Introduction to Arabic

Grammar
Lesson 1
 Arabic Grammar
• Definition: Arabic grammar ‫ ﻧﺣو‬is the science that
teaches us how to join a noun, verb and particle to
form a correct sentence, as well as what the ‫إﻋراب‬
(condition) of the last letter of a word should be.
• Subject Matter: its subject matter is the ‫( ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬word)
and ‫( ﻛﻼم‬sentence)
 Arabic Grammar
• Objective:
• To learn how to read, write and speak Arabic correctly, and to avoid making
mistakes in this. For ex, ٌ ‫ َزْﯾد‬, ‫ دَار‬, ‫ دََﺧَل‬and ‫ﻓﻲ‬. The science of “Nahw” teaches
us how to put them together to form a correct sentence.
• To use our Arabic skills to understand the Quran, hadith, and the supplications
of the Ahlul Bayt.
• To attain nearness to God.
 Types of ٌ‫َﻛِﻠَﻤﺔ‬
• There are three types of words in Arabic:
• 1. ‫( إْﺳٌم‬noun)
• 2. ‫( ِﻓْﻌٌل‬verb)
• 3. ‫ف‬ٌ ‫( َﺣْر‬particle)
 Noun ‫إْﺳٌﻢ‬
• It is a word whose meaning can be understood without the need to
combine it with another word
• It does not have any tense.
• It is the name of a person place or thing”
• Ex. ‫ َرُﺟٌل‬man
‫ت‬ُ ‫ اْﻟﺑَْﯾ‬the house

• Note: A noun can never have a ‫( ﺗ َْﻧِوْﯾٌن‬tanween) and an ‫ ال‬at the same
time.
 Verb ‫ِﻓْﻌٌﻞ‬
• It is a word whose meaning can be understood without the need to
combine it with another word.
• It has one of the three tenses: past, present or future.
• It denotes an action
• Ex. ‫ب‬ َ Hit hit
َ ‫ﺿَر‬
َ َ‫ ﻧ‬He helped
‫ﺻَر‬

• Note: A ‫ ﻓِْﻌٌل‬can never have ‫( ﺗ َْﻧِوﯾٌن‬tanween) or an ‫ال‬

 Particle ‫ف‬
ٌ ‫َﺣْﺮ‬
• It is a word whose meaning cannot be understood without combining
it with a noun or a verb.
• Ex. ‫ ِﻣْن‬from
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ‬on top
Section 1.3
Types of Nouns ‫ﺴﺎُم اﻹﺳﻢ‬
َ ‫أﻗ‬
َ‫ – أقسامَاْلَسَم‬Types of ism
‫ اِ اسم‬is of three types:
1. ‫تمد‬ ِ ‫ – ج‬Primary ism: It is an ‫ اِسم‬which is neither derived from another word nor is any
َ ‫ا‬
word derived from it.
e.g. ‫فَ ََس‬ horse ‫ِانت‬ girl
2. ‫ص َدر‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬‫س‬ ِ‫ ا‬from which many words are derived.
‫َ ا‬ – Root ism: It is an ‫ا‬
e.g. ‫ض اَب‬
َ to hit َ‫ص‬‫ نَ ا‬to help
3. ‫شتَق‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬‫س‬ ِ‫ ا‬which is derived from a ‫مصدر‬.
‫ا‬ – Derived ism: It is an ‫ا‬ َ‫َ ا‬
e.g. ‫ضت ِرب‬
َ hitter ‫ َمانص اور‬one who is helped

َ‫ – أقسامَ الَفَعَل‬Types of fiʿl

3. ‫شتَق‬ ِ
‫ – م ا‬Derived ism: It is an ‫ ا اسم‬which is derived from a ‫ص َدر‬
‫ َم ا‬.
e.g. ‫ضت ِرب‬
َ hitter ‫ َمانص اور‬one who is helped
Types of Verbs ‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
َ‫ – أقسامَ الَفَعَل‬Types of fiʿl
‫ فِ اَل‬is of four types:
1. ‫تضي‬ ِ ‫ اَْام‬Past tense ‫ب‬
‫َ ا‬ e.g. َ ََ‫ض‬
َ He hit.
2. ‫ضت ِرع‬ َ ‫ اَْام‬Present and Future tense e.g. ‫ض َِب‬
‫يَ ا‬ He is hitting or will
hit.
َ‫اَالَ ام‬ ‫ب‬ ِ
َ ‫ض‬ ِ‫ا‬
3. Positive Command/ e.g. ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ Hit!
Imperative
4. ‫اَْنة اهي‬ Negative Command/ e.g. ‫ض َِ ا‬
‫ب‬ ‫َْل تَ ا‬ Don’t hit!
Prohibitive

