B. Sc.

Physics
Semester – I
Revised Syllabus (2018-21)
PH118 – Mechanics, Heat & Thermodynamics
Total: 60
Hours
Problems are mandatory from all chapters including self study.

1. Coordinate system:
Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors, multiplication of vectors, dot product,
cross product, resolution of vectors, velocity and acceleration in Cartesian and
polar coordinate system, component of velocity in spherical polar coordinate
system.
Uniform circular motion-centripetal acceleration. (6
Hours)

2. Conservation of momentum and mechanics of centre of mass:

Linear momentum, law of conservation linear momentum, angular
momentum, torque on a rigid body, law of conservation of angular momentum,
examples.
Centre of mass, total linear momentum about the centre of mass, system of
two particles, equation of motion of centre of mass, and Rocket
propulsion-single stage, multistage, collision- elastic and inelastic. Perfectly
inelastic collision in one dimension-decrease in energy.

(7hours)

Self study: Applications of universal law of conservation of angular

momentum. Perfectly elastic collision in one dimension- velocity after collision
(Laboratory frame of reference).
(2 Hours)

3. Mechanics: Laws of motion:

Review of Newton’s laws of motion. Frames of Reference – Inertial &
Non-Inertial, Newtonian principle of relativity, Galilean transformation,
Newton’s Laws of motion invariant under Galilean transformation, Non-inertial
frame- linearly accelerated frame, uniformly rotating frame(fictitious forces)
equilibrium state in non-inertial frame, uniformly rotating frame ( Coriolis
force), Problems.
(5 Hours) Self-Study: Examples of Coriolis force -
understanding cyclone, anticyclone in terms of Coriolis force - trade winds.
(1 Hour)

4. Dynamics of rigid body:

Introduction – Inertia, moment of inertia and physical significance, analogy
between translatory and rotatory motion, theorems of perpendicular and
parallel axes. M.I of circular disc, thin rod and solid sphere. Kinetic energy of a
body rolling on a horizontal plane. Acceleration of a body rolling down on an
 inclined plane, Problems. (8
Hours)

Self-Study: Derivation of Moment of inertia -solid cylinder and rectangular

lamina. (1 Hour)
5. Kinetic theory of gases:
Assumptions of kinetic theory of gasses, Deduction of the pressure of an ideal
gas, Deductions of Boyle’s law, Charles’s law & Avogadro’s law from kinetic
theory, Maxwell’s velocity & speed distribution (Graph & interpretation without
derivation), Definition & expressions for rms, mean & most-probable velocity.
Degrees of freedom, Principle of equipartition of energy, ratio of specific heat
capacity for mono-atomic, di-atomic & tri-atomic gas. Mean free path
(Derivation). Transport phenomenon – derivation of coefficient of viscosity &
thermal conductivity, problems. (9
Hours)

6. Thermodynamics:
Zeroth law, First law of thermodynamics, Concept of internal energy, Different
types of thermodynamic processes – isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric &
isochoric. Derivation of PVɣ = constant. Work done during isothermal &
adiabatic changes.
Clausius – Clayperon’s equation, Carnot’s theorem (No proof only statement
& explanation). Concept of absolute zero, Entropy & second law of
thermodynamics. Principle of entropy in solving problems (No derivations),
Statement of Clausius inequality, T-S diagram & its use to find the efficiency of
Carnot cycle. Third law of thermodynamics. (8
Hours)

Self Study: Carnot cycle, Carnot engine – efficiency, reversibility –

refrigerator, coefficient of performance.
(2 Hours)

7. Thermodynamic potentials:
Internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, Gibbs free energy & their
significance, Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations from thermodynamic
potentials & their significance. Application of Maxwell’s thermodynamic
relation – nature of variation of internal energy with volume, difference
between the specific heat capacities for ideal gases & real gases.
(5 Hours)

8. Real gases & Liquefaction of gases:

Andrew’s isothermal curves for real gases, Vander Waals’ equation critical
constants (Definition & derivation). Joule Thomson expansion with theory.

