1.

A feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the sudden change or displacement of rocks
and other materials below the earth’s surface. EARTHQUAKE.
2. Earthquake prone area other than faults. ALONG TECTONIC PLATE MARGIN.
3. Combinations of moment-resisting frames and shear wall or braced frames. DUAL SYSTEM.
4. The most destructive among the focus which accounts a 75% of released energy during earthquake.
SHALLOW FOCUS.
5. Method of describing the strength of an earthquake based on instrumentally derived information and
correlates strength with the amount of total energy released at the earth’s point of origin. EARTHQUAKE
MAGNITUDE.
6. A point from which the seismic wave first emanates. FOCUS.
7. It is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame members induced by the vertical loads
on the laterally displaced building system. PΔ EFFECT.
8. A type of fault which has an inclined surface but slopping by only thirty degree and characterized by the
upward sliding of the fault block located about the fault surface. THRUST OR REVERSE FAULT.
9. One of the major Philippine faults which extends 1200 km from Lingayen Gulf in Luzon to Davao Gulf, South
of Mindanao. PHILIPPINE FAULT.
10. A wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to plane of the wall. SHEAR WALL.
11. Two neighboring tectonic plates that moves away from each other or are pulled apart. CONVERGENT
PLATE.
12. A type of storey in which the storey strength is less than 80 percent of the storey above. WEAK STOREY.
13. The point on the earth’s surface situated nearest to where the earthquake exactly originates. EPICENTER.
14. The American seismologist who devised a scale for expressing the total energy released by an earthquake.
CHARLES F. RICHTER.
15. A thin shell beneath the lithosphere which behave like a wax. ASTHENOSPHERE.
16. It is a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as diaphragm. HORIZONTAL BRACING
SYSTEM.
17. Giant sea waves generated by under-the-sea earthquake of magnitude 7 or more. TSUNAMI.
18. The range of rate of movement or relative motion between the adjacent plates and fault blocks per year. 1-10
CM/YEAR.
19. The earth’s outermost shell, about 80-kilometers thick, which is solid and rigid. LITHOSPHERE.
20. Essentially a vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces.
BRACED FRAMES.
21. It is a member of element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure to vertical elements
of lateral force resisting system. COLLECTOR.
22. A type of fault which has an inclined surface characterized by the upward sliding of the fault block located
about the fault surface. THRUST OR REVERSE FAULT.
23. A braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces. CONCENTRICALLY BRACED
FRAME.
24. It is a vertical surface that cuts and breaks the continuity of divergent and convergent plate margins.
TRANSFORM FAULT.
25. These are faults which have documented history of displacements. ACTIVE FAULT.
26. A type of earthquake that occurs in regions of underground caverns and mines due to sudden collapse of the
roof of mine or cavern. COLLAPSE EARTHQUAKE.
27. Lithosphere is subdivided into small and large pieces which may contain continents. TECTONIC PLATES.
28. A fault that has a very steep or vertical surface along which one fault block may move horizontally to the left
or to the right with respect to the opposite block. WRENCH OR STRIKE-SLIP FAULT.
29. Range of the depth of deep tectonic earthquake. >300 KM TO 700 KM.
 30. Part of wall entirely above the roof line. PARAPET WALL.
31. A three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls, composed of members interconnected so as to
function as complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor-beating
systems. SPACE FRAME.
32. These are earthquake load effects on structural elements common to the lateral-force-resisting systems along
two orthogonal axes. ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS.
33. It is a moment-resisting frame not meeting special detailing requirement for ductile behavior. ORDINARY
MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (OMRF).
34. A space frame designed to carry vertical gravity loads. VERTICAL LOAD CARRYING FRAME.
35. A characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the design strength. OVERSTRENGTH.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
BASE is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure or the level at which
the structure as dynamic vibrator is supported.
BASE SHEAR, V, is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either of the following classifications:
a. Any metal or wood stud wall that supports more than 1.45 kN/m of vertical load in addition to its own weight.
b. Any masonry or concrete wall that supports more than 2.90 kN/m of vertical load in addition to its own weight.
BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame.
(See Section 208.4.6.1)
BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an element at edges of openings or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms.
BRACED FRAME is an essentially a vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type which is provided to resist
lateral forces.
BUILDING FRAME SYTEM is an essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads.
(See Section 208.4.6.2)
CANTILEVER COLUMN ELEMENT is a column element in a lateral-force-resisting system that cantilevers from a
fixed base and has a minimal moment capacity at the top, with lateral forces applied essentially at the top.
COLLECTOR is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a structure to vertical
elements of the lateral force resisting system.
COMPONENT is a part or element of an architectural, electrical, mechanical or structural system.
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are subject primarily to axial forces.
DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion that has a 10 percent chance of being exceeded in 50 years
as determined by a site-specific hazard analysis or may be determined from a hazard map. A suite of ground motion
time histories with dynamic properties representative of the site characteristics shall be used to represent this ground
motion. The dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented by the Design Response
Spectrum. (See Section 206.6.2)
DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum for 5 percent equivalent viscous damping used to
represent the dynamic effects of the Design Ground Base Motion for the design in accordance with Sections 208.5 and
