Version 2022.

v1 Prepared by Samuel Lim QE & Bryan Tan DF @MCKL

P3 Chapter 5: Integration (Notes)

5.0: Preliminaries

• Subject content from the syllabus document (valid for 2020-2025):

Candidates should be able to: Notes and examples

1
Extend the idea of ‘reverse differentiation’ Including examples such as .
2 + 3𝑥 2
1
to include the integration of e𝑎𝑥+𝑏 , ,
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
1
sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏), cos(𝑎𝑥+𝑏), sec2 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏) and 2 .
𝑥 + 𝑎2

Use trigonometrical relationships in carrying out e.g. use of double-angle formulae to integrate sin2 𝑥
integration. or cos2 (2𝑥).

Integrate rational functions by means of Restricted to types of partial fractions as specified

decomposition into partial fractions. in topic 3.1 above.

𝑘f ′ (𝑥) 𝑥
Recognise an integrand of the form , and e.g. integration of , tan 𝑥.
f(𝑥) 𝑥2 +1
integrate such functions.

Recognise when an integrand can usefully be e.g. integration of 𝑥 sin 2𝑥, 𝑥 2 e−𝑥 , ln 𝑥, 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥.
regarded as a product, and use integration by
parts.

Use a given substitution to simplify and evaluate e.g. to integrate sin2 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 using the substitution
either a definite or an indefinite integral. 𝑢 = sin 𝑥.

*Understand and use the trapezium rule to *Including use of sketch graphs in simple cases
estimate the value of a definite integral. to determine whether the trapezium rule gives an
overestimate or an under-estimate.

* This is part of syllabus requirement for Pure Mathematics 2 only, but it is useful for FP2 Integration.

• Prior knowledge:

(a) P1 Chapter 8: Integration

(b) P3 Chapter 1: Algebra - partial fractions
(c) P3 Chapter 2: Logarithmic and exponential functions
(d) P3 Chapter 3: Trigonometry
(e) P3 Chapter 4: Differentiation

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• Content of the chapter:

5.1: Integration of functions

5.1.1: Exponential functions
1
5.1.2: Integrals of the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
5.1.3: Trigonometric functions
5.2: Integration of fractions
𝑘f ′ (𝑥)
5.2.1: Integrals of the form
f(𝑥)
𝑘f ′ (𝑥)
5.2.2: Integrals of the form
1 + [f (𝑥)] 2
5.2.3: Partial fractions
5.3: Integration by reverse chain rule
5.3.1: Integration of derivative of composite functions
5.3.2: Integration by substitution
5.4: Integration by parts
5.5: *Trapezium rule

*This is part of syllabus requirement for Pure Mathematics 2 only, but it is useful for FP2 Integration.

5.1: Integration of Functions

5.1.1: Exponential Functions

Recall from P3 Chapter 4, we have seen that

d 𝑥 d 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 d 𝑥
• (e ) = • (e )= • (𝑎 ) =
d𝑥 d𝑥 d𝑥

Therefore,
∫ ∫ ∫
• e𝑥 d𝑥 = • e𝑎𝑥+𝑏 d𝑥 = • 𝑎 𝑥 d𝑥 =

Note: The first result can be found in MF19.

d f ( 𝑥)
∫
Warning: (e ) = does not imply ef ( 𝑥) d𝑥 =
d𝑥

d ef ( 𝑥)
 
Indeed, =
d𝑥 f ′ (𝑥)

In fact we can only integrate the functions of the form ef ( 𝑥) f ′ (𝑥). This will be discussed in section 5.3.