(4
Hours)
Self Study: Difference between Joule Thomson expansion & adiabatic
expansion, adiabatic de-magnetization. (2
Hours)
 References:
1. University Physics – F.W.Sears & Zemansky & H.D.Young – Narosa
Publications – New Delhi, 6th Edition.
2. Physics for degree students, B.Sc – I Year C.L . Arora, Dr. P. S. Hemne - S.
Chand & Company 2nd Revised edition – 2013.
3. Fundamentals of Physics – Resnick, Halliday & Walker – Asian Books Pvt.
Ltd. – New Delhi, 5th Edition.
4. Feyman lectures on physics – Vol 1 – Narosa Publications – New Delhi.
5. Elements of Properties of Matter – D.S.Mathur – Shamlal Charitable Trust –
New Delhi.
6. Mechanics – Berkley Physics Course Vol 1 – Mittal, Knight &Rudermann,
TMH – Delhi, 1981.
7. Properties of Matter – Brijlal&Subramanyam, S Chand & Co.
8. Heat & Thermodynamics – J.B.Rajam.
9. Heat & Thermodynamics – D.S.Mathur – S Chand & Co – New Delhi, 5th
Edition, 2004.
10. Teach Yourself Thermodynamics – Bharathibavan Publication.
11. Heat Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics – Brijlal,
Subramanyam&P.S.Hemne, S Chand & Co.
12. Mechanics – J.C.Upadhaya, Ramprasad& Co – Agra.
13. Mechanics & Thermodynamics – G.Basavaraju&Dipan Ghosh, TMH
Publishing Ltd. – New Delhi.
14. Concepts of Physics Vol 1 & Vol II – H.C.Verma – Bharathibavan Publication –
New Delhi.

PH1P1 Practical
List of experiments:
1. Measuring instruments – Vernier calipers, Screw Gauge & Travelling Microscope
with error calculation.
2. Inclined plane – Determination of Coefficient of static, kinetic & rolling friction.
3. Verification of Principle of Conservation of energy.
4. Determination of Moment of Inertia of an irregular body.
5. Verification of Parallel & Perpendicular Axes theorem.
6. Determination of Moment of inertia of a flywheel.
7. Coupled oscillators – Determination of Period for normal modes & Frequency of
energy transfer.
8. Determination of Specific heat of water using Joule’s calorimeter.
9. Determination of Thermal conductivity of rubber.
10. Determination of Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor.

Note: A minimum of EIGHT (8) experiments must be performed.

 B. Sc. Physics
Semester – II
Revised Syllabus (2018-21)
PH218 – Properties of Matter, Waves & Radiation
Total Hours: 60
1. Elasticity:
Rigid bodies & elastic bodies, Concept of stress & strain, Hooke's law, Stress
– Strain diagrams, Elastic limit, Elastic moduli –Young's modulus, rigidity
modulus & bulk modulus (Mention of relation between them), Poisson's ratio –
its limiting values, Work done in stretching a wire – derivation, Bending of
beams – Concept of neutral axis, Bending moment – derivation, Theory of
single cantilever. Torsion of a cylinder, couple required to twist a uniform solid
cylinder. (9 Hours)

Self Study: I-section girders and its applications (1

Hour)

2. Fluid Mechanics:
Viscosity. Streamline & turbulent flow, Critical velocity, Reynold's number,
Derivation of Poiseuille's formula for steady flow of liquid through a narrow tube.
Equation of continuity, Stokes law, Terminal velocity, derivation of Stokes’s
formula by the method of dimension. (4
Hours)
Self Study: Bernoulli’s equation and its applications (1
Hour)

3. Surface Tension:
Molecular forces in liquids & liquid surfaces – Adhesive & cohesive forces,
Mention of sphere of influence, Molecular interpretation of surface tension.
Surface energy – definition and derivation, Angle of contact and wetting,
Pressure difference across a curved surface, Interfacial tension – drop weight
method (derivation) - vanishing of surface tension at the critical point.

(5
Hours)
4. Central force and Gravitation:
Conservative force – central force, angular momentum in central force field,
motion under central force, law of equal areas, nature of motion under central
force. Newton's laws of gravitation, Gravitational potential energy, Gravitational
field and potential, Calculations of gravitational potential and field – spherical
shell & solid sphere, gravitational self energy of a body, uniform solid sphere.