َ‫ – أقسامَالَرَف‬Types of particle
‫ ََح اَف‬is of two types:
 َ‫اَالَ ام‬ ‫ب‬ِ
َ ‫ض‬ِ‫ا‬
3. Positive Command/ e.g. ‫ا ا‬ Hit!
Imperative
4. ‫اَْنة اهي‬ Types
Negativeof Particles ‫ف‬
Command/ e.g.‫بﺤﺮو‬
‫ضاَِﻟ ا‬
‫ﻗﺴﺎَْلمتَ ا‬Don’t
‫ أ‬hit!
Prohibitive

َ‫ – أقسامَالَرَف‬Types of particle
‫ ََح اَف‬is of two types:
1. ‫تمل‬ ِ ‫ – ع‬Causative Particle: It is a ‫ َحَف‬which causes ‫ إِعَاب‬change in the word after it.
َ ‫َا‬ َ‫ا‬
e.g. ‫ َمياد ِف اْا َم اس ِج ِد‬Zayd is in the mosque.
2. ‫تم ِل‬ ِ َ‫ – َغْي اْا‬Non-Causative: It is a ‫ َحَف‬which does not cause ‫ إِعَاب‬change in the word after
َ ‫ا‬ ‫َا‬ َ‫ا‬
it.
e.g. ‫ثة‬ then ‫َو‬ and
 ‫ مََةكب َغ اْي م ِفاَّد‬is also called ‫مََةكب ََنقِص‬, ‫ جالَُ َغ اْي م ِفاَّ َدة‬and ‫ َك َلم ََنقِص‬. It is an incom
sentence.
Types of Sentences
From now on, when I use “sentence,” I will be referring to a complete sentence; and w
use “phrase,” I will be referring to an incomplete sentence.

Types of sentences
There are two types of sentences:
َِ ‫جالَُ َخ‬: It is a sentence which has the possibility of being true or false.
A. ُ‫َبية‬
B. ُ‫شتئَِّة‬
َ ‫جالَُ إِنا‬: It is a sentence which does not have the possibility of being true or false.

Section 1.4.1
َ‫أقسامَاْلملةَاْلبَية‬

ُ‫ جالَُ َخ ََِبية‬is of two types:

B. ُ‫شتئَّة‬
َ ‫جالَُ إنا‬: It is a sentence which does not have the possibility of being true or false.

Section 1.4.1
Types
َ‫َاْلبَية‬‫سامَاْلملة‬of
‫أق‬ Declarative Sentences ‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺨﺒﺮﯾﺔ‬
ُ‫ جالَُ َخ ََِبية‬is of two types:
1. َ‫ – جَلَةََاَسَيَةََخَبَيَة‬Nominal sentence:

Definition: It is a sentence which begins with an ‫اِ اسم‬.

The second part of the sentence can be an ‫ اِ اسم‬or a ‫فِ اَل‬.

The first part of the sentence is called ‫( ماب تَ َدأ‬subject) or ‫سنَد إَِْاَّ ِه‬
‫( م ا‬the word about which
information is being given).
The second part of the sentence is called ‫خ ََب‬ َ (predicate) or ‫( م اسنَد‬the word giving the
information).
The ‫ ماب تَ َدأ‬is generally َُ‫ َم اَ َِف‬and the ‫خ ََب‬ ِ
َ generally ‫نَكََة‬.
Both parts (‫ ماب تَ َدأ‬and ‫خ ََب‬
َ ) are ‫ َم اَف اوع‬.
 The ‫ ماب تَ َدأ‬is generally َُ‫ َم اَ َِف‬and the ‫خ ََب‬ ِ
َ generally ‫نَكََة‬.
Both parts (‫ ماب تَ َدأ‬and ‫خ ََب‬
َ ) are ‫ َم اَف اوع‬.
Sentence Analysis
Sentence Analysis

َ‫نظيَف‬ َ‫ الَب يَت‬The house is clean.