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Example 1. Find the following integrals:

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
(a) e2𝑥 d𝑥 (b) 5e3𝑥−1 d𝑥 (c) 4 𝑥+5 d𝑥 (d) 24𝑥+1 d𝑥

Example 2. Evaluate the following integrals:

∫2 ∫3 ∫1
(a) e3𝑥 d𝑥 (b) e−𝑥 (1 + e𝑥 ) d𝑥 (c) (e 𝑥 + e2𝑥 ) 2 d𝑥
0 0 0

∫ 𝑎
Example 3. (a) Find (e−𝑥 + 6e−3𝑥 ) d𝑥, where 𝑎 is a positive constant. [4]
0
∫ ∞
(b) Deduce the value of (e−𝑥 + 6e−3𝑥 ) d𝑥. [1]
0

[9709 w14 qp22 q2]

d
Example 4. By considering (𝑥e 𝑥 − e 𝑥 ), find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥e 𝑥 , the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 3.
d𝑥

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5.1.2: Functions of the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Recall from P1 Chapter 8, if 𝑛 ≠ −1 and 𝑎 ≠ 0, then
∫ ∫
• 𝑥𝑛 d𝑥 = • (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑛 d𝑥 =

For the case 𝑛 = −1, we first recall the following result from P3 Chapter 4:

d d
• (ln 𝑥) = • [ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] =
d𝑥 d𝑥

Therefore,
∫ 1
∫ 1
• d𝑥 = • d𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

1
The graph of 𝑦 = is defined for 𝑥 ≠ 0, but the first result only holds for 𝑥 > 0.
𝑥
1
Consider the area of the region bounded by the graph of 𝑦 = , the 𝑥-axis and the vertical lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏,
𝑥
1
where 0 < 𝑎 < 𝑏. This region has the same area as the region bounded by the graph of 𝑦 = , the 𝑥-axis and the
𝑥
vertical lines 𝑥 = −𝑎 and 𝑥 = −𝑏.

∫ 𝑏
∫ −𝑎
1 1
Let 𝐴 = d𝑥, 𝐵 = d𝑥. Then, from the graph, we can see that 𝐵 = −𝐴.
𝑎 𝑥 −𝑏 𝑥

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Therefore,
∫ 1
∫ 1
• d𝑥 = • d𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

Note: The first result can be found in MF19.

Derivative of ln |𝑥|

Consider the graph of 𝑦 = ln |𝑥|, which is symmetrical about the 𝑦-axis. Therefore, the gradient of the graph for
𝑥 > 0 will be negated when the graph is reflected in the 𝑦-axis.

d
∫ 1
Warning: [ln f(𝑥)] = does not imply d𝑥 =
d𝑥 f (𝑥)

f ′ (𝑥)
In fact we can only integrate the functions of the form . This will be discussed in section 5.2.
f(𝑥)

Example 5. Evaluate the following integrals:

∫ 18
∫ 7
∫ 4   ∫ 6
3 6 1 1 6𝑥
(a) d𝑥 (b) d𝑥 (c) + d𝑥 (d) d𝑥
2 2𝑥 1 2𝑥 + 1 1 2𝑥 𝑥 + 1 2 3𝑥 − 2

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5.1.3: Integration of Trigonometric Functions

In the subsequent sections, we wish to integrate trigonometric functions and their powers, such as sin 𝑥, cos2 𝑥, cot3 𝑥,
sec4 𝑥 and so on.

Recall from P3 Chapter 4, we have seen that

d d
• (sin 𝑥) = • (tan 𝑥) =
d𝑥 d𝑥
d d
• (cos 𝑥) = • (cot 𝑥) =
d𝑥 d𝑥

Therefore,
∫ ∫
• cos 𝑥 d𝑥 = • sec2 𝑥 d𝑥 =
∫ ∫
• sin 𝑥 d𝑥 = • cosec2 𝑥 d𝑥 =

Note: The first three results can be found in MF19.