(8 Hours)

Self-Study: Kepler's laws of planetary motion, problems Launching of artificial

satellites, escape velocity, time period of a satellite, Geostationary,
Geosynchronous satellites (qualitative). (2
Hour)
5. Simple Harmonic Motion:
Simple harmonic motion, Simple harmonic motion as a projection of circular
motion, Equation of motion of SHM, Energy conservation in SHM, Angular
SHM, Simple pendulum as a linear harmonic oscillator. Coupled oscillator –
normal mode, n coupled oscillator, Torsional pendulum, bar pendulum –
expression for time period & Concept of equivalent length. Composition of two
SHM's (Conditions for maxima & minima), Lissajou's figures. (10
Hours)

Self-Study: Equation of motion of Damped harmonic oscillation – critical

damping, under damping and over damping. Forced oscillation – concept of
resonance. (2
Hours)

6. Wave Motion:
Progressive wave equation, Sine wave travelling on a string, Wave pulse on a
string, Velocity of wave on a string. Energy transmitted by a wave, Intensity and
Power transmitted by a sine wave, Concept of phase velocity, group velocity
(Derivation of Vg=dw/dk) and the relation between them. Standing waves,
Fourier theorem, Fourier series, Evaluation of the Fourier coefficients, Fourier
analysis of a square wave. (8
Hours)
Self-Study: Fourier analysis of triangular wave, Superposition of waves-
interference, beats. (2
Hours)

7. Radiation:
Emissive power, emissivity, absorption power, Kirchoff’s law, Black body
radiation, Characteristics of black body spectrum, Planck's law with derivation,
Deduction of Wien's displacement law & Rayleigh – Jean's law from Planck's
law, Stefan's law, Stefan – Boltzmann law. Radiation pressure (qualitative),
Solar constant, Surface temperature of sun - derivation.
(8 Hours)

References:
1. University Physics –F.W.Sears and Zemansky&H.D.Young – Narosa
Publications – New Delhi.
2. Fundamentals of Physics, 6th Edition – Resnick, Halliday & Walker – Asian
Books Pvt Ltd – New Delhi, 5thEdition.
3. Ferman lectures on physics – Vol 1 – Narosa Publications – New Delhi.
4. Elements of Properties of Matter – D.S.Mathur – Shamlal Charitable Trust
– New Delhi.
5. Mechanics – Berkley Physics Course Vol 1 – Mittal,
Knight&Rudermann,TMH – Delhi,1981.
6. Oscillation & waves – D.P.K.Hadelwal, Himalaya publishing house.
7. Properties of Matter – Brijlal&Subramanyam, S Chand & Co.
8. Oscillation & waves –Brijlal&Subramanyam, S Chand & Co.
9. Heat & Thermodynamics –D.S.Mathur–S Chand & Co – New Delhi, 5th
Edition, 2004.
10. Teach Yourself Thermodynamics –Bharathibavan Publication.
11. Heat Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics –
BrijlalSubramanyam&P.S.Hemne, S Chand & Co.
12. Mechanics – J.O.Upadhyaya, Ramprasad& Co – Agra.
13. Mechanics & Thermodynamics –G Basavaraju&Dipan Ghosh, TMH
Publishing Ltd – New Delhi.
14. Concepts of Physics Vol 1 &VoI II – H.C.Verma.Bharathibavan Publication
– New Delhi.

PH2P1 Practical
List of experiments:
1. Determination of Young's modulus – by single cantilever.
2. Determination of modulii of elasticity using Searle's double bar.
3. Determination of acceleration due to gravity using Spring– mass oscillator.
4. Determination of rigidity modulus by dynamic method.
5. Determination of acceleration due to gravity using bar pendulum.
6. Determination of Viscosity of a liquid by Stoke's method.
7. Determination of Specific heat of a Liquid by Newton's law of cooling.
8. Determination of Surface tension of a liquid & Interfacial tension
between two liquids.
9. Determination of Emissivity of a surface by Lee's disc method.
10. Determination of Stefan's constant by Emissivity method.

NOTE: A minimum of EIGHT (8) experiments must be performed.

 PHYSICS (UG)
PROPOSED SYLLABUS: SEMESTER II1
CBCS based syllabus 2019 onwards
PH318: Electromagnetism, Sound and Physical Optics
Total hours - 60

Note: Problem solvingis mandatory in eachchapter

1. Scalar and Vector fields:
The Del operator, Gradient of a scalar field, divergence and curl of a vector geometrical and
physical interpretation, product rule of Del operator and second derivatives Line integral
conservative nature of electrostatic field, surface and volume integrals physical interpretation,
flux over a vector field, Gauss divergence theorem and Stokes curl theorem (statement). (4 Hours)