ُ‫ َخ ََب = جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية‬+ ‫ماب تَ َدأ‬
Note: A sentence may have more than one ‫خ ََب‬. َ
Sentence Analysisَ
6
َ‫قوي‬ َ‫طويل‬ َ‫ الرجَل‬The man is tall and strong.
ُ‫ = جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية‬2 ‫ َخ ََب‬+ 1 ‫ َخ ََب‬+ ‫ماب تَ َدأ‬

2. َ‫ – جَلَةََفعليةَخَبَيَة‬Verbal sentence:
Note: A sentence may have more than one ‫َﺧﺑَر‬
Definition: It is a sentence which begins with a ‫فِ اَل‬.

The first part of the sentence is called ‫ فِ اَل‬or ‫سنَد‬

‫م ا‬.
Sentence Analysisَ
Types of Declarative َ‫قوي‬
Sentences
َ‫طويل‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻗ‬‫أ‬
َ‫ الرجَل‬The man is tall and stro
ُ‫ = جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ خ َِبية‬2‫ﺨﺒﺮخﯾَبﺔ‬
ََ
‫اﻟ‬
+ 1 ‫ خَب‬+ ‫مب تَ َدأ‬
ََ ََ ‫ا‬

2. َ‫ – جَلَةََفعليةَخَبَيَة‬Verbal sentence:

Definition: It is a sentence which begins with a ‫فِ اَل‬.

The first part of the sentence is called ‫ فِ اَل‬or ‫سنَد‬

‫م ا‬.
ِ َ‫ ف‬or ‫ مسنَد إََِّْ ِه‬and is always ‫مَف وع‬.
The second part of the sentence is called ‫تعل‬ ‫ا ا‬ ‫َا ا‬

Sentence Analysis

َ‫زيد‬ َ‫ جلس‬Zayd sat.

ُ‫تعل = جلَُ فَِلَِّةُ خ َِبية‬
ِ َ‫ف‬ + ‫فَِل‬
 ُ‫فِ اَلَِّة‬part
ُ‫َخ ََِبية‬first
The ِsentence
َُ‫ جال‬of=the‫تعل‬ ِ‫ف‬
َ‫ ف‬+ is‫اَل‬called ‫ فِ اَل‬or ‫م اسنَد‬.
Sentence ِAnalysis ِ َ‫ ف‬or ‫ مسنَد إََِّْ ِه‬and is always ‫مَف وع‬.
The second part of the sentence is called ‫تعل‬ ‫ا ا‬ ‫َا ا‬
‫ اَْاف اَل ة‬i.e. it is a ‫ فِ اَل‬whose meaning can
ِ
Note: In the above example, the ‫ ف اَل‬is ‫اْلمم‬ ِ
Analysis without a ‫ َم افَ اول‬.
Sentenceunderstood

ِ ِ ِ َ‫زي ِد‬ َ‫ جلس‬Zayd sat.

Note: If the ‫ ف اَل‬is ‫ي‬ ‫ اَْاف اَ ِل ِاْامتَ ََدِ ا‬i.e. a ‫ ِف اَل‬whose meaning cannot be fully understood witho
ُ‫ فَتعل = جالَُ ف اَلَّةُ َخ ََبية‬+ ‫فِ اَل‬
‫ َم افَ اول‬, then a ‫ َم افَ اول‬will be added and it will be ‫ َمانص اوب‬.
Sentence Analysis
Note: In the above example, the ‫ فِ اَل‬is ‫اْل ِمم‬
‫ اَْا ِف اَل ة‬i.e. it is a ‫ فِ اَل‬whose mea
َ‫ السماء‬a ‫مللاَافَول‬. َ‫خلق‬ Allah created the sky.
understood without ‫َ ا‬
ُ‫= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية‬ ‫َم افَ اول‬ ِ َ‫ف‬
+ ‫تعل‬ + ‫فِ اَل‬
Note: If the ‫ فِ اَل‬is ‫ي‬‫د‬ِ َ ‫ اَْا ِفَل اْامت‬i.e. a ‫ فَِل‬whose meaning cannot be fully understo
‫ا ََ ا‬ ‫ا‬
‫ َم افَ اول‬, then a ‫ َم افَ اول‬will be added and it will be ‫ َمانص اوب‬.
 Types of Non-Declarative Sentences
Section 1.4.2
َ‫ جَلَةََإَنَشَائَيَة‬is of ten types:

1. َ‫اَالَ ام‬ Positive Command e.g. ‫ض َِب‬ ِ‫ا‬ Hit!

