NOTES ON LINES AND ANGLES
Basic terms and Definitions
1. Point - A Point is that which has no dimension. It is represented by a dot.
2. Line Segment - It is the part of the line which has two endpoints.
3. Ray - Ray is also a part of the line which has only one endpoint and has no end
on the other side.
4. Line – A line is a one dimensional figure that has no thickness and can be
extended infinitely.
5. Collinear and Non-collinear points – Points lie on the same line are known as
collinear points and the points that don't lie on the same line are known as non-
collinear points.
6. Angles - When two rays begin from the same endpoint then they form an angle.
The two rays are the arms of the angle and the endpoint is the vertex of the angle.
Types of Angles
Angle Notation Image
Acute angle An angle which is between 0°
and 90°.
Right angle An angle which is exactly
equal to 90°.
Obtuse angle An angle which is between 90°
and 180°.
Reflex angle An angle which is between
180° and 360°
Straight An angle which is exactly
angle equal to 180°.
Complete An angle which is exactly
angle equal to 360°.
Complementary angles - Complementary Angles are those which have the sum
of two angles as 90°.
Supplementary angles - Supplementary Angles are those which have the sum of
two angles as 180°.
Relation between two Angles
Angles Relation Image
Adjacent If two angles have the same
Angles vertex and their one of the
arm is common then these
are called adjacent angles.
Linear pair If two angles have the same
of Angles vertex and one common
arm but the arms which are
not common are making a
line then these are called
the linear pair of angles.
Vertically If two lines intersect each
opposite other at a point then the
Angles opposite angles are
vertically opposite angles.
Intersecting Lines and Non-intersecting Lines
There are two ways to draw two lines-
1. The lines which cross each other from a particular point are called intersecting
lines.
2. The lines which never cross each other at any point are called Non-intersecting
Lines. These lines are called Parallel Lines and the common length between two
lines is the distance between parallel lines.
Pairs of Angles Axioms
1. If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles formed by that ray
is 180°. As the sum of two angles is 180° so these are supplementary angles too.
Vertically opposite Angles
When two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite
angles so formed will be equal.
AC and BD are intersecting each other
so, ∠AOD = ∠BOC and ∠AOB = DOC.
Parallel Lines and a Transversal
If a line passes through two distinct lines and intersects them
at distant points then this line is called Transversal Line.
Here line “l” is transversal of line m and n.
Exterior Angles - ∠1, ∠2, ∠7 and ∠8
Interior Angles - ∠3, ∠4, ∠5 and ∠6
Pairs of angles formed when a transversal intersects two lines-
1. Corresponding Angles:
∠ 1 and ∠ 5, ∠ 2 and ∠ 6, ∠ 4 and ∠ 8, ∠ 3 and ∠ 7
2. Alternate Interior Angles:
∠ 4 and ∠ 6, ∠ 3 and ∠ 5
3. Alternate Exterior Angles:
∠ 1 and ∠ 7, ∠ 2 and ∠ 8
4. Interior Angles on the same side of the transversal:
∠ 4 and ∠ 5, ∠