2.Electrostatics:
Coulomb's law, electric field and electric potential, Derivation of E = -VV, Gauss' law in
integral and differential form, Poisson's equation and Laplace's equation, force on the surface of a
charged conductor, electric pressure, and energy density. Electric dipole electric potential and field
at any point due to a dipole. (5 Hours)
Self study: Capacitors capacitance of parallel plate capacitor (air filled & dielectric filled), dielectric
constant, dielectric strength, capacitance of capacitor partially filled with dielectric, combination
of capacitors (no derivation), energy stored in a capacitor, energy loss due to sharing of charges in
capacitors (no derivation) (2 Hours)
3. Magnetostatics:
Biot-Savart's law, magnetic field due to current in a long straight conductor of finite length and a
special case for infinite length. Magnetic field due to current along the axis of solenoid, torque on a
current loop, equivalence of a current loop and a magnetic dipole, theory of HTG, Ampere's circuital
-statement and its application to infinite straight conductor, principle and theory of moving coil 5G.
(6 Hours)
Self study: Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field, Lorentz force, force on a current
carrying conductor in a magnetic field. (1 Hour)

4. Electromagnetic Induction:
Faraday's laws and Lenz's law, derivation of e =
(-dd/dt), energy stored in an inductor, self induction
- self-inductance of a long solenoid, energy density in magnetic field, mutual induction expression
for mutual inductance between two coils, Eddy current. (4 Hours)
Self study: Applications of Eddy current electromagnetic damping, electric brake, induction motor
and induction heating (1 Hour)

5. Electromagnetic theory:
of continuity, setting up of Maxwell's equations & their
Concept of displacement current, equation
wave equation, velocity of e.m. waves in free space and in
physical significance, derivation of e.m transverse nature,
between electric and magnetic vectors
-

isotropic dielectric medium, relation vector and energy density of e.m.

phase relation between electric and magnetic vectors, Poynting
waves. (7 Hours)

6. Sound and Acoustics:

reflection and transmission of across sound a
Velocity of sound in thin rods, Kundt's tube experiment,
conditions for impedance matching, coupling element
boundary, acoustic impedance of a medium,
(4 Hours)
 Self study: Factors affecting the velocity of sound, Transducers- construction and
microphones and loud speakers. working of
(1 Hour)
7. Interference
Theories on light, Huygens'
principle and construction of wave front. Theory of interference-
conditions for sustained interference. Fresnel's
by shift method, effect of thin film in one of the Biprism-
distance between two virtual sources
interfering
system), theory of interference at a wedge and theory
beams. Interference thin films (reflected
at
of Newton's rings.
(7 Hours)
Self study: Young's double slit experiment, Anti-reflective coatings (1 Hour)
8. Diffraction:
Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction, Fresnel half
plate construction and theory,
period zones-rectilinear propagation of light, Zone
comparison of
front-half period strips, theory of diffraction at a plate with a convex lens. Cylindrical wave
a zone

slit diffraction, straight edge, Fraunhofer diffraction -theory of single

theory of grating oblique incidence, normal incidence.
-

(8 Hours)
Self study:
Discussion of dispersive power, Rayleigh's criterion for resolution,
grating (no derivation). resolving power of a
(1 Hour)
9. Polarization
Review of Polarization of
light and methods of polarization, plane of
polarization, Polarization by
reflection-Brewster's law, Malus' law with proof. Huygens' theory of double
refraction in
uniaxial crystal, birefringence theory of retarding plates,
Production and detection of quarter & half wave plates.
plane, circularly and elliptically polarized light, Optical activity,
specific rotation, Fresnel's theory of optical rotation. (7 Hours)
Self study: Applications of polarized light, Polaroid, optical isolator. (1 Hour)
References
1. University physics 10th edition
by F.W. Sears and M.W. Zemansky, Addison Wesley
publishing Co. 1999.
2. Physics for degree students (I year), Arora and Hemne, S. chand &co. 2013
3. Introduction to
Electrodynamics by David J Grifith. Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. 3rd edition,
2008
4. Electricity and magnetism with electronics by K.K. Tiwari. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. 1995.
5. Electricity and Magnetism Berkley series. Vol.2, 1986.
-

6. Electricity and Magnetism by Murugeshan. S. Chand and Co. Ltd.2008.

7. Optics and Spectroscopy by Murugeshan S. Chand and Co. Ltd.2010
8. Optics by D.N. Vasudeva. S. Chand and Co. Ltd.
.

9. Optics by Ajoy Ghatak and Thyagarajan. Tata-McGraw-Hill Education. Private Limited

edition. 2006. 4th
10.Optics by Khanna and Gulati. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. 1985.
11.Optics by Brijlal and Subramanyam. S. Chand and Co. Ltd. 2012
12. Sound by Brijlal and
Subramanyam. S. Chand and Co. Ltd.2005.
13. Electromagnetics by B.B. Laud. New
age International (P) Ltd. 2011
14. Feynman Series Vol. II, Narosa
Publishing House.2010
15.Electricity and magnetism by A.B Gupta 2018, Optics by A.B Gupta 2018
16.Electricity and Magnetism by chattopadhyay and Rakshit, New central Book Aagency(P) Lid,
2012.
 PH 5118: Electronics and Relativity
Total number of hours: 45
All units include problems