‫ا ا‬
‫اَْنة اهي‬ e.g. ‫ض َِب‬
2. Negative Command
‫َْل تَ ا ا‬ Don’t Hit!
3. ‫ اَاِْل استِ اف َهتم‬Interrogative e.g. ‫هل ضَب ميد؟‬
‫َ ا َ َ َ َا‬
Did Zayd hit?
4. ‫اَْتة َم ِ ان‬ Desire e.g. !‫ََّْت اْشةبتب عتئِد‬ I wish youth would
َ َ َ َ‫ا‬
return.
Note: ‫ت‬ َ َّ‫ َْا‬is generally used for something unattainable.
5. ‫اَْ ةَتِج اي‬ Hope e.g. ‫اْل امتِ َحت َن َس اهل‬
ِ‫ََْ ةل ا‬
َ
Hopefully, the
examination will be easy.
Note: ‫ل‬
‫ َْ ََ ة‬is generally used for something attainable.
6. ‫اَْنِ َداء‬ Exclamation e.g. !‫ََي اَلل‬ O Allah!
 َ ‫ا‬ ‫ا ََ ا‬
4. ‫اَْتة َم ِ ان‬ Desire e.g. !‫ََّْت اْشةبتب عتئِد‬ I wish youth would
َ َ َ َ‫ا‬
return.
Note: ‫ت‬
َ َّ‫ َْا‬is generally used for something unattainable.
5. Types
Hope of Non-Declarative
‫اَْ ةَتِج اي‬ e.g. ‫اْلمتِحت َن سهل‬
‫َ ا َ َا‬
ِ‫ََْ ةل ا‬ Sentences
Hopefully, the
examination will be easy.
Note: ‫ل‬
‫ َْ ََ ة‬is generally used for something attainable.
6. ‫اَْنِ َداء‬ Exclamation e.g. !‫ََي اَلل‬ O Allah!
e.g. ‫ك ِدي نَترا؟‬ ِ ِ
‫اَْا ََ اَض‬ ً ‫أََْل َتاتاَّ ِ ان فَأ اعطََّ َ ا‬
7. Request/Offer Will you not come to me
so that I may give you a
dinar?
Note: ‫ اَْا ََ اَض‬is a mere request; no answer is anticipated.

8. ‫اَْا َق َسم‬ Oath e.g. !ِ‫َوهللا‬ By Allah!

9. ‫اَْتة َجب‬ Amazement e.g. !‫مت أََحسن مي ًدا‬ How good Zayd is!
َ ‫َ ا َ َ َا‬
10. ‫اَْاَقود‬ The seller says ‫تب‬ ِ ِ
َ َ‫ – اَت ٰه َذا اْاكت‬I sold this book.
Transaction e.g.
‫ا‬
and the buyer says ‫تياته‬ ِ
ََ ‫ – ا اش‬I bought it.
َِ ‫ َخ‬. However, Islamic law recognizes them as
Note: The sentences for ‫ اَْاَق اود‬are in reality ُ‫َبية‬
ُ‫ إِنا َشتئَِّة‬with respect to all contracts, and requires that they (past tense verbal sentences) be
used to convey definiteness.
 and the buyer says ‫تياته‬ ‫ش‬ ِ‫ – ا‬I bought it.
ََ ‫ا‬
Note: The sentences for ‫ اَْاَق اود‬are in reality ُ‫خ ََِبية‬
Sentence Analysis َ . However, Islamic law recognizes the
ُ‫ إِنا َشتئَِّة‬with respect to all contracts, and requires that they (past tense verbal sentence
used to convey definiteness.

