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Tpa Assignment

Transfer of property

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Tpa Assignment

Transfer of property

Uploaded by

Naman Raj 074
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BIHAR

SCHOOL OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE

PROPERTY LAW

PROJECT ON- RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF LESSOR AND


LESSEE

SUBMITTED BY- SUBMITTED TO-

SHREYA DR. PALLAVI SINGH MA’AM


BA LLB (Hons.) Assistant Professor
En. No - CUSB2013125110 School of Law and Governance, CUSB
6th Semester (2020-2025)
SEC – B

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank our teacher Dr. PALLAVI SINGH MA’ AM for giving the opportunity
to do this project, it has helped us to conduct research through learning. Because of this
exercise for completion of the project I came to know about several things that generally
could have been overlooked by us.

During this project, my parents and friends made an immense contribution to ensure that the
project is completed within the limited time frame we had.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to all our classmates who gave us important tips and
suggestions for this project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................................... 4
BASIC DEFINITION..................................................................................................................................................................... 4
INGREDIENTS……………………................................................................................................................................................ 5

2: DETERMINING RIGHT AND LIABILITIES..................................................................................................... 7


BY CONTRACT............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
BY LOCAL USAGE....................................................................................................................................................................... 7
BY SECTION 108.........................................................................................................................................7

3: RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF LESSOR........................................................................................................... 8


RIGHTS OF LESSOR.................................................................................................................................................................... 8
LIABILITIES OF A LESSOR......................................................................................................................................................... 9

4: RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF LESSEE........................................................................................................ 11


RIGHTS OF LESSEE................................................................................................................................................................... 11
LIABILITIES OF A LESSEE...................................................................................................................................................... 14

5: CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................................... 17
6: BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................................................... 19

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INTRODUCTION
BASIC DEFINITIONS
It is settled rule that a contract makes a few rights and liabilities for the two parties in the same.
As lease is made through some contract, accordingly it additionally makes a few rights and
liabilities for both lessor and lessee. A lease is an exchange of an option to appreciate the
property of lessor made for a specific time under which the resident is placed possessing the
property. The privilege of proprietorship or title isn't passed on the transferee. There is just
exchange of right of pleasure in lease. Without contract or nearby utilization to opposite, lessor
and lessee of immoveable property have a few rights against one another and are dependent
upon certain liabilities against one another.

In the absence of a contract or local usage to the contrary, the lessor and the lessee of
immovable property, as against one another, respectively, possesses the rights and are subject
to the liabilities as mentioned in the act and they are applicable to the property that is leased.

The definition of a lease is explained by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of State Bank
of Hyderabad v. Nehru Palace Hotels 1, wherein the Court held that a lease entail transfer of
right to enjoy such property in respect of which a lease is made out for a defined time which is
express or implied or even in perpetuity in consideration of price paid or promised to be paid
in cash or anything of value which is to be rendered periodically or on specified occasions

The word Lease is a very commonly used term concerning land and properties, if a person is
willing to rent out his property which includes house, flat, shop etc, he will for sure opt for
leasing the same. However, there are many trivial things which people generally miss in a lease
deed which later creates and causes a ruckus for the parties. It would be astute for a tenant and
a landowner to be careful about their privileges and liabilities with the goal that they can dodge
any impediment and can appreciate a consistent progress where a landowner secures his
inclinations and an inhabitant will appreciate the property he leased.

As defined in Section 105 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 a lease is “… a transfer of a
right to enjoy such property, made for a certain time, express or implied, or in perpetuity, in
consideration of a price paid or promised, or of money, a share of crops, service or any other
thing of value, to be rendered periodically or on specified occasions to the transferor by the

1
State Bank of Hyderabad v. Nehru Palace Hotels AIR 1991 SC 2130

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transferee, who accepts the transfer on such terms”. Section 105 also defines lessor, lessee,
premium and rent.

The transferor is called the lessor, the transferee is called the lessee, the price is called the
premium, and the money, share, service or other thing to be so rendered is called the rent.

Section 108, sub-section (a) to (q), of the Act mentions the Rights and Liabilities of Lessor and
Lessee.

INGREDIENTS

A. Competency of Lessor and Lessee


o For a lease to be valid both the lessor and the lessee must be competent enough to
constitute a contract. For a lessor and lessee to be competent they must be:
 The lessee must be a major.
 The lessor must hold the title and authority to make the lease.
 Both the lessor and lessee must be of sane mind.