208.6. This response spectrum may be either a site-specific spectrum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and
soil characteristic associated with a specific site or may be a spectrum constructed in accordance with the spectral
shape in Figure 208-3 using the site –specific values of Ca and Cv and multiplied by the acceleration of gravity, 9.815
m/s2. (See Section 208.6.2).
DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total design strength base shear, factored and distributed in accordance
with Section 208.5.
DIAPHRAGM or SHEAR WALL CHORD is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to
the vertical resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes horizontal bracing system.
DIAPHRAGM CHORD is the boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall that is assumed to take axial stresses
analogous to the flanges of a beam.
DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drug strut tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load which collects
and transfers diaphragm shear to vertical resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members
may take axial or compression.
DRIFT or STOREY DRIFT is the displacement of one level relative to the level above or below.
DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced frames designed in accordance
with the criteria of Section 208.4.6.4.
ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is a steel braced frame designed in conformance with Section 515.9.
ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations determined from an elastic dynamic analysis
using an unreduced ground motion representation, in accordance with Section 208.5.
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsequent to a natural
disaster.
FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation under lateral load is significantly larger than adjoining parts
of the system. Limiting ratios for defining specific flexible elements are set forth in Section 208.5.6.
HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal truss system that serves the same function as diaphragm.
INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (IMRF) is a concrete framed designed in accordance with Section
421.10
LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part of the structural system designed to resist the Design Seismic
Forces.
MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME is a frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by
flexure.
MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a masonry wall frame especially detailed to provide ductile behavior
and designed I conformance with Section 708.2.6.
NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not a bearing wall.
ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel-braced frame designed in accordance with the provisions of Section
515.7 or 516.5 or concrete-braced frame designed in accordance with Section 421.
ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME(OMRF) is a moment-resisting frame not meeting special detailing
requirement for ductile behavior.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the earthquake load effects on structural elements common to the lateral-force-resisting
systems along two orthogonal axes.
OVERSTRENGTH is characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the design strength. The
degree of overstrength is material-and-system dependent.
PARAPET WALL is that part of wall entirely above the roof line.
PΔ EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame members induced by the vertical
loads acting on the laterally displaced building system.
SHEAR WALL is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall (sometime referred to as vertical
diaphragm or structural wall).
SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of shear walls and frames designed to resist
lateral forces in proportion to their relative rigidities, considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all
levels.
SOFT STOREY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the story above.
(See Table 208-9)
SPACE FRAME is a three-dimensional structural system, without bearing walls, composed of members interconnected
so as to function as a complete self-contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bracing
systems.
SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCBF) is a steel-braced frame designed in conformance with the
provisions of Section 515.8.
SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTNG FRAME (SMRF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile
behavior and comply with the requirements given in Chapter 4 & 5.
SPECIAL TRUSS-MOMENT FRAME (STMF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior
and comply with the provisions of Section 525
STOREY is a space between two levels. Storey x is the storey below level x.
STOREY DRIFT RATIO is the storey drift divided by the storey height.
STOREY SHEAR, Vx, is the summation of design lateral forces above the storey under consideration.
STRENGTH is the capacity of an element or a member to resist factored loads.
STRUCTURE is an assemblage of framing members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces.
Structures may be categorized as building structures or nonbuilding structures.
STRENGTH DESIGN is a method of proportioning and designed structural members such that the computed forces
produced in the members by the factored load do not exceed the member design strength. The term design strength
is used in the design of concrete structures.
VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space frame designed to carry vertical gravity loads.
WEAK STOREY is one in which the storey strength is less than 80 percent of the storey above.
SAMPLE PROBLEM: USING PORTAL METHOD
A plane frame of a two-storey reinforced concrete SMRF (R=8.5) office building is shown in figure 2. The building is of
Occupancy Category IV (I=1.0) and is located 5 km away from a fault line of Seismic Source Type C (Na=1.0, Nv=1.0)
in Zone 4 (Z=0.4). The soil profile to which the structure is connected is stiff soil (SD), with seismic coefficient Ca=0.44Na
and Cv=0.64Nv. The total computed dead load (DL) per floor on the frame is WBasement=500 kN, WGround Level=500 kN,
WLevel 2=700 kN, and WLevel 3=1000 kN.
a) What is the near most value of the design base shear of the building in kN?
b) What is the value of the lateral force in Level 2 and Level 3 in kN?
c) By Portal Method, determine the bending moment, shear and axial forces on girders and columns.
c f i l
Level 3