Sentence Analysis:
‫زيد؟‬ َ‫ضرب‬ َ‫هل‬ Did Zayd hit?
ُ‫تعل = جالَُ إِنا َشتئَِّة‬
ِ َ‫ف‬ + ‫ فِ اَل‬+ ‫اْل استِ اف َه ِتم‬
ِ‫َحَف ا‬
‫َا‬

EXERCISE
1. State what type of ُ‫شتئَِّة‬
َ ‫ جالَُ إِنا‬are the following sentences.
ِ َ ِِ‫َي إ‬
i. !‫اهاَّم‬ iii. ‫ك؟‬
َ‫َ ا‬ َ ْ‫ف ََحت‬ َ َّ‫َكا‬
ii. ‫اِسع‬ iv. ‫َْل تَ ادخل‬
 Types of Phrases ‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬
Section 1.4.3
َ‫ أقسامَالَمَرَكَبََالنَاقَص‬- Types of phrases

Phrases are of five types:

1. ‫َي‬
َ‫ – الَمَرَكَبََالتَوَصَيَف ي‬Descriptive phrase:6 It is a phrase in which one word describes the other.
ِ.
The describing word is called ُ‫ص َف‬
The object being described is called ‫ َم اوص اوف‬.
ِ must correspond in four things:
The ‫ َم اوص اوف‬and ُ‫ص َف‬
1. ‫إِ اعََاب‬.
2. Gender i.e. being masculine or feminine.
3. Number i.e. being singular, dual or plural.
4. ِ َ‫ن‬.
Being َُ‫ َم اَ َِف‬or ‫كََة‬

For example,
َ‫صالح‬ َ‫رجل‬ a righteous man
 1. ‫إِ اعََاب‬.
2. Gender i.e. being masculine or feminine.
Types of Phrases
3. Number ‫ﺎﻗﺺ‬dual
i.e. being singular, ‫ﺐ اﻟﻨ‬
or ‫ﻛ‬plural.
‫اﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫أﻗﺴﺎم‬
4. ِ َ‫ن‬.
Being َُ‫ َم اَ َِف‬or ‫كََة‬

For example,
َ‫صالح‬ َ‫رجل‬ a righteous man
ُ‫ِص َف‬ ‫َم اوص اوف‬

َ‫العاقلة‬ َ ‫ا لبن‬
‫ت‬ the intelligent/wise girl
ُ‫ِص َف‬ ‫َم اوص اوف‬

2. َ‫َاف‬
‫ – الَمَرَكَبَ َالَض ي‬Possessive phrase: It is a phrase in which the first w
ِِ
 ُ‫ِص َف‬ ‫َم اوص اوف‬

Typesَ‫عاقلة‬of
‫ ال‬Phrases
َ‫البنت‬ ‫ﺺ‬intelligent/wise
the ‫ﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻗ‬girl‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤ‬
ُ‫ِص َف‬ ‫َم اوص اوف‬

2. َ‫َاف‬
‫ – الَمَرَكَبَ َالَض ي‬Possessive phrase: It is a phrase in which the first word (‫ضتف‬ َ ‫ )م‬is
attributed to the second one (‫ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه‬
َ ‫)م‬. In some cases, this means that the second word
owns or possesses the first.
َ ‫ م‬never gets an ‫ ال‬or a ‫تَان ِويان‬.
The ‫ضتف‬
The ‫ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه‬
َ ‫ م‬is always ‫ َاَمَاور‬.
e.g.
‫زي َد‬ َ ‫كت‬
‫اب‬ Zayd’s book
‫ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه‬ َ‫م‬ ‫ضتف‬
َ‫م‬
The ‫ إِ اعََاب‬of the ‫ضتف‬ ِ
َ ‫ م‬will be according to the ‫ َعتمل‬governing it. For example,
َ‫زيد‬ َ‫كتاب‬ ‫وجد ي‬
َ‫ت‬ I found Zayd’s book.
 ُ‫ِص َف‬ ‫َم اوص اوف‬

Types َof
‫ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه‬ ‫ م‬Phrases‫ﺺتف‬
َ ‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻗ م‬
‫ض‬

3. ‫ي‬ َ ‫ – الَمَرَكَبََالَش‬Demonstrative phrase: It is a phrase in which one ‫ال َش َترةِ( اِ اسم‬