In Shri Narain Gosain v. Collector, Cuttack 2, the Court held that the lessor and the lessee
must also be persons who are competent to contract. A lawful agreement of lease of immovable
property is a contract within the meaning of Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872

B. Matter
o Lease is always for an immovable property which can be anything.

In Bengal A & I Corporation v. Corporation of Calcutta3, the Court held that the
subject matter of lease must be ascertained, and clearly defined. If the land is yet to be
ascertained and carved out of a larger parcel of land, there cannot be a demise

2
Shri Narain Gosain v. Collector, Cuttack AIR 1986 Ori 46
3
Bengal A I Corporation v. Corporation of Calcutta, AIR 1960 Cal

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C. Transfer of goods
o There is a transfer of rights only to enjoy such property. (Only the right to enjoy such
property, neither the title nor the ownership is transferred)

In Love Raj Kumar v. Daya Shankar4, the Court opined that a person who himself is
not possessed of any right or title in the property cannot pass any interest and cannot
create a lease

D. Duration
o As far as the duration of the lease is concerned, it can be for a certain expressed or
implied duration, or it can be for perpetuity (99 years)

In Makali Engg. Works Pvt. Ltd. v. Dalhousie Properties Ltd5, the Court held that to
execute legally binding lease agreement, one of the essential elements is that it has
definite period unless it is a lease in perpetuity

In Vijay Kumar v. Inder Sain6, the Court opined that the rate of rent, duration of a
lease, the purpose of letting, etc. are all governed by the terms of the contract entered
into &; Thus, under the ordinary law, the landlord can evict his tenant on the expiry of
the period for which premises were let out

E. Consideration
o It is must for a lease; it can be money, a share of crops or any other thing of value.

F. Time Period
o Consideration can be paid periodically or on specified occasions which are decided
between lessor and lessee.

4
Love Raj Kumar v. Daya Shankar, AIR 1986 Del 364
5
Makali Engg. Works Pvt. Ltd. v. Dalhousie Properties Ltd. 2006 (1) Cal HN 419
6
Vijay Kumar v. Inder Sain, AIR 1982 Del 260

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DETERMINING RIGHT AND LIABILITIES

Without a contract or neighborhood use in actuality, the lessor and the lessee of enduring
property, as against each other, separately, have the rights and are dependent upon the
liabilities referenced in the standards next after, or such of them as are pertinent to the
property rented.

The rights and liabilities of the lessor and lessee are determined -
o by contract;
o by local usage; and
o By this section.

 BY CONTRACT

These are the agreements communicated in the rent. An express pledge consistently
supersedes an inferred contract, i.e., the agreements suggested by this part 7. Subsequently, the
pledge for calm pleasure under clause (c) of Section 108 might be avoided by an agreement
unexpectedly. In interpreting a rent deed, the court should take a gander at the words utilized
in the agreement, except if they are to such an extent that one may presume that they don't
pass on the expectation accurately.

 BY LOCAL USAGE

A use may in any case be throughout development and it might require proof for its help for
each situation, yet in the outcome it is sufficient in the event that it gives off an impression of
being so notable and assented in that it might sensibly be attempted to have been a fixing
imported by the gatherings into their contract8. At the point when a utilization is
demonstrated, it abrogates the pledges inferred by this part, and surprisingly express
agreements are understood as dependent upon it.

 BY SECTION 108

This section, as said by J Coutts Trotter sets out in a convenient form the implied covenants
usually subsisting in a lease9.Nearly all the clauses were said by CJ Rankin to be expressions
of well settled principles, familiar to the law of England.

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7
Millers Emcee Products, Ltd, [1956] 1 All ER 237.
8
Juggomohun v Manickchund, (1859) 7 Moo Ind App 263, p 282.
9
Secretary of State v Venkayya, (1917) ILR 40 Mad 910, p 913.

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RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF LESSOR

1. RIGHTS OF LESSOR
Section 108A talks about the rights and liabilities of a lessor, Rights of Lessor are defined
under Section 108 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.

