Stem cell application Nano

biotechnology and Biomedical

engineering
 What is a stem cell?
A stem cell is a primitive cell capable of:
• self-renewal
• conversion to more differentiated cells
• proliferation
• leading to regeneration of tissues

Tissue stem cells Pluripotent stem cells

 Tissue-specific stem cells

• often called “adult” or somatic stem cells but

also includes stem cells isolated from fetal
tissues and umbilical cord blood
• involved in tissue homeostasis and repair
• generally multipotent
• difficult to isolate and grow in large numbers
in the laboratory
Bone marrow
HSCs CD34+
MSCs CD34-
 Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

• derived from human embryos by

– harvesting inner cell mass of donated
excess IVF embryos
– or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
– or parthenogenetic activation
• can be grown indefinitely in the laboratory
in an undifferentiated state
• retain ability to specialise into all the
different tissue types – referred to as
pluripotent
 In vitro fertilisation
Egg
(oocyte)
Sperm

Fertilisation and early

Fertilised
embryonic development egg

occurs in the laboratory.

Early stage embryo

Blastocyst stage embryo

(5-7 days after fertilisation)

Transfer to uterus

Full term baby

 Derivation of human embryonic stem cells
1. From donated IVF embryos 2. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
Donor cell Egg
Donor
nucleus Nucleus
removed
Donated IVF embryo
(no longer required Egg’s
for treatment) nucleus
replaced
by the
Early SCNT embryo is nucleus
Blastocyst stage formed from the
embryo (5-7 days donor
development) cell days
Blastocyst stage embryo (5-7
Stem cells isolated development)
from embryo which
Stem cells isolated from embryo
is destroyed in the
which is destroyed in the process
process
Stem cells are cultured in the
Stem cells are cultured in laboratory
the laboratory Nuclear transfer stem cells are
genetically identical to the donor

Stem cell line distributed to scientists

SCNT is also known as
Research therapeutic cloning.
Developing Drug
Normal development and
therapies discovery
understanding disease
 Induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPSC)
• Can create stem
cells directly
from
a patient

• Can be
maintained
indefinitely in
the laboratory

• Pluripotent
with similar
properties to
ESCs

Image source: Robinton DA, Daley DQ. Nature 2012; 481, 295–305.
What makes stem cells so valuable?
Biology Applications

Pluripotent Tissue stem Cell therapy

stem cells cells Transplantation of specific cells
and precursors
Research
Genetic, molecular and biologic
control of tissue growth and
development; in vitro and in vivo
system for understanding
function of genes and proteins
New drugs
Early efficacy and toxicity
screening system for drug and
chemical development

No one stem cell type fits all applications

Research must continue using all types of stem cells
Image modified from Keller & Snodgrass, Nat Med 1999; 5(2): 151-152.
 What is stem cell research?
• Understand more about development, aging,
disease
– Experimental model systems
• Prevent or treat diseases and injuries
– Cell-based therapies
– Pharmaceutical development
• Includes testing and drug delivery
 1.INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology
the branch of technology that deals with dimensions of
less than 100nm, especially the manipulation of
individual atoms and molecules
Nanobiotechnology
• refers to the use of nanotechnology in the field of
biology and medicine
• involves the design, characterization, production, and
application of nano-sized materials, devices, and
systems for various biological and medical
applications.
• potential to improve disease diagnosis, drug delivery,
and tissue engineering
• interdisciplinary field that combines knowledge from
nanoscience, biology, and engineering.
 1.INTRODUCTION

Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs are distributed

nonspecifically in the body where both cancerous and
healthy cells are affected, resulting in dose-related side
effects and inadequate drug concentrations reaching the
tumor thus leading to significant complications that
represent a serious obstacle to effective anticancer
therapy.
Recent progress in cancer nanotechnology raises exciting
opportunities for specific drug delivery.
 HISTORY OFOF
2.HISTORY NANOTECHNOLOGY
NANOTECHNOLOGY
• Richard Feynman father of nanotechnology
introduced the ideas and concepts behind nanotech
in a 1959 talk titled "There’s Plenty of Room at the
Bottom”
• Modern nanotechnology – 1981--STM allowed
scientists and engineers to see and manipulate
individual atoms.
• Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer --1986 Nobel
Prize in Physics –for invention of STM
• Major nanotech discoveries viz. carbon nanotubes,
were made throughout the 1990s
• By the early 2000s, nanomaterials were being used
in consumer products from sports equipment to
digital cameras.
 3.MEDICAL APPPLICATIONS
DRUG DELIEVERY SURGERY
• involves employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, • To perform microsurgeries minute instruments &robots
light or other substances to specific types of cells (such as used
cancer cells) Since, minute & precise and would target specific areas
• Particles are engineered so that they are attracted to • Nano-cameras could also be used instead of surgeons and
diseased cells, which allows direct treatment of those cells. for close-up visualisation
• For active release of drugs, nano electrochemical systems • Less chances of mistakes/failures
are used • Could be done on tissue, genetic & cellular levels
• Targeted medicine reduces drug consumption and thus
reduces pain to the patients and makes the treatment
cost effective
 3.MEDICAL APPPLICATIONS
CELL REPAIR BLOOD CLOTS
• Nanorobots could actually be programmed to repair • Blood clots are beneficial for prevention of blood loss due to
specific diseased cells, functioning in a similar way to bleeding
antibodies in our natural healing processes. • But also are dangerous since blood clotting in arteries and
veins could be dangerous and lead to serious health issues
 4.NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY’S APPLICATION IN
CANCER
Cancer diagnosis involves identifying cancerous cells or tissues through physical examination, imaging tests, biopsy,
and blood tests. Early detection is important for effective treatment and may involve regular screening or
preventative measures. cancer diagnosis is a critical aspect of cancer management

Nanotechnology developing accurate and efficient diagnostic tools for early detection of cancer. Targeted
nanoparticles can carry imaging agents or biomarkers, improving diagnostic test specificity and sensitivity, enabling
early cancer detection and precise localization of cancerous cells. Nanotechnology-based diagnostics are
potentially less invasive and more affordable than traditional tests,and can significantly improve patient outcomes.

Nanosensors are small devices used for cancer detection and its types include electrochemical, optical, and
magnetic sensors, which detect changes in electrical, light, or magnetic properties when interacting with cancer
biomarkers.
 4.NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY’S APPLICATION IN
CANCER
• Cancer diagnosis involves identifying cancerous cells or tissues through physical examination, imaging tests,
biopsy, and blood tests.
Early detection effective treatment
cancer diagnosis is a critical aspect of cancer management

• Nanotechnology developing accurate and efficient diagnostic

tools for early detection of cancer. Targeted nanoparticles can
carry imaging agents or biomarkers, improving diagnostic test
specificity and sensitivity, enabling early cancer detection and
precise localization of cancerous cells. Nanotechnology-based
diagnostics are potentially less invasive and more affordable than
traditional tests
• Nanosensors are small devices used for cancer detection and its
types include electrochemical, optical, and magnetic sensors,
which detect changes in electrical, light, or magnetic properties
when interacting with cancer biomarkers.
 4.NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY’S APPLICATION IN
CANCER
Nanoparticles have high surface area to volume ratio
Thus many functional groups can be attached to a nanoparticle, which could
seek and bind to tumour cells

Also, size of nanoparticles are very small thus they accumulate at tumor sites

Limitations of conventional cancer chemotherapy include:

•Hair Loss.
•Nausea and Vomiting.
•Problems with Thinking and Remembering Things.
•Pain.
•Blood Clots (Deep Vein Thrombosis)
 4.NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY’S APPLICATION IN
CANCER
VARIOUS MECHANISMS
1.NANOPORE
• As DNA passes through the nanopore, DNA sequencing becomes easier
i.e. electrical properties and shape of each base can be determined