By using chain rule, we can obtain the following results:

d d
• (sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)) = • (tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)) =
d𝑥 d𝑥
d d
• (cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)) = • (cot(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)) =
d𝑥 d𝑥

Therefore,
∫ ∫
• cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) d𝑥 = • sec2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) d𝑥 =
∫ ∫
• sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) d𝑥 = • cosec2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) d𝑥 =

By considering appropriate trigonometric identities, we can obtain the following:

• sin2 𝑥 ≡ • cos2 𝑥 ≡

• tan2 𝑥 ≡ • cot2 𝑥 ≡

Therefore,
∫ ∫
• 2
sin 𝑥 d𝑥 = • cos2 𝑥 d𝑥 =

∫ ∫
• tan2 𝑥 d𝑥 = • cot2 𝑥 d𝑥 =

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Example 6. Find the following integrals:

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
(a) sin( 12 𝑥) d𝑥 (b) 5 cos 3𝑥 d𝑥 (c) 2 sec2 (5𝑥 − 2) d𝑥 (d) 3 cosec2 (1 − 4𝑥) d𝑥

∫ ∫ ∫
(e) 4 cos2 ( 21 𝑥) d𝑥 (f) 6 tan2 (3𝑥) d𝑥 (g) 6 cot2 (2𝑥) d𝑥

∫ ∫
1 + cos4 𝑥 5
∫
(h) d𝑥 (i) d𝑥 (j) (cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥) 2 d𝑥
cos2 𝑥 1 + cos 4𝑥

Example 7. (a) Prove the identity cos 4𝜃 − 4 cos 2𝜃 + 3 ≡ 8 sin4 𝜃. [4]

∫ 1
3 𝜋
(b) Using this result find, in simplified form, the exact value of 1
sin4 𝜃 d𝜃. [4]
6 𝜋

[9709 w09 qp31 q5]

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√
Example 8. (a) Express ( 3) cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 in the form 𝑅 cos(𝑥 − 𝛼), where 𝑅 > 0 and 0 < 𝛼 < 12 𝜋, giving the
exact values of 𝑅 and 𝛼. [3]

(b) Hence show that

1
∫
2 𝜋
1 √
√ d𝑥 = 41 3. [4]
1
6 𝜋 (( 3) cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) 2

[9709 s13 qp33 q4]

Example 9. (a) Show that cosec 2𝑥 + cot 2𝑥 ≡ cot 𝑥. [4]

1
(b) Hence find the exact value of cot 12 𝜋. [2]
∫
(c) Find sin 2𝑥( cosec 4𝑥 + cot 4𝑥) d𝑥. [3]

[9709 m18 qp22 q5]

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Example 10. (a) Prove the identity cos 3𝜃 ≡ 4 cos3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃. [4]

(b) Using this result, find the exact value of

∫ 1
2 𝜋
cos3 𝜃 d𝜃. [4]
1
3 𝜋

[9709 s10 qp33 q7]

Example 11. (a) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 for 0 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 12 𝜋. Sketch dotted lines joining both axes to the points
√
( 16 𝜋, 21 ) and ( 13 𝜋, 12 3).

1 1
√
√ √
∫ 3 𝜋
∫ 2 3
(b) Find the exact value of 1
sin 𝑥 d𝑥, and hence show that 1
sin−1 𝑦 d𝑦 = 1
12 𝜋(23 − 1) − 21 ( 3 − 1).
6 𝜋 2

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5.2: Integration of Fractions

𝑘f ′ (𝑥)
5.2.1: Integrals of the form
f (𝑥)
∫
d 𝑘f ′ (𝑥)
By chain rule, [ln f(𝑥)] = Therefore, d𝑥 =
d𝑥 f(𝑥)

Note: This result can be found in MF19.

With these results, we can integrate the following trigonometric functions.

∫ ∫
• tan 𝑥 d𝑥 = • cot 𝑥 d𝑥 =

Example 12. Find the following integrals:

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
4𝑥 − 10 cos 𝑥 e 𝑥 + e−𝑥
(a) 3 tan 4𝑥 d𝑥 (b) d𝑥 (c) d𝑥 (d) d𝑥
2
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 1 1 + sin 𝑥 e 𝑥 − e−𝑥

The following trigonometric functions can be integrated by using a specific algebraic manipulation:
∫ ∫
• sec 𝑥 d𝑥 = • cosec 𝑥 d𝑥 =

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𝑘f ′ (𝑥)
5.2.2: Integrals of the form
1 + [f (𝑥)] 2
∫
d 1
From P3 Chapter 4, we have seen that (tan−1 𝑥) = Therefore, d𝑥 =
d𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
∫
d  −1  𝑘f ′ (𝑥)
Furthermore, by chain rule, tan f (𝑥) = Therefore, d𝑥 =
d𝑥 1 + [f(𝑥)] 2
∫
d h −1  𝑥  i 1
In particular, tan = Therefore, d𝑥 =
d𝑥 𝑎 𝑥2 + 𝑎2

Note: The final result can be found in MF19.