Unit 1: Bipolar Junction Transistor and Field Effect Transistor

BJT- Construction and basic action, Configurations (CB, CE and CC).Definition of α, β and
their relations. Input, output and transfer characteristics of CE. Comparison between CB, CE,
CC mode Leakage current in transistors- CE mode, thermal runaway. Biasing methods –
base biasing and voltage divider biasing. DC load line, operating point (Q point).Transistor as
a switch. Transistor as an amplifier: CE and CC amplifier – working, gain and frequency
response - applications. (9 hours)

FET- Construction and working, Static Characteristics, Shockley’s equation. FET parameters.
Drain characteristic and transfer characteristic. FET amplifiers. Comparison between BJT and
FET. (4 hours)
Self Study- CB configuration – characteristics. Types of MOSFET – Enhancement and
Depletion MOSFET –construction and characteristics. (2 hours)

Unit 2: Operational Amplifiers, Oscillators & Digital Electronics

Operational Amplifier - characteristics of an ideal op-amp. CMRR, slew rate. Concept of

virtual ground. Inverting and non-inverting operational amplifiers - expression for gain.
Operational amplifier as adder, subtractor, integrator and differentiator.
(4 hours)
Oscillators - Concept of positive and negative feedback. Barkhausen criterion for an
oscillator. RC and LC oscillations. RC oscillator - Phase shift oscillator, Wien bridge oscillator
LC oscillator - Hartley and Colpitt oscillators – Construction, working, expression for
frequency (no derivation).

(5 hours)

Digital Electronics - Logic gates - AND, OR and NOT - circuit symbols, Circuit using diodes
and transistors, truth tables. Boolean algebra, Boolean equations. De Morgan’s theorem.
NOR and NAND gates. NAND gate as Universal logic gate, Half and Full adder.
(4 hours)

Self-Study-Operational amplifier as comparator. NOR gate as Universal logic gate and

EXOR gate. ( 2 hours)
Unit 3: Relativity
Review of frames of reference-Inertial and non inertial frames. Galilean transformation
equation, principle of Galilean relativity. Michelson-Morley experiment-significance of null
result.
( 4 hours
) Postulates of special theory of relativity. Derivations of Lorentz transformation equations.
Applications: Length contraction and Time dilation. Simultaneity in relativity, velocity
transformation equations, Velocity addition theorem, Relativistic momentum, Mass-energy
relation and momentum-energy relation. (9
hours)

Self-Study- Twin paradox and life time of a µ meson. Annihilation of matter, pair production.
Space
-time continuum. (2 hours)
References:

1. Electronic Principles - Albert Melvino. David Bates, McGraw-Hill Education; 8 edition

(2015)
2. Electronic devices and circuits- Millman and Halkias (Mc Graw-Hill Pub.) (2015)
3. Digital electronics –Malvino and Leach, 7th edition, (Mc Graw-Hill pub)(2010)
4. OP AMP and linear integrated circuits-Gayakwad (Pearson Education) (2002)
5. Basic electronics – B.L.Theraja (S. Chand& Company Ltd) (1959)
6. Applied electronics- R.S.Sedha (S. Chand & Company Ltd-first edition 1990)
7. Principles of electronics –V.K. Mehta &Rohit Mehta (S. Chand & Company Ltd) (2014)
8. General Relativity – Griffith(Cambridge University Press)
9. Introduction to special Relativity – Robert Resnick( Wiley eastern Ltd) (2007)
10. Concepts of Modern physics – Arthur Beiser (Tata Mc Graw-Hill Pub) (2017)
11. Modern Physics - Jeremy Bernstein, Paul M. Fishbane and Stephen Gasiorowicz
(Pearson Education) (2000.)