• These properties being

unique, thus DNA passing
through the nanopore can be
used to decipher the
encoded
information(including errors)
 4.NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY’S APPLICATION IN
CANCER
VARIOUS MECHANISMS
2.QUANTUM DOTS
• Are tiny crystals that glow when stimulated by
ultraviolet light
• Latex beads filled with these crystals can be designed
to bind to specific DNA sequences
• Combining different sized crystals within a latex bead
can create probes that create distinct colours and
intensities of light
• To detect cancer, quantum dots can be designed to bind
with that sequence of DNA which is associated with
disease
• When stimulated by UV light ,each bead emits unique
spectral bar code, identifying particular regions of
DNA, making the critical cancer-associated DNA
sequences visible
• Can be used in the body, eliminating the need of
biopsy
 5.FUTURE OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY IN
CANCER RESEARCH
challenges
Current challenges include :- The field of
• optimizing nanoparticle design for safety and nanobiotechnology holds
efficacy great promise for improving
• developing effective targeted therapies cancer treatment, but
• overcoming regulatory hurdles
ongoing research and
collaboration are needed to
Opportunities for progress include:- overcome challenges and
• improving imaging and diagnostic capabilities realize its potential.
• developing personalized treatments
• advancing nanocarrier and nanosensor
technology
 5.FUTURE OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY IN
CANCER RESEARCH
EMERGING POTENTIAL
TRENDS IMPACT
• The potential impact of nanobiotechnology in
Emerging trends and technologies include :- cancer research is vast, with the potential to
• use of gene editing and immunotherapy revolutionize cancer diagnosis and treatment.
• development of smart nanocarriers for drug Nanosensors can enable earlier cancer detection
delivery and improve diagnostic accuracy
• integration of nanotechnology with other • nanocarriers can enhance drug delivery to
treatment modalities cancer cells and improve therapeutic efficacy.
• effectiveness of advances in nanosensor • Real-time monitoring of treatment effectiveness
technology and real-time monitoring of can also improve patient outcomes.
treatment • Emerging trends and technologies in
nanobiotechnology offer promising new
approaches for cancer treatment.
Emerging trends and technologies have the
• nanobiotechnology has the potential to
potential to revolutionize cancer treatment, but significantly improve cancer research, but
their safety and efficacy need to be thoroughly ongoing research and collaboration are
evaluated before they can be widely adopted. necessary to optimize its design, safety, and
effectiveness.
Biomedical
Engineering
• Biomedical engineering (BME) or
medical engineering is the
application of engineering
principles and design concepts to
medicine and biology for
healthcare purposes (e.g.,
diagnostic or therapeutic). BME is
also traditionally logical sciences
to advance health care
treatment, including diagnosis,
monitoring, and therapy.
Applications
• Prominent biomedical engineering
applications include the development
of biocompatible prostheses, various
diagnostic and therapeutic medical
devices ranging from clinical
equipment to micro-implants,
common imaging equipment such
as MRIs and EKG/ECGs, regenerative
tissue growth,
pharmaceutical drugs and
therapeutic biologicals.
Examples

• Prosthetics- Artificial
Body Parts
• Surgical Applications-
Neural Implants
• Medicine- Drug Delivery
Much of the work in biomedical
engineering consists of research and
development, spanning a broad array of
subfields

Bioinformatics- an interdisciplinary field that

develops methods and software tools for
understanding biological data.
Biomechanics- It is the study of the structure and
function of the mechanical aspects of biological
systems, at any level from
whole organisms to organs, cells and cell
organelles, using the methods of mechanics.
Biomaterial- It is any matter, surface, or construct
that interacts with living systems.
Biomedical optics- combines the principles of
physics, engineering, and biology to study the
interaction of biological tissue and light, and how
this can be exploited for sensing, imaging, and
treatment.
 Recent findings and applications of biomedical
engineering for COVID-19 diagnosis

• Laboratory-based antibody binding methods

• Rapid detection tests (RDTs) for POCT
• Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)
methods
• Isothermal nucleic acid amplification testing
(iNAAT) methods
• CRISPR-based diagnostics
• Microfluidic devices and biosensors for SARS-
CoV-2 diagnostics
• Artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostics
Comparison With Existing
Old Technology

Technology: Old biomedical equipment used

analog technology, while new equipment uses
digital technology.​
Features: New biomedical equipment has
more advanced features than old equipment.
Accuracy: New biomedical equipment is
generally more accurate than older equipment.
Efficiency: New biomedical equipment is
typically more efficient than older equipment.
Cost: New biomedical equipment can be more
expensive than older equipment.
 How is biomedical engineering solving the
problem of society, environment?
• One major area where biomedical engineering is making an impact is in the
development of medical devices and technologies that improve healthcare
outcomes. These devices can range from simple tools like syringes and
thermometers to complex machines like MRI scanners and artificial organs.
• Another important area where biomedical engineering is having an impact is in the
field of regenerative medicine. This involves using engineering techniques to grow
or repair damaged tissues and organs, potentially eliminating the need for
transplants.
• Biomedical engineering is also playing a role in improving public health and
environmental sustainability. For example, biomedical engineers are developing
technologies to help detect and remove pollutants from the environment, such as
sensors that can detect toxins in water or air.
 1. Personalized Medicine: The tailoring of medical treatment to an
individual's unique genetic makeup for more effective and fewer side
effects.

2. Artificial Intelligence: The use of AI to analyze medical data and

identify patterns and develop predictive models to diagnose diseases
earlier and more accurately.

Future 3. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Developing tissues

and organs for transplantation and regenerating damaged tissues and
organs using stem cells and other advanced techniques.
Perspective
4. Nanotechnology: Manipulating materials at the atomic or molecular
level to develop new drug delivery systems, diagnostic tools, and
imaging techniques.

5. Global Health: Addressing global health challenges, such as infectious

diseases, maternal and child health, and access to healthcare in
under-resourced areas to reduce the burden of disease and improve
health and well-being.