َ‫َار ي‬ ِ‫ )اِ اسم ا‬points
towards another ‫شتر إَِْاَّ ِه( اِ اسم‬
َ ‫)م‬.
The ‫شتر إَِْاَّ ِه‬
َ ‫ م‬must have an ‫ال‬.
e.g. ‫الرج َل‬ ‫ٰهذا‬ This man
‫م َشتر إَِْاَّ ِه‬ ِ‫اِ اسم ا‬
ِ‫ال َشترة‬
َ
Note: If the ‫شتر إَِْاَّ ِه‬
َ ‫ م‬does not have an ‫ال‬, it would be a complete sentence.
e.g. َ‫رجل‬ ‫ٰهذا‬ This is a man.
ُ‫= جالَُ اِ اِسَّة‬ ‫َخ ََب‬ + ‫ماب تَ َدأ‬

4. ‫ي‬
َ‫َالَمَرَكَبََالَعَدَدَ ي‬/َ‫َي‬
‫ – َالَمَرَكَبََالَبَنَائ ي‬Numerical phrase: It is a phrase in which two numerals are
joined to form a single word (number).
 Note: If the ‫شتر إَِْاَّ ِه‬
َ ‫ م‬does not have an ‫ال‬, it would be a complete sentence.
e.g. َ‫رجل‬ ‫ٰهذا‬ This is a man.
Types of ُ‫ة‬Phrases
َّ‫ﺺ َخ ََب = جالَُ اِ اِس‬+‫ﺐاب تَ َداأﻟﻨﺎﻗ‬
‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺮﻛ م‬

4. ‫ي‬
َ‫َالَمَرَكَبََالَعَدَدَ ي‬/َ‫َي‬
‫ – َالَمَرَكَبََالَبَنَائ ي‬Numerical phrase: It is a phrase in which two numerals are
joined to form a single word (number).
A ‫َح اَف‬
َ originally linked the two.
e.g. ََ‫( أَ ََح َد َع َش‬eleven) It was originally َ‫ش‬
‫أَ ََحد َو َع ا‬.
This phrase is found only in numbers 11-19.
e.g. ََ‫( أَ ََح َد َع َش‬11), ََ‫( اِثانَت َع َش‬12), ََ‫ث َع َش‬
َ ‫( ثََل‬13), … ََ‫( تِ اس َع َع َش‬19).

10
 Types of Phrases ‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬
Both parts of this phrase will always be ‫ َم افت اوح‬except the number 12 (ََ‫ش‬ ِ
َ ‫)اثانَت َع‬.
e.g. ‫َجتءَ أَ ََح َد َع َشََ َرج ًل‬ (‫َحتَُْ اْ ةَفا ِع‬
َ) ‫َرأَيات أَ ََح َد َع َشََ َرج ًل‬ ِ‫ص‬
(‫ب‬ ‫) ََحتَُْ اْنة ا‬
Eleven men came. I saw eleven men.
‫اْلََِ) َمََارُ ِبَ ََح َد َع َشََ َرج ًل‬
‫( ََحتَُْ ا‬
I passed by eleven men.
As for number 12, its second part is always ‫ َم افت اوح‬while the first part changes. Thus, in
‫ ََحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع‬, it is written as ََ‫اِثانَت َع َش‬, with an ‫ ا‬at the end of the first part. However, in َُْ‫ََحت‬
ِ‫ص‬
‫ب‬ ‫ ََحتَُْ ا‬, the first part is given a ‫ ي‬in place of the ‫)اِثا َ ان َع َشََ( ا‬.
‫ اْنة ا‬and ََِ‫اْل‬
e.g. ‫َجتءَ اِثانَت َع َشََ َرج ًل‬ (‫َحتَُْ اْ ةَفا ِع‬
َ ) ‫ل‬
ً ‫ج‬‫ر‬ َ ‫ش‬
َ ‫ع‬
َ ‫ن‬
َ َ ‫َ ا َا‬‫ث‬
‫ا‬ ِ‫رأَيت ا‬ ِ‫ص‬
(‫ب‬ ‫) ََحتَُْ اْنة ا‬
Twelve men came. I saw twelve men.
‫َمََارُ ِبِثا َ ان َع َشََ َرج ًل‬ (ََِ‫اْل‬
‫) ََحتَُْ ا‬
I passed by twelve men.