Example 13. Find the following integrals:

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
1 3 2 𝑥
(a) 2
d𝑥 (b) d𝑥 (c) d𝑥 (d) d𝑥
𝑥 +4 16 + 9𝑥 2 5 + 𝑥2 𝑥4 +1

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
e𝑥 e3𝑥 1 𝑥
(e) d𝑥 (f) d𝑥 (g) d𝑥 (h) d𝑥
1 + e2𝑥 1 + e3𝑥 2
𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥2 +𝑥+1

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5.2.3: Integration with Partial Fractions

From P3 Chapter 1, we have seen that the decomposition of rational functions into partial fractions. This is a crucial
step to integrate rational functions.

There are two useful results which are provided in MF19:

∫ ∫
1 1 𝑥−𝑎 1 1 𝑎+𝑥
• 2 2
d𝑥 = ln +𝑐 (for 𝑥 > 𝑎) • d𝑥 = ln +𝑐 (for |𝑥| < 𝑎)
𝑥 −𝑎 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥

We will prove the first result only as the second result can be proven in a similar fashion.

Example 14. Find the following integrals:

∫ ∫ ∫ √ ∫
2𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 11 𝑥+3 2 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 6
(a) d𝑥 (b) d𝑥 (c) d𝑥 (d) d𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) (𝑥 − 4) 2 𝑥2 − 2 (3 − 2𝑥) (𝑥 2 + 4)

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5.3: Integration by Reverse Chain Rule

5.3.1: Integration of Derivative of Composite Functions

In previous sections, we have seen a few integrals on the derivatives of composite functions, namely
∫ ∫
𝑘f ′ (𝑥) 𝑘f ′ (𝑥)
• d𝑥 = • d𝑥 =
f (𝑥) 1 + [f(𝑥)] 2

In this section, we start by looking at a very important result:

d
∫
• By chain rule, [f(𝑥)] 𝑛 = If 𝑛 ≠ −1, then 𝑘 f ′ (𝑥) [f (𝑥)] 𝑛 d𝑥 =
d𝑥
∫
Warning: In P1 Chapter 8, we have seen that (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑛 d𝑥 =

∫
However, [f(𝑥)] 𝑛 d𝑥 ≠

The following integrals are less common:

d h f ( 𝑥) i
∫
f ( 𝑥)
• e = Therefore, 𝑘 f ′ (𝑥) e d𝑥 =
d𝑥

d
∫
• [sin f(𝑥)] = Therefore, 𝑘 f ′ (𝑥) cos[f (𝑥)] d𝑥 =
d𝑥

d
∫
• [cos f(𝑥)] = Therefore, 𝑘 f ′ (𝑥) sin[f (𝑥)] d𝑥 =
d𝑥

Example 15. Find each of the following integrals using different methods, and verify that the answers are equivalent.
∫ ∫
(a) 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 d𝑥 (b) tan 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 d𝑥

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Example 16. Find the following integrals:

√
∫ 𝑥
∫ ∫
(a) √ d𝑥 (b) e𝑥 e 𝑥 + 2 d𝑥 (c) sin 3𝑥(1 + cos 3𝑥) 2 d𝑥
𝑥2 − 3

∫ ∫ ∫
3
(d) sin 𝑥 d𝑥 (e) cos3 𝑥 d𝑥 (f) tan3 𝑥 d𝑥

∫ ∫ ∫ 2
(g) sec4 𝑥 d𝑥 (h) cos2 𝑥 sin3 𝑥 d𝑥 (i) 𝑥e−𝑥 d𝑥

∫ ∫ ∫
(j) 5etan 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 d𝑥 (k) 2𝑥 cos( 14 𝑥 2 ) d𝑥 (l) sin(sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 d𝑥

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5.3.2: Integration by Substitution

√
∫
Example 17. Use the substitution 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 to find 4𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 d𝑥.
From all the methods we have learnt so far, it would seem impossible to find the integral of this function. Hence, we
have to proceed with substitution.