List of Experiments: PH5P1

1. Transistor characteristics – CE mode

2. CE amplifier
3. CC amplifier
4. Michelson Interferometer
5. FET characteristics
6. FET amplifier
7. OP AMP –Inverting & Non-inverting amplifiers
8. Phase shift
oscillator 9.Transistor
as a switch
10. Wien bridge oscillator
11. Logic gates using diodes & IC
12. Half adder & full adder
 PH5218: Quantum Mechanics, Atomic and Molecular Physics
Total number of hours: 45
All units include problems

Unit 1: Matter waves

Failure of classical mechanics and introduction to quantum mechanics (qualitative), de-
Broglie hypothesis, de-Broglie equation, different forms- both non- relativistic and relativistic
cases. Davisson and Germer experiment, G.P Thomson experiment, properties of de-Broglie
waves, phase velocity, concept of wave packet- group velocity, relation between phase
velocity and group velocity for non-relativistic particle. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle -
different forms.
(9
hours) Concept of wave function, conditions for an acceptable wave function of a de- Broglie
wave, probability density, Born’s interpretation of wave function, normalization condition,
operators – eigen value equation, eigen function, eigen value, expectation values and
commutation relations (between x, p, L, H, V& E operators).
(4
hours) Self study- Application of uncertainty principle-Wave concept applied to Bohr orbit,
Non existence of electron inside the nucleus, size of the Bohr atom.

(2 hours)
Unit 2: Schrodinger’s equation and its applications

Setting up of Schrodinger’s wave equation- both time dependent and time independent cases.
Particle in an infinite potential well in one dimension-expression for eigen energy and eigen
function, Extension to three dimension (no derivation) – degeneracy. Equation of continuity,
probability current density. Step potential in one dimension- Setting up of wave equation and
its solutions for both E>Vo and E<Vo cases, reflection and transmission coefficients for E>Vo
case (no derivations), barrier penetration and its transmission coefficient (qualitative).
(9 hours)
Harmonic oscillator - expression for energy, zero point energy and mention of wave forms.
Hydrogen atom- setting up of azimuthal, polar and radial equations and their significance
(qualitative) - quantum numbers, n, l, ml and ms.
(4 hours)
Self-study- Tunneling effects- alpha decay and tunnel diode (qualitative),
quantum dots.
(2 hours)

Unit 3: Atomic and Molecular Physics

Atomic Physics – Vector atom model – Spatial quantization, electron spin, quantum
numbers associated with the vector atom model, Spectral terms and spectral notations.
Coupling schemes - L-S coupling and J-J coupling. Pauli’s exclusion principle, Magnetic
dipole moment due to orbital motion of an electron, Magnetic dipole moment due to spin,
Stern-Gerlach experiment with theory, experimental study of Zeeman effect, Quantum theory
of normal Zeeman effect and anomalous Zeeman effect. Paschen back effect, Stark effect
(qualitative).
(8 hours)
Self-study- Review of Bohr and Sommerfeld’s model of
atom (1 hours)
 Molecular Physics- Energy level diagram of a molecule, pure rotational motion – diatomic
molecule as a rigid rotator, expression for the rotational energy, rotational spectrum-
selection rule. Pure vibration of spectrum mention of vibrational
energy – selection rule, rotational – vibrational spectrum, selection rules. Raman effect-
quantum mechanical explanation and applications.

(5 hours)
Self study- Elastic and inelastic scattering of light, Rayleigh’s scattering - colour of the sky.

(1 hour)
References

1. Concepts of Modern Physics by Arthur Beiser, Tata McGraw Hill (2008)

2. Quantum mechanics by Berkley series. 4th edition, Tata McGraw Hill (2017)
3. Qauntum mechanics by Schaum’s series Tata McGraw Hill (1998)
4. Quantum mechanics by Eugene Merzbacher, Wiley International (1998)
5. Quantum mechanics by Albert Messiah Vol-I Dover Publication (1999)
6. Introduction to quantum mechanics by David J Giffiths, 2nd edition, Pearson
Education (2005).
7. Quantum mechanics by Dr. Gupta, Dr. Kumar, Dr. H.V. Sharma and Dr. R.C.
Sharma, Jaiprakash Nath and Co (2009)
8. Modern quantum mechanics by J.J.Sakurai, 1stedition, Pearson Education (2002)
9. Wave mechanics by N.F.Mott and Sneddon, Dover publication (2000)
10. Modern Physics– Murugeshan, Kiruthiga Sivaprasath, S.Chand and Co. Ltd.
11. The Feynmann lectures, Vol-III (1965)
12. Introduction to Atomic spectra by H.E. White, McGraw Hill Company (1934)
13. Modern Physics – Richtmyer, Kennard and Cooper, Tata McGraw Hill (2000)
14. Molecular Spectra and molecular structure – Gerhard Herzberg,2nd edition, Krieger
publishing company (1992)
15. Optics – Ajoy Ghatak, McGraw Hill Company (2009)
16. Fundamentals of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics and solid state
physics by
S.P kuila, Books and Allied (P) Ltd( 2012)
17. Quantum mechanics by Aruldhas, 2nd edition, PHI learning Pvt Ltd ( 2013)
18. Fundamentals of Molecular spectroscopy- Colin N. Banwell and Elaine M. McCash,
4th edition, McGraw Hill Education(India) Pvt. Ltd (2016)