5. َ‫َكَبَ َمَنَعََالصَرَف‬
‫ – الَمَر‬Indeclinable phrase: It is a phrase in which two words are joined to
 ِ‫ص‬
‫ب‬ ‫ ََحتَُْ ا‬, the first part is given a ‫ ي‬in place of the ‫)اِثا َ ان َع َشََ( ا‬.
‫ اْنة ا‬and ََِ‫اْل‬
e.g. ‫َجتءَ اِثانَت َع َشََ َرج ًل‬ (‫َحتَُْ اْ ةَفا ِع‬
َ ) ‫ل‬
ً ‫ج‬‫ر‬ َ ‫ش‬
َ ‫ع‬
َ ‫ن‬
َ َ ‫َ ا َا‬‫ث‬
‫ا‬ ِ‫رأَيت ا‬ ِ‫ص‬
(‫ب‬ ‫) ََحتَُْ اْنة ا‬
Types ‫ًل‬of Phrases
Twelve men came.
ِِ
‫مَرُ بثان عشَ رج‬ َِ ‫اْل‬
‫ﺺ‬
‫َحتَُْ ا‬
‫ﻗ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻛ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ا‬ ‫م‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻗ‬‫أ‬ I saw twelve men.

َ َ َ َ ‫َا‬ ‫ََا‬ (َ َ)
I passed by twelve men.

5. َ‫َكَبَ َمَنَعََالصَرَف‬
‫ – الَمَر‬Indeclinable phrase: It is a phrase in which two words are joined to
form a single word.
The first part of this phrase is always ‫ َم افت اوح‬.
ِ ‫ع‬.
The second part changes according to the ‫تمل‬ َ
Examples:
1. ُ‫ضَََم او‬
َ ‫ ََح‬is the name of a region in Yemen. It is composed of two words ََ‫ض‬
َ ‫ ََح‬and ُ‫ َم او‬.
ََ‫ض‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫ ََح‬is a ‫ف اَل‬, which means “he/it was present” and ُ‫ َم او‬is an ‫ا اسم‬, which means “death.”
Thus, literally, ُ‫ضَََم او‬َ ‫ ََح‬means “[a place where] death was present.”
2. ‫ َِ اَلَبَك‬is a city in Lebanon. It is composed of two words ‫ َِ اَل‬and ‫ك‬
‫َِ ة‬. ‫ َِ اَل‬was the name
of an idol and ‫ك‬ ‫ َِ ة‬was the name of a king.

Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of a
complete sentence.
 ََ‫ض‬ ِ ِ
َ ‫ ََح‬is a ‫ف اَل‬, which means “he/it was present” and ُ‫ َم او‬is an ‫ا اسم‬, which means “death.”
Thus, literally, ُ‫ضَََم او‬َ ‫ ََح‬means “[a place where] death was present.”
Types of Phrases ‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬
2. ‫ َِ اَلَبَك‬is a city in Lebanon. It is composed of two words ‫ َِ اَل‬and ‫ك‬
‫َِ ة‬. ‫ َِ اَل‬was the name
of an idol and ‫ك‬ ‫ َِ ة‬was the name of a king.

Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of a
complete sentence.

Example 1 َ‫الَمي‬ َ‫التاجر‬ َ‫ربَح‬ The trustworthy/honest trader

gained profit.
ُ‫ِص َف‬ + ‫َم اوص اوف‬

ُ‫= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية‬ ِ َ‫ف‬

‫تعل‬ + ‫فِ اَل‬

11
‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ ‪Types of Phrases‬‬
‫‪Example 2‬‬ ‫مرف وعَ‬ ‫فاعلَ‬ ‫ك يلَ‬ ‫‘‪Every faa‘il is marfoo‬‬
‫‪and every maf‘ool is‬‬
‫منصوبَ‬ ‫مفعولَ‬ ‫ك يلَ‬ ‫َو‬
‫‪mansoob.‬‬
‫ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه‬
‫ضتف ‪ +‬م َ‬
‫مَ‬

‫= جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ‬ ‫َخ ََب‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ماب تَ َدأ‬

‫‪Example 3‬‬ ‫الكتابَ‬ ‫ٰهذا‬ ‫اشَتيتَ‬ ‫‪I bought this book.‬‬

‫اِ اسم اِ‬
‫ال َش َترةِ ‪ +‬م َشتر إَِْاَّ ِه‬

‫= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ‬ ‫َم افَول‬ ‫فِ اَل َم َع فَتعِلِ ِه ‪+‬‬