4m
b e h k
Level 2

4m
Ground a d g j
Level

4m

Basement

6m 6m 6m

SOLUTION IF THE PROBLEM IS DESIGN BASE SHEAR

Solution:
(a) Solve for the Design Base Shear
Since the building is two-storey. Use simplified static design base shear.
3𝐶𝑎
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅
Note that Ca=0.44Na and Na=1.0; Ca=0.44(1.0); Ca=0.44. In W, you only need to consider the dead load of Level 2 and
above. (In this case, you need to consider Level 2 and Level 3).
𝑊 = 700 𝑘𝑁 + 1000 𝑘𝑁; 𝑾 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵
Therefore:
3(0.44)
𝑉= (1700 𝑘𝑁); 𝑽 = 𝟐𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝑵
(8.5)
(b) Solve for the Lateral Force per floor

Level 3 W = 1000 kN

4m
W = 700 kN
Level 2

4m
Ground W = 500 kN
Level

4m
W = 500 kN
Basement

6m 6m 6m

3𝐶𝑎 𝐼
𝐹𝑥 = 𝑊𝑖
𝑅

3(0.44)(1.0)(700 𝑘𝑁)
𝐹2 = ; 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟕𝟎𝟓𝟗 𝒌𝑵
8.5
3(0.44)(1.0)(1000 𝑘𝑁)
𝐹3 = ; 𝑭𝟑 = 𝟏𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑵
8.5

(c) Draw the Force Distribution

F3 = 155.2941 kN

F2 = 108.7059 kN
 (d) Calculate Shear Distribution
155.2941 kN
155.2941 kN

4m
264 kN
108.7059 kN

4m
264 kN

4m
264 kN

O.T.M.

𝑂. 𝑇. 𝑀. = 108.7059 𝑘𝑁 (4 𝑚) + 155.2941 𝑘𝑁 (8 𝑚); 𝑶. 𝑻. 𝑴. = 𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟕. 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝑵𝒎

SOLUTION IF THE PROBLEM IS PORTAL METHOD

Analyze by Portal Method the frame loaded as shown to determine the shear, bending moment and axial force in all
members (draw the diagrams).

c f i l
155.2941 kN

4m
b e h k
108.7059 kN

4m
a d g j

4m

6m 6m 6m
Solution:
(a) Solve for Horizontal Column Shear.

Level 3
155.2941 kN

V3 2V3 2V3 V3
𝑉3 + 2𝑉3 + 2𝑉3 + 𝑉3 = 155.2941 𝑘𝑁
6𝑉3 = 155.2941 𝑘𝑁
𝑽𝟑 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝟐𝑽𝟑 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵

Level 2

155.2941 kN

108.7059 kN

V2 2V2 2V2 V2
𝑉2 + 2𝑉2 + 2𝑉2 + 𝑉2 = 108.7059 𝑘𝑁 + 155.2941 𝑘𝑁
6𝑉2 = 264 𝑘𝑁
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝟐𝑽𝟐 = 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵

Level 3
𝑽𝒃𝒄 = 𝑽𝒌𝒍 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝑵
𝑽𝒆𝒇 = 𝑽𝒉𝒊 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵
Level 2
𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝑽𝒋𝒌 = 𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑵

𝑽𝒅𝒆 = 𝑽𝒈𝒉 = 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵

𝑽𝑳
(b) Solve for Column Moment: 𝑴 = 𝟐

Level 3
(25.8824 𝑘𝑁)(4 𝑚)
𝑀𝑏𝑐 = 𝑀𝑘𝑙 =
2
𝑴𝒃𝒄 = 𝑴𝒌𝒍 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵𝒎
(51.7648 𝑘𝑁)(4 𝑚)
𝑀𝑒𝑓 = 𝑀ℎ𝑖 =
2
𝑴𝒆𝒇 = 𝑴𝒉𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎

Level 2
(44 𝑘𝑁)(4 𝑚)
𝑀𝑎𝑏 = 𝑀𝑗𝑘 =
2
𝑴𝒂𝒃 = 𝑴𝒋𝒌 = 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵𝒎

(88 𝑘𝑁)(4 𝑚)
𝑀𝑑𝑒 = 𝑀𝑔ℎ =
2
𝑴𝒅𝒆 = 𝑴𝒈𝒉 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎
 (c) Solve for the girder moment: ∑ 𝑴 = 𝟎

Solve for the girder moment by solving summation of moment for each connection.
𝑴𝒄𝒇 = 𝑴𝒇𝒊 = 𝑴𝒊𝒍

𝑀𝑏𝑐 − 𝑀𝑐𝑓 = 0; 51.7648 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑀𝑐𝑓 = 0; 𝑴𝒄𝒇 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵

𝑴𝒄𝒇 = 𝑴𝒇𝒊 = 𝑴𝒊𝒍 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵

𝑴𝒃𝒆 = 𝑴𝒆𝒉 = 𝑴𝒉𝒌

𝑀𝑏𝑐 − 𝑀𝑏𝑒 + 𝑀𝑎𝑏 = 0; 51.7648 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑀𝑏𝑒 + 88 𝑘𝑁 = 0; 𝑴𝒃𝒆 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵
𝑴𝒃𝒆 = 𝑴𝒆𝒉 = 𝑴𝒉𝒌 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗. 𝟕𝟔𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵

𝟐𝑴
(d) Solve for Girder Shear: 𝑽 = 𝑳

𝑽𝒄𝒇 = 𝑽𝒇𝒊 = 𝑽𝒊𝒍

2(51.7648 𝑘𝑁𝑚)
𝑉=
6𝑚
𝑽𝒄𝒇 = 𝑽𝒇𝒊 = 𝑽𝒊𝒍 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵

𝑽𝒃𝒆 = 𝑽𝒆𝒉 = 𝑽𝒉𝒌

2(139.7648 𝑘𝑁𝑚)
𝑉=
6𝑚
𝑽𝒃𝒆 = 𝑽𝒆𝒉 = 𝑽𝒉𝒌 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑵
 (e) Solve for Column Axial Force: ∑ 𝑭𝑽 = 𝟎

Solve for the column axial force by solving summation of vertical for level 2.
𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝑽𝒋𝒌

𝑉𝑎𝑏 − 𝑉𝑏𝑐 − 𝑉𝑏𝑒 = 0; 𝑉𝑎𝑏 − 17.2549 𝑘𝑁 − 46.5883 𝑘𝑁 = 0; 𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵

𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝑽𝒋𝒌 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵

Note: Axial Force in Inner Column are 0 kN in Portal Method.

𝑽𝒅𝒆 = 𝑽𝒆𝒇 = 𝑽𝒈𝒉 = 𝑽𝒉𝒊 = 𝟎 𝒌𝑵
 (f) Solve for Girder Axial Force: ∑ 𝑭𝑯 = 𝟎

Solve for the girder axial force by solving summation of vertical for each connection.
𝐹3 − 𝑉𝑐𝑓 − 𝑉𝑏𝑐 = 0; 155.2941 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑉𝑐𝑓 − 25.8824 𝑘𝑁 = 0; 𝑽𝒄𝒇 = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝒌𝑵

𝑉𝑐𝑓 − 𝑉𝑓𝑖 − 𝑉𝑒𝑓 = 0; 129.4117 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑉𝑓𝑖 − 51.7648 𝑘𝑁 = 0; 𝑽𝒇𝒊 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝑵

𝑉𝑓𝑖 − 𝑉𝑖𝑙 − 𝑉ℎ𝑖 = 0; 77.6469 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑉𝑖𝑙 − 51.7648 𝑘𝑁 = 0; 𝑽𝒊𝒍 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑵

𝐹2 + 𝑉𝑏𝑐 − 𝑉𝑏𝑒 − 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 0; 108.7059 𝑘𝑁 + 25.8824 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑉𝑏𝑒 − 44 𝑘𝑁 = 0; 𝑽𝒃𝒆 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑵

𝑉𝑏𝑒 + 𝑉𝑒𝑓 − 𝑉𝑒ℎ − 𝑉𝑑𝑒 = 0; 90.5883 + 51.7648 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑉𝑒ℎ − 88 𝑘𝑁 = 0; 𝑽𝒆𝒉 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟓𝟑𝟏 𝒌𝑵

𝑉𝑒ℎ + 𝑉ℎ𝑖 − 𝑉ℎ𝑘 − 𝑉𝑔ℎ = 0; 54.3531 𝑘𝑁 + 51.7648 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑉ℎ𝑘 − 88 𝑘𝑁 = 0; 𝑽𝒆𝒉 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟗 𝒌𝑵

(g) Draw Moment Diagram for Beams and Columns