A. Right to Accretions
On the off chance that any promotion or expansion to the property is delivered via an
contract during the term of an contract, at that point that increase or expansion will be
viewed as remembered for the first lease. The expansion could be regular or on the
Lessee's expense. The Lessee may, nonetheless, have no title to such accumulation
and the Lessee should return something similar at the end of the lease or after the due
length of the contract.

B. Right to collect Rent


The lessor has the privilege to gather rent or any type of thought as referenced in the
terms and states of the contract from the inhabitant with no type of interferences.

In the case of Gurvindersingh Chadha v. State of Chhattisgarh10, A piece of land was


granted by lease to the petitioner by the state of Chhattisgarh. Later on, a letter was issued by
the state govt. cancelling the lease on the ground that the land was required for the
preservation and beautification of tank and also for widening national highway. Before
cancellation of lease show-cause notice was given to the petitioner but the grounds for
cancellation were not mentioned in the show cause notice. It was held that the absence of
material relied upon by the
state government for cancellation of lease amounts to violation of natural justice and hence
the cancellation was quashed.

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10
Gurvindersingh Chadha v. state of Chhattisgarh, AIR 2018 Chh 125

2. LIABILITIES OF A LESSOR

Liabilities of the lessor are laid down in Section 108(a) to Section 108(c)

Section 108(a) lays down that the lessor has to disclose any material defect relating to the
property which the lessee does not know and cannot with ordinary supervision find out. Thus,
lessor is under an obligation to reveal to the lessee all defects in the demised premises as are
materials that is, such as would affect the use to which they are to be subjected by the lessee.
There is no duty to disclose defects which are either known to the lessee or which the lessee
would with ordinary care discover.

In Syed Mukhtar v. Rani Sunder Koer11, the Court held that a defect in the lessor’s title cannot
be said to be a material defect in a property within the meaning of Section 108(a). Section 108
(b) lays down that the lessor is bound by the request of the lessee to give him the right of
possession over his property.

A. Duty to Disclosure [Clause (a)]


It Provides that the lessor is obliged to report any material deformity in the property to
the Lessee concerning its proposed use of which the lessor is cognizant yet which the
Lessee doesn't have a clue. The deformities could be visible and latent.
 Latent defect- Latent deformity can't be found normally or through review by
the lessor.
 Apparent defect- Apparent deformity can be effortlessly found through some
investigation
The lessor is needed to uncover idle imperfections since standard consideration can't
find such deformities. The commitment to report is particularly significant where
there are defects which influence the privilege of pleasure in the property for the
Lessee.

B. To Give Possession [Clause (b)]


The lessor is under a commitment to give Lessee the possession of the land, upon the
solicitation of the Lessee. Except if he gives the tenant possession, he won't
recuperate the lease or execute Lessee commitments under the lease. Nonetheless, the
lessor's obligation to give ownership arises just when the Lessee demands or requests
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him in such a manner.
11
Syed Mukhtar v. Rani Sunder Koer 17 C.W.N. 960
C. The Directive for Quiet Enjoyment [Clause (c)]

The Clause indicates that if the Lessee pays lease held by the rent and executes the
agreement restricting on him, the Lessee may hold the property without interference
inside the time frame determined by the lease.

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RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF LESSEE

A. RIGHTS OF LESSEE
Section 108A talks about the rights and liabilities of a lessor, Rights of Lessee are defined
under Section 108 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.

A. Right to Accretions [Clause(d)]


Accretions implies augmentations made to the property either by individual or by
activity of regular powers. Where the gradual additions are made by the activity of
normal powers, e.g., alluvion, the lessee can appreciate it over the span of means of
lease. The lessee will undoubtedly give up accumulations if any made throughout his
living at the hour of expiry of rent; he can't save it for his own advantage.
In the case of Secretary of State v Kadirikutti12, the Madras High Court held that the
English rule applied unless excluded by enactment or local usage. It is now settled
that in India it is not necessary for the accretion to be imperceptible, and that it is
sufficient that it is gradual13. If the accretion is not imperceptible or gradual, no
change occurs in the ownership of the land14.

B. Right to Avoid Lease [Clause(e)]

At the point when the property/object of the rent is harmed, the Lessee may end the rent at his
carefulness in the event that he isn't to be censured for such misfortune. Where the whole lease
has been paid ahead of time, and the property is lost before the rent time frame closes, the
Lessee will reserve the option to recuperate the proportionate piece of the lease recently saved.
The actual object of lease is to give the privilege of utilization and delight in the property to the
resident.