The method of substitution can be loosely thought of applying the chain rule "backwards". The purpose is to trans-
form integrals into forms that we can integrate, although it does not necessarily mean that the workings are simpler
or shorter.

d
∫
Suppose [F(𝑥)] = F′ (𝑥) = f (𝑥) . Therefore, f (𝑥) d𝑥 = F(𝑥) + 𝑐.
d𝑥

When doing integration, f (𝑥) is given and F(𝑥) is to be determined. When there is no direct way of integration, we
will consider a suitable substitution as follows.

d
∫
Let 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑢). Then [F(𝜙(𝑢))] = Therefore, 𝑓 (𝜙(𝑢)) 𝜙 ′ (𝑢) d𝑢 =
d𝑢

By comparison, we can see that

Here, we use the convenient notation

to denote the substitution of each part of the original integral.

Important note:
• 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑢) must be a 1-to-1 function, because if we undo the substitution, we should be able to obtain the
original integral.
• Substitution must be done thoroughly, i.e. in every step each integral should only consist of one variable.
• Sometimes the substitution is given in the form 𝑢 = g(𝑥) instead of 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑢). This is not as favourable as it is
not trivial to manipulate the integral such that it contains the term g′ (𝑥) d𝑥.

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Example 18. Use the given substitutions to find each of the following integrals.
∫ ∫
𝑥
(a) sin2 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 d𝑥, 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 (b) √ d𝑥, 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 3
2
𝑥 −3

Note that part (b) of the example above can be done by noticing the pattern of derivative of composite function.

In general, integrals of the derivative of composite functions can be found by substitution apart from pattern spotting.

For each of the cases below, let 𝑢 = f(𝑥). Then

Therefore,
∫ ∫
𝑘f ′ (𝑥) 𝑘f ′ (𝑥)
• d𝑥 = • d𝑥 =
f (𝑥) 1 + [f(𝑥)] 2

∫ ∫
f ( 𝑥)
• 𝑘 f ′ (𝑥) [f (𝑥)] 𝑛 d𝑥 = • 𝑘 f ′ (𝑥) e d𝑥 =

∫ ∫
• 𝑘 f ′ (𝑥) cos[f (𝑥)] d𝑥 = • 𝑘 f ′ (𝑥) sin[f (𝑥)] d𝑥 =

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Example 19. By using suitable substitutions, find the following integrals.

√
∫ ∫ ∫
(a) e𝑥 e 𝑥 + 2 d𝑥 (b) sin 3𝑥(1 + cos 3𝑥) 2 d𝑥 (c) cos2 𝑥 sin3 𝑥 d𝑥

∫ ∫ 2
∫
(d) tan 𝑥 sec2 𝑥 d𝑥 (e) 𝑥e−𝑥 d𝑥 (f) 2𝑥 cos( 14 𝑥 2 ) d𝑥

Change of limits

When doing substitution on definite integrals, we must also substitute the limits of the integral accordingly, as the
previous limits are in terms of the previous variable.
∫ 𝑏
𝑏
Suppose we have f (𝑥) d𝑥 = [F(𝑥)] 𝑎 = F(𝑏) − F(𝑎).
𝑎

Let 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑢). Then

∫ 𝑏
∫ 𝜙 −1 (𝑏)
d𝑥
f (𝑥) d𝑥 = f (𝜙(𝑢)) d𝑢 =
𝑎 𝜙 −1 (𝑎) d𝑢

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Example 20. (a) Use the substitution 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 to show that