‫‪Example 4‬‬ ‫أَرب عَةََعشرََرجَلَ‬ ‫‪ Fourteen men came.‬جاءَ‬

‫‪Example 3‬‬ ‫الكتابَ‬ ‫ٰهذا‬ ‫اشَتيتَ‬ ‫‪I bought this book.‬‬
‫اِ اسم اِ‬
‫ال َش َترةِ ‪ +‬م َشتر إَِْاَّ ِه‬
‫أﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ ‪Types of Phrases‬‬
‫= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ‬ ‫َم افَول‬ ‫فِ اَل َم َع فَتعِلِ ِه ‪+‬‬

‫‪Example 4‬‬ ‫أَرب عَةََعشرََرج اَلَ‬ ‫‪ Fourteen men came.‬ج َ‬

‫اء‬
‫= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ‬ ‫فَ ِ‬
‫تعل‬ ‫فِ اَل ‪+‬‬

‫‪Example 5‬‬ ‫ب عَلَب ي‬

‫َُّ‬ ‫‪ٰ This is Ba‘labakk.‬هذهَ‬
‫= جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ‬ ‫َخ ََب‬ ‫ماب تَ َدأ ‪+‬‬
 Additional Notes About Nominal Sentences
Section 1.4.4
Additional notes about َ‫جَلَةََاَسَيَة‬
1. Sometimes, the ‫خ ََب‬
َ is not mentioned, in which case it will be regarded as hidden ( ‫ةر‬
‫د‬ ‫ق‬
َ ‫م‬ ). 7

e.g. ‫اَاِل َمتم ِف اْا َم اس ِج ِد‬ The Imam is in the mosque.

َ‫المسجد‬ َ
‫ف‬ ]َ‫[حَاضَر‬ َ‫الَمام‬
‫َاَمَاور‬ + َ‫ََح اَف َج‬

ُ‫= جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية‬ ‫متَ ََلِق ِب اْلَاَِب‬ + ‫َخ ََب م َق ةدر‬ + ‫ماب تَ َدأ‬

2. The ‫خ ََب‬
َ can be a complete sentence.
Example 1: ‫َمياد أَِ اوه َع ِتَل‬ Zayd’s father is knowledgeable.
 ‫المسجدَ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ف‬ ‫[حَاضَرَ]‬ ‫الَمامَ‬
‫َاَمَاور‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ََح اَف َجَ‬

‫‪Additional‬‬ ‫‪Notes About‬‬

‫= جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ‬ ‫متَ ََلِق ِب اْلَاَِب‬
‫‪Nominal‬‬
‫خ ََب م َق ةدر ‪+‬‬
‫‪Sentences‬‬
‫ماب تَ َدأ ‪َ +‬‬

‫خ ََب ‪2. The‬‬

‫‪َ can be a complete sentence.‬‬
‫‪Example 1:‬‬ ‫َمياد أَِ اوه َع ِتَل‬ ‫‪Zayd’s father is knowledgeable.‬‬

‫عالَ‬ ‫أب وَه‬ ‫زيدَ‬

‫ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه‬
‫ضتف ‪ +‬م َ‬
‫مَ‬

‫جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ‬ ‫=‬ ‫َخ ََب‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ماب تَ َدأ‬

‫جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ‬ ‫=‬ ‫َخ ََب‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ماب تَ َدأ‬

‫‪Example 2:‬‬ ‫َمياد أَ َك َل اْطة ََ َتم‬ ‫‪Zayd ate the food.‬‬

 ُ‫جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية‬ = ‫َخ ََب‬ + ‫ماب تَ َدأ‬

Additional ِ Notes
ِ ِ
ُ‫= جالَُ ا اسَّةُ خَبية‬
About Nominal
‫خَب‬
Sentences
‫مب تَ َدأ‬
ََ + ََ ‫ا‬

Example 2: ‫َمياد أَ َك َل اْطة ََ َتم‬ Zayd ate the food.

َ‫الطعَام‬ َ‫أكل‬ َ‫زيد‬

ُ‫جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية‬ = ‫ َم افَ اول‬+ ‫فِ اَل َم َع فَتعِلِ ِه‬

ُ‫جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية‬ = ‫َخ ََب‬ + ‫ماب تَ َدأ‬

EXERCISE

1. Translate, fill in the ‫ إِ اعََاب‬and analyze the following sentences.