12
Secretary of State v Kadirikutti, (1890) ILR 13 Mad 369.
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13
Lala Lachmi Narayan v Maharaja Kesho Prasad, (1920) 5 Pat LJR 1.
14
Arendra v Acchaibar, (1906) ILR 28 All 647

The by and large acknowledged standard that is additionally embraced by the Supreme Court in
T Lakshmipathi v. P Nithyananda Reddy 15, is that a lease of a house or of a shop is a lease of
the superstructure, yet additionally of its site. It would be unique if the site, yet in addition the
land underneath, stops to exist by a demonstration of nature. The Hon'ble Apex Court in
number of cases has held that that where the occupancy is solely for premises and not for land,
on the annihilation of the topic, the tenure stands extinguished.

C. Right to Charge for Repair [Clause (f)]


This provision states that if the lessor neglects to make any fixes or repairs that he will
undoubtedly make after notice inside a sensible period, the inhabitant or the tenant
may make the maintenance himself and deduct the expense of such fixes with interest
from the lease or in any case recover everything from the land owner. The renter has
the privilege by clause (f) of section 108 to do the fixes himself, if there should arise
an occurrence of the lessor's default after sensible notification; yet he isn't qualified
for end the tenure by reason of the lessor's default and to stop 16, the resident may
deduct the expense of fixes with interest from the lease.

D. Right to Make Payments [Clause (g)]


This provision states that if the lessor neglects to make any payment which he is
obliged to make and which is recoverable from the Lessee or against the property in
the event that he doesn't cause it, the Lessee can make such payment himself and
deduct it from the lease with intrigue or in any case recover it from the leaseholder.
Payments under this section may be government assessment or ground rent or rates
and taxes payable by the landlord17

15
T Lakshmipathi v P Nithyananda Reddy, AIR 2003 SC 2427
16
Bijay Chandra v Howrah Amta Rly, AIR 1923 Cal 524.
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17
Basant Lal v Boora Ram, AIR 1963 All 568.

E. Right to remove fixtures [Clause (h)]


The Lessee may remove all things that he has attached to the land, even after the lease
has been decided, at any time while he owns the leased property, but not afterwards.
However, the property must be returned in the state in which he acquired it. This
clause
(h) of section 108 has been amended by the insertion of the words “even after the
determination of the lease” A further amendment by the words “whilst he is in
possession of the property leased and not afterwards” fixes definitely the time during
which the right may be exercised.

F. Right to have the benefit of Crops [Clause (i)]

Every Lessee is qualified for everything grown, cultivated or reaped by him to his/her
advantage. Where the lease is of questionable term and the lessee’s advantage is
resolved in any case than by his issue, the lessee is qualified to support all harvests
developing on the land, and planted or planted by him. As subordinate to one side to
eliminate developing harvests, the lessee has the privilege of free entrance to and
departure from the property to divert them. The privilege under this segment is like
that given by Section 51 to a genuine transferee who has planted harvests, and is
ousted by an individual having a superior title. The section doesn't make a difference
straightforwardly to agricultural tenures, yet the rule would no uncertainty be applied.

G. Right to Assign his Interest [Clause (j)]

This arrangement enables the Lessee to pass the whole or any piece of his advantage
in the land, altogether or via home loan or sub-rent. Essentially, the transferor or
assignor can additionally move his interest. Every one of these arrangements are in
the exception of an agreement or nearby custom. "Where there is a lasting lease, and
there is no pledge limiting the privilege of the tenant to relegate his advantage, the
renter's privileges are heritable and adaptable"18 The standard of the lessee giving
out the interest under a rent can in India be removed by an agreement actually. "

18 Ram Kinkar v Satya Charan, AIR 1939 PC 14.

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B. LIABILITIES OF A LESSEE
Liabilities of the lessee are laid down in Section 108 of the Act.