1 − 𝑥2
∫ ∫
d𝑥 = cos 2𝜃 d𝜃. [4]
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 2

(b) Hence find the value of ∫1

1 − 𝑥2
d𝑥. [3]
0 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 2

[9709 s05 qp3 q4]

Note that it is not necessarily that the bigger limit is always the upper limit. If we wish to swap the limits, we have
to negate the sign of the integral.
∫ 1 √
𝑥
Example 21. Let 𝐼 = √ d𝑥.
0 2− 𝑥
∫ 2
√ 2(2 − 𝑢) 2
(a) Using the substitution 𝑢 = 2 − 𝑥, show that 𝐼 = d𝑢. [4]
1 𝑢

(b) Hence show that 𝐼 = 8 ln 2 − 5. [4]

[9709 s15 qp32 q6]

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Example 22.

√
The diagram shows the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 1 − 𝑥 2 for 𝑥 ⩾ 0 and its maximum point 𝑀.
(a) Find the exact value of 𝑥-coordinate of 𝑀. [4]

(b) Show, by means of the substitution 𝑥 = sin 𝜃, that the area 𝐴 of the shaded region between the curve and the
𝑥-axis is given by
∫ 1𝜋
2
𝐴= 4 1
sin2 2𝜃 d𝜃. [3]
0

(c) Hence obtain the exact value of 𝐴. [4]

[9709 s09 qp3 q10]

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5.4: Integration By Parts

From P3 Chapter 4, using product rule,

∫
d
(𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥) = Therefore, 𝑥 cos 𝑥 d𝑥 =
d𝑥

This integral can be determined easily because we were guided to do anti-differentiation. What if the hint is not given?

d
The product rule states that (𝑢𝑣) =
d𝑥

We can rearrange it to

By integrating both sides with respect to 𝑥, we obtain

To integrate by parts, the integral needs to be in the form of a product of two functions (LHS). We are to determine
d𝑣
choices of 𝑢 and , and we perform integration by parts (RHS).
d𝑥
d𝑣
From the example above (which is clearly the product of two functions), there are two possible choices of 𝑢 and .
d𝑥
We will study which choice would be more suitable and the reasoning behind the choice.

d𝑣 d𝑣
• 𝑢 = 𝑥, = cos 𝑥 • 𝑢 = cos 𝑥, =𝑥
d𝑥 d𝑥

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From the example above, we can see that the suitable choices for 𝑢 would be function which become simpler when
they are differentiated.

d𝑣
As for , the suitable choices would be functions which does not become complicated when they are integrated.
d𝑥
So far, we have learned about five different types of functions:

1. Algebra / polynomial

2. Trigonometry functions

3. Exponential

4. Logarithm

5. Inverse trigonometry (mainly inverse tangent)

Example 23. Find the following integrals.

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
(a) 3𝑥e 𝑥 d𝑥 (b) 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 d𝑥 (c) 𝑥 3 ln 𝑥 d𝑥 (d) tan−1 𝑥 d𝑥

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Example 24. Evaluate the following integrals.

∫ 3
∫ 1
(a) ln 𝑥 d𝑥 (b) (2 − 𝑥)e−3𝑥 d𝑥
1 0

Sometimes, we might need to do integration by parts more than once.

Example 25. Evaluate the following integrals.

∫ 2
∫ 𝜋
(a) (ln 𝑥) 2 d𝑥 (b) 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 d𝑥
1 0

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It is possible that repeated by parts is required. Hence, it would be easier if a *reduction formula is established.

*Note: This is not in the syllabus of 9709 Mathematics, it is covered in 9231 Further Mathematics.*

In the following example, we are required to do integration by parts twice, followed by algebraic rearrangement to
find the following integrals.

Example 26. Find the following integrals.

∫ ∫ ln 𝑥
∫
(a) e𝑥 sin 2𝑥 d𝑥 (b) d𝑥 (c) sec3 𝑥 d𝑥
𝑥

The technique above is applicable when integrating functions of the form e𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥, e𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥, cosec3 𝑥, etc.