List of Experiments: PH5P2

1. Wave length of Laser by diffraction

2. Ionization potential of Xenon
3. Analysis of rotational spectrum of N2
4. Analysis of rotational- vibrational spectra of HBr
5. e/m by Thomson’s method using Helmholtz coils
6. e/m by Thomson’s method using bar magnets
7. Zeeman Effect-Zeeman shift and hence e/m
8. Planck’s constant using photocell
9. Rydberg’s constant using Hydrogen spectrum
 PH6118: Solid State and Statistical Physics
All units include problems

Unit 1: Crystal Structure and X-rays

Crystal structure- Unit cell and its characteristics, seven crystal systems and Bravais- lattices.
Symmetry elements in crystals - cubic crystal. Miller indices, Inter planar spacing.

(5 hours)
X-rays- Properties of x-rays, Production of x-rays - Coolidge tube, Continuous and Characteristic x- rays.
Uses of x-rays. Mosley’s law. Scattering of x rays-Compton effect. Theory of Compton scattering. Bragg’s
law of x-ray diffraction. Bragg’s x-ray spectrometer,Powder method of x-ray diffraction. (8hours)

Self-study – Superconductivity - Experimental-facts-Type-I-and Type-II superconductors-

applications.BCS theory and Josephson Effect (Qualitative) – Applications. (2 hours)

Unit 2- Properties of solids

Classical free electron theory- Expression for electrical conductivity, Ohm’s law, Thermal conductivity
of metals - Wiedmann-Franz law.

Band theory of solids- Formation of energy bands in solids, distinction between conductors,
semi-conductors and insulators. Velocity of electron in periodic potential, concept of effective mass.
Carrier concentration in an intrinsic semiconductor- Expression for density of free electrons and
density of holes. Fermi level. Hall effect in metals and semiconductors. Applications.
(9hours)

Specific heat of solids - Dulong and Petit’s law, Einstein theory, Debye’s theory. (4 hours)

Self-study-Solar cells, photoconductivity, light dependent-resistors. Light emitting diodes. (2 hours)

Unit 3: Statistical physics

Classical statistics - Fundamental Postulates of Statistical Mechanics- phase space, microstate,

macrostate, thermodynamic probability. Maxwell Boltzmann statistics- basic postulates, distribution
function, application to width of spectral lines (Doppler broadening). Maxwell distribution of molecular
velocities with graphical representation. (6 hours)

Quantum statistics - Bose Einstein statistics – postulates, distribution function, Fermi-Dirac statistics,
and Fermi distribution function, Comparison of three statistics. Density of states, Fermi energy and
average energy at zero Kelvin and above zero Kelvin temperatures. (7 hours)
Self study- Bose-Einstein condensation, properties liquid helium(He-II) (2 hours)

References:
1. Kittel's Introduction to Solid State Physics, Wiley India Edition (2019).
2. Introduction to Solids - Leonid Azaroff, McGraw Hill Education, New edition (2017).
3. Fundamentals of Solid State Physics –A.J.Dekkar, Laxmi Publications (2008).
4. Solid State Physics- S.O. Pillai, New Age International, Eighth edition (2018).
5. Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics- Singhal, Agarwal, Pragati Prakashan (2017).
6. Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics,Sarat Book House (2010)
7. Statistical Mechanics, B.K. Agarwal,M. Eisner, New Age International (2012) List of

Experiments: PH6P1

1. Energy gap of a semiconductor

2. Fermi energy of Copper.
3. LDR – Characteristics.
4. Planck’s constant using LED.
5. Analysis of X-ray Photograph.
6. Gaussian distribution – using radioactive source.
7. Diode as a temperature sensor.
8. Solar cell – Fill factor, inverse square law.
9. Determination of dielectric constant.
10. Determination of resistivity by Four probe method.
11. Characteristics of solid state devices.
12. Hall effect.
 PH6218: Astronomy, Astrophysics and Nuclear Physics
Total number of hours: 45
All units include problems