A. Duty to disclose facts material to increase the value of the property

[Clause (k)]
Under this Clause, the Lessee is obliged to report any abandon to the lessor of which
he knows, yet lessor doesn't know and which fundamentally expands the estimation of
that interest. Where the Lessee won't report the truth, and the lessor in this manner
loses, he will sue for pay. The lessor is by section 108(a), under a commitment to
reveal deformities of which he knows and which influence the expected utilization of
the property, yet the obligation of the tenant is more restricted. He simply will
undoubtedly uncover realities influencing the lessor's title which increment the
estimation of the rent, and of which the lessor is ignorant. The part is like section
55(5) (a) of the Act which forces a comparable obligation on the purchaser and
alludes to the title, and not to actual benefits. A lessee like a purchaser would be under
no obligation to unveil the presence of a coal mineshaft of which the lessor was
unconscious. The note under section 55(5)
(a) might be alluded in this association. In any case, if the lessee acquired an
understanding for a recharged lease, in light of the acquiescence of the old lease,
smothering the way that the individual on whose life the old lease depended was then
on his death bed, the agreement couldn't be upheld19

B. Duty to Pay Rent [Clause(l)]

Under this clause (l) of section 108 there is an implied covenant by the lessee to pay
rent. But there is no charge for unpaid premium 20as in the case of unpaid price. Again,
as all leases have now to be executed by both parties, the covenant will always be
expressed. The obligation to pay rent begins as soon as the lessor has fulfilled his
obligation under section 108(b), and put the lessee in possession 21 Payment to one of
several joint lessors is a payment to all and conversely, payment by one of several
joint lessees is a payment by all22

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19
Ellard v Llandaff (Lord), (1810) 1 Ball & B 241.
20
Venkatacharuyulu v Venkatasubba,a AIR 1926 Mad. 55.
21
Shama Prosad v Taki Mullik, (1901) 5 Cal WN 816.
22
Nillunber Mustophy v Doorgachum, (1865) 2 WR 94
C. Duty to maintain the property [Clause (m)]

The Lessee is obliged to hold the property in as great condition as it was the point at which he
was placed in control until the rent is ended. He is obliged to permit the lessor and his
representatives to get to property and look at its conditions at all fitting occasions 23 and should
yield up the property in a similar condition, subject only to fair wear and tear and irresistible
force
There are thus two implied covenants
i) to keep24 in repair, on which suits may be filed from time to time during the
term; and
ii) To restore in repair, i.e., in as good a condition as he found the property, on
which covenant a suit can only be filed at the end of the term.
Reasonable wear and tear is an exception exonerates the lessee in case of
dilapidation caused by the friction of the air, by exposure and by ordinary use25

D. Duty to Give Notice [Clause (n)]

At the point when the Lessee knows that someone else has dispatched procedures to recover
entire or part of the land, or has encroached on it or meddled with the lessor's correct, he should
carry such a reality to lessor's mindfulness.

E. Duty to use the property Reasonably [Clause (o)]

This provision determines that if the property were his own, the Lessee would utilize the
property and its products as an individual of standard judiciousness. He should not chop down
the trees or sell the wood, or destroy or obliterate the house. The words "utilize the property for
the reason other than that for which it was rented" happening in this proviso imply that the
difference in business would not achieve change of client as mulled over by this condition 26
Section 108 beginnings “in absence of a contract or local usage to the contrary”.

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23
Doongersey v Keshavji Meghji, (1917) 19 Bom LR 878.
24
Lurcott v Wakely & Wheeler, (1911) 1 KB 905, p 918.
25
Terrell v Murray, (1901) 17 TLR 570.
26
Jagdish Lal v Parma Nand, AIR 2000 SC 1822

As such, it licenses agreement unexpectedly referenced under this part. In the event that the
rent deed illuminates that "the inhabitant will not do some other business than the business
indicated" at that point the gatherings confine the client of the rented premises just for the
business which is expressed in that and no other27

F. Duty not to erect permanent Structure [Clause (p)]

A resident will have no obligation to raise any perpetual construction on the land, aside from
agricultural purposes or without the lessor's consent. Under this sub-section, the denial is
against making a lasting design as it were. The legal prerequisite under clause
(p) of Section 108 is that the lessee should not without lessor's assent erect any lasting
construction on the property aside from farming purposes. Where the occupant raises
unapproved developments, he is responsible for expulsion taking into account segment 108(p)28
On a horticultural holding an inhabitant may not erect a structure not associated with agrarian
tasks29.
The word “permanent” is used in opposition to “temporary”. What is a lasting construction is
an issue of truth; it relies on the idea of the design, and the aim with which it is raised.

