DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©
DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©
TOPIC 1.3:
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
1
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THE ABOUT
TIME
CHAPTER
ANALYSIS EXAM
WEIGHTAGE
DARRELL ER (COPYRIGHTED) ©
KEY CONCEPT
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
TEST FOR CATIONS
TEST FOR ANIONS
TEST FOR GASES
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KEY CONCEPT
TEST FOR CATIONS
Cation Reaction with NaOH (aq) Reaction with NH3 (aq)
(strong alkaline) (weak alkaline)
BLUE Copper(II)
Cu2+
Forming blue precipitate of Cu(OH)2
Precipitate is insoluble in excess NaOH
Forming blue precipitate of Cu(OH)2
Precipitate dissolves in excess NH3 to give dark blue complex ion
Iron(II) Forming green precipitate of Fe(OH)2 Forming green precipitate of Fe(OH)2
GREEN Fe2+ Precipitate is insoluble in excess NaOH Precipitate is insoluble in excess NH3
REDDISH Iron(III)
Fe3+
Forming reddish-brown precipitate of Fe(OH)3
Precipitate is insoluble in excess NaOH
Forming reddish-brown precipitate of Fe(OH)3
Precipitate is insoluble in excess NH3
BROWN
Calcium Forming white precipitate of Ca(OH)2 No observable reaction
WHITE Ca2+ Precipitate is insoluble in excess NaOH
Lead(II) Forming white precipitate of Pb(OH)2 Forming white precipitate of Pb(OH)2
PPT formed is Pb2+ Precipitate dissolves in excess NaOH to give colourless solution Precipitate is insoluble in excess NH3
amphoteric oxide
and is able to react
with alkaline to Zinc Forming white precipitate of Zn(OH)2 Forming white precipitate of Zn(OH)2
produce soluble salt. Zn2+ Precipitate dissolves in excess NaOH to give colourless solution Precipitate dissolves in excess NH3 to give colourless solution
Ammonium No precipitate formed No observable reaction
NH4+ Warming the solution produces pungent ammonia gas which turns
moist red litmus blue
4
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KEY CONCEPT
TEST FOR ANIONS
Anions Test Observation
Carbonate Add dilute H2SO4 and bubble gas produced through limewater. (Any Bubbles of CO2 gas produced which gives a white precipitate of
CO32- other suitable dilute acid can be used.) CaCO3 in limewater.
2H+ (aq) + CO32- (aq) CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Sulfate Add dilute HNO3, followed by adding Ba(NO3)2 solution. A white precipitate of BaSO4 is formed.
SO42-
We are adding Ba2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) BaSO4 (s)
reagents with cations
that can form an Chloride Add dilute HNO3, followed by adding AgNO3 solution. A white precipitate of AgCl is formed.
insoluble salt with the Cl-
anion.
Ag+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl (s) For alternative test:
The insoluble salt is
the white ppt we Alternative test: Add dilute HNO3, followed by adding Pb(NO3)2 A white precipitate of PbCl2 is formed.
observe. solution.
Dilute HNO3 is first Pb2+ (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) PbCl2 (s)
added to remove
other possible anions Nitrate Add dilute NaOH, followed by adding a little aluminium powder. Pungent NH3 gas is produced which turns moist red litmus blue.
present such as NO3- Warm the mixture.
carbonates
and hydroxides.
Aluminium reduces NO3- to NH4+ ions:
As presence of these
anions might also NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq) NH3 (aq) + H2O (l)
produce precipitates
with silver or lead.
Nitric acid is not
needed if there is only
one anion.
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KEY CONCEPT
TEST FOR GASES
Gas Smell Test Observation
Ammonia, NH3 colourless, Test with a moist piece of red litmus paper Moist red litmus paper turns blue
pungent
Carbon dioxide, colourless, Bubble the gas through limewater, Ca(OH)2 A white precipitate (CaCO3) is formed
CO2 odourless
Chlorine, Cl2 greenish- Test with a moist piece of blue litmus paper Blue litmus paper first turns red and then
yellow, bleached
pungent
Hydrogen, H2 colourless, Place a lighted splint near the gas Gas extinguishes lighted splint with a “pop”
odourless sound
Oxygen, O2 colourless, Place a glowing splint near the gas Gas reignites glowing splint
odourless
Sulfur dioxide, colourless, Bubble the gas through a solution of acidified potassium Acidified potassium dichromate (VI)
SO2 pungent dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7. turns from orange to green
Alternative: Bubble the gas through a solution of acidified Acidified potassium manganate (VII)
potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4. turns from purple to colourless
Recall:
SO2 is a reducing agent! Redox reaction occurs.
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