Note that for part (b) of the example above, it is easier NOT to integrate by parts. Hence, integration by parts should
be the last resort when there is no other possible method.

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With all the methods above, we can complete the following table for integration of powers of trigonometric functions.

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
f (𝑥) f (𝑥) d𝑥 [f(𝑥)] 2 d𝑥 [f (𝑥)] 3 d𝑥 [f(𝑥)] 4 d𝑥

sin 𝑥

cos 𝑥

tan 𝑥

sec 𝑥

cosec 𝑥

cot 𝑥

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5.5: *Trapezium rule

∫ 𝑏
Let 𝐴 be the area bounded the curve 𝑦 = f (𝑥), the 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏. Then 𝐴 = f (𝑥) d𝑥.
𝑎

In general, it is not possible or exceedingly difficult to integrate f(𝑥), hence not possible to determine the value of 𝐴.
At best, we can find an approximation of the integral by using trapezium rule.

Suppose we divide the range from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 into 𝑛 intervals of equal width. Then, we construct 𝑛 trapeziums.

The total area of the trapeziums is given by

Example 27. Use the trapezium rule with two intervals to estimate the value of the following integrals:
∫1 1
∫ 8 √︁
(a) d𝑥 (b) ln (1 + 𝑥) d𝑥
0 6 + 2e 𝑥 2

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When using trapezium rule, we would produce either an under-estimate or an over-estimate of the actual value of
the area. We look at the shape of the graph to determine whether the area is an under-estimate or an over-estimate.

• Under-estimate (concave/concave downward) • Over-estimate (convex/concave upward)

Example 28.

The diagram shows the part of the curve 𝑦 = e 𝑥 cos 𝑥 for 0 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 21 𝜋. The curve meets the 𝑦-axis at the point 𝐴. The
point 𝑀 is a maximum point.

(a) Write down the coordinates of 𝐴. [1]

(b) Find the 𝑥-coordinate of 𝑀. [4]

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(c) Use the trapezium rule with three intervals to estimate the value of
∫ 1𝜋
2
e 𝑥 cos 𝑥 d𝑥,
0

giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places. [3]

(d) State, with a reason, whether the trapezium rule gives an under-estimate or an over-estimate of the true value
of the integral in part (c). [1]

[9709 s07 qp2 q7]

Example 29.

3
The diagram shows a sketch of the curve 𝑦 = √ for values of 𝑥 from −1.2 to 1.2.
9 − 𝑥3
(a) Use the trapezium rule, with two intervals, to estimate the value of
∫ 1.2
3
√ d𝑥,
−1.2 9 − 𝑥 3

giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places. [3]

(b) Explain, with reference to the diagram, why the trapezium rule may be expected to give a good approximation
to the true value of the integral in this case. [1]

[9709 w17 qp32 q1]

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∫ 1
4 𝜋
Example 30. (a) Use the trapezium rule with 2 intervals to estimate the value of sec 𝑥 d𝑥, giving your
0
answer correct to 2 significant figures. [3]

(b) Determine, by sketching the appropriate part of the graph of 𝑦 = sec 𝑥, whether the trapezium rule gives an
under-estimate or an over-estimate of the true value. [2]

[9709 s02 qp2 q6(b)]

To improve the accuracy of the estimate produced by using trapezium rule, we divide the range into more intervals
(hence the width of each interval will be narrower).
Example 31.

√
The diagram shows the curve 𝑦 = 1 + 2 tan2 𝑥 for 0 ⩽ 𝑥 ⩽ 41 𝜋.
∫ 1
4 𝜋 √
(a) Use the trapezium rule with three intervals to estimate the value of 1 + 2 tan2 𝑥 d𝑥, giving your answer
0
correct to 2 decimal places. [3]

(b) The estimate found in part (a) is denoted by 𝐸. Explain, without further calculation, whether another estimate
found using the trapezium rule with six intervals would be greater than 𝐸 or less than 𝐸. [1]

[9709 s09 qp3 q2]

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