G. Duty to restore possession [Clause (q)]

This provision states that in any case as specified the Lessee is always obliged to give the
property as given by the Lessor back to him as he is the main owner of the same and lessee if
not does same he will be liable to pay damages to the Lessor and is bound to vacant the
possession of the property on termination of the lease.

This is known as the standard in Henderson v Squire30 without agreement or neighborhood


utilization unexpectedly, it is a commitment of the tenant to place his lessor into ownership of
the property on the end of the lease. Till the time the lessee reestablishes the belonging, the
commitment caused by him as renter doesn't reach a conclusion. In the event that he proceeds
under lock and key even after the assurance of the rent, the property manager clearly has an

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option to discharge him forthwith31

27
M Arul Jothi v Lajja Bal, AIR 2000 SC 1122.
28
Nisha Rani Mookherjee v Puran Chand Jain, (2004) 10 SCC 637.
29
Jugut Chunder v Eshan Chunder, (1874) 24 WR 220.
30
Henderson v Squire (1869) LR 4 QB 170.
31
Society for Health & Social Transformation, Rehabilitation v Kimtu Devi, 2010 SCC OnLine HP 3779.

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In Hirabai v. Jivanlal32, the Court held that where the lessee wrongfully refuses to deliver
possession, the lessee must pay damages to the lessor to the extent of the loss of rent suffered
by latter during the period he remained out of possession.

CONCLUSION

Every lease agreement has two parties: lessor and lessee. The Transfer of Property Act confers
certain rights and liabilities to lessors and lessees. The lessor and the lessee of an immovable
property possess these rights and are subject to some liabilities. However, this is effective only in
the absence of a contract. Further, these rights and liabilities may also be affected by local usage
to the contrary.

A lessor is bound to disclose to a lessee any material defect in the property with reference to its
intended use. This is so in cases where the lessor is aware of the defects but the lessee is not, and
could not discover them either. Also, where the lessor is bound by the lessee's request to put him
in possession of the property, he will be deemed to be liable to ensure that if the lessee pays the
rent reserved by the lease and performs the contracts binding on the lessee, he may hold the
property during the time limited by the lease without any interruption.

The lessee may transfer absolutely or by way of mortgage or sub-lease the whole or any part of
his interest in the property, and any transferee of such interest or part may again transfer it. In
such cases, the lessee will not cease to be subject to any of the liabilities attached to the lease.
The lessee is bound to disclose to the lessor any fact as to the nature or extent of the interest
which the lessee is about to take of which the lessee is aware of and which materially increases
the value of such interest. The lessee is bound to pay or tender, at the proper time and place, the
premium or rent to the lessor or his agent. The lessee is bound to keep, and on the termination of
the lease restore, the property in as good a condition as it was in at the time when he was put in
possession, subject only to the changes caused by reasonable wear and tear or irresistible force.

32
Hirabai v. Jivanlal, AIR 1955 Nag 134

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Further, a lessee is bound to allow the lessor and his agents, at all reasonable times during the
term, to enter into the property and inspect the condition. When a defect has been caused by any
act or default on the part of the lessee, his servants or agents, he is bound to make it good within
three months after a notice has been given. If the lessee becomes aware of any proceedings to
recover the property, any encroachment made, or any interference with the lessor's rights
concerning the property, he is bound to give notice of it to the lessor.

A lessee should use the property as a person of ordinary prudence would use it, as if it was his
own. However, he must not use, or permit another to use the property for a purpose other than
that for which it was leased. He must not without the lessor's consent, build on the property any
permanent structure. On the determination of the lease, the lessee is bound to put the lessor into
possession of the property.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. BOOKS REFERRED

• Dr. Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Property Law (2 Edition). • Dr. Avtar Singh. Textbook on
Transfer of Property Act (2 Edition).
• Mulla, The Transfer of Property Act (10 Edition).

2. WEBSITES REFERRED

 www.manupatra.com
 www.scconline.com

3. ONLINE RESOURCES

 https://blog.ipleaders.in/
 https://www.toppr.com/
 https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/
 http://www.legalservicesindia.com/

4. LEGISLATIONS REFERRED

 Transfer of Property Act, 1882.

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24 | P a g e
25 | P a g e
26 | P a g e
27 | P a g e
28 | P a g e
29 | P a g e
30 | P a g e

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