 D. 5814
Q26. The population of a town was 48600. It increased by 25% in the first year and decreased by 8% in the
second year. What will be the population of the town at the end of 2 years?
A. 65610 B. 55580 C. 60750 D. None of these
Q27. In a mixture of milk and water the proportion of water by weight was 75%. If in the 60 gm mixture 15 gm
water was added, what would be the percentage of water? (weight in gm)?
A. 75% B. 88% C. 90% D. None of these
Q28. Find a single increase, if a number is successively increased by 10%,20 and 25%?
A. 55% B. 65% C. 75% D. 80%
Q29. The price of rice has been increased by 20%. By what per cent should Sanjay reduce the consumption of
rice in the family so that the expenditure on rice remains the same as before in increase in the price of rice?
 2 2
A. 15 3 % B. 16 3 % C. 20% D. 18%
Q30. An article is sold at a discount of 20% on the marked price. In order to gain 60% on marked price at how
much more per cent of the discounted price it should be sold?
A. 75% B. 255 C. 65% D. None of these

Answer Key

Type 1

1. D 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. C 10.B
11. B 12. D 13. B 14. D 15. D 16. D 17. C 18. C 19. D 20. B
21. C 22. D 23. D 24. A 25. B 26. A 27. D 28. B 29. D 30. D

Type 2

1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. D
11. A 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. D 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. D 20. A
21. C 22. B 23. D 24. A 25. B 26. D 27. C 28. D 29. D 30. A

Previous year questions:

1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. A
11. A 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. D 16. D 17. A 18. D 19. D 20. D
21. C 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. D 27. D 28. B 29. B 30. D