Unit 1: Observational astronomy, evolution of stars, galaxies

Windows to the universe- Electromagnetic spectrum- transmission of radiation through the atmosphere.
Optical astronomy, infrared astronomy, ultraviolet astronomy, radio astronomy, x-ray and gamma ray
astronomy (history, wavelength/frequency, astronomical sources). gravitational wave astronomy-discovery,
sources. (3 hours)
Optical telescopes- refraction telescope, reflection telescope - Newtonian and Cassegrain telescope,
properties of telescope- f-ratio, light gathering power, resolving power, magnifying power.Advantages
of reflection telescope. (3 hours)
Evolution of stars- HR diagram, main sequence stars, evolution of Sun like stars - equation of state of a
degenerate star- white dwarf, physical properties , the Chandrasekhar limit (qualitative). Evolution of
massive stars: Supernova, neutron star
- physical properties, pulsars. Basic physics of black hole- Schwarzschild radius. (4 hours)
Galaxies- The Milky way galaxy, Hubble’s law, calculation of the age of the universe. Dark matter and dark
energy in the universe. The Big bang cosmology, cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), (3
hours)
Self study- Overall structure of the galaxy, galaxies beyond milky way- the classification of galaxies –
Hubble’s tuning fork model. (2 hours)

Unit2: Physics of Sun like stars

Luminosity, apparent brightness, magnitude scale, apparent, absolute and bolometric magnitude, distance
modulus equation, effective temperature of a star, the relationship of temperature with the color of a star,
size of a star, units of distance, trigonometric parallax method to find the distance of nearby stars. (4
hours
Ideal gas equation of the state of the star, gravitational binding energy of the star (constant density and
linear density models), Virial theorem and total energy of the star, the mean particle energy, the mean
temperature and mean pressure of a star, internal structure of the stars- the equation of hydrostatic
equilibrium, thermal equilibrium(qualitative), calculation of the life time of sun, energy generation in the
center of the star, photon random walk, photon diffusion time, mass-luminosity relation.
 (9hours)
Self-study- The Sun-core, radiative zone, convective zone, the atmosphere of sun- photosphere,
chromosphere, corona. Surface activities of the sun- sun spot, solar flare and solar wind.
(2hou rs)

Unit 3-Nuclear Physics

Nuclear decay - Radioactive decay- the decay law, half life, mean life and decay constant (No
derivations), Units of radioactivity, theory of successive disintegration- secular and transient equilibrium,
radioactive series, alpha decay- potential barrier, Gamow’s theory of alpha decay (qualitative), alpha ray
spectra, Geiger- Nuttall’s law & its importance. Beta decay-beta ray spectra, Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis.
(6hours)
Nuclear reactions- Conservation laws, Expression for Q-value equation and threshold energy. Nuclear
fission and fusion. (2 hours)

Nuclear accelerators and detector- Cyclotron and electron synchrotron. GM counter.

(3hours)

Elementary particles- Classification -Leptons, Hadrons and Field particles. Conservation laws
(Qualitative). Quarks- types and properties. (2 hours)

Self study- Properties of the nucleus-charge, size, density, mass, binding energy, binding energy curve
and its interpretation, nuclear spin, nuclear magnetic moment and nuclear force.
(2hours)

References:

1. The Physical universe (1982) Shu F.H University Science books

2. Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics 4th edn 1998 by Micheal Zeilik & Stephen A Gregory
3. Astrophysics- a modern perspective by K.S Krishna swamy, new age publishers (1996)
4. An introduction to modern astrophysics by Bradly W. Carroll & Dale A.Ostlie, Pearson; 2 edition ( 2006).
5. Nuclear Physics by Irving Kaplan, Narosa (2002)
6. Concepts of nuclear Physics by Cohen, McGraw Hill Education; 1 edition (2017)
7. Nuclear Physics by S.B. Patel, New Age International Pvt Ltd Publishers; Second edition 2011)
List of experiments: PH6P2

1. Stellar Parallax
2. Stellar Spectra (using CLEA software)
3. Stellar Classification (using CLEA software)
4. H-R diagram
5. Resolving Power of a Telescope
6. Solar rotation period (using CLEA software)
7. Hubble’s Constant (using CLEA software)
8. Study of Pulsars (using CLEA software)
9. GM counter Characteristics
10. Inverse square law using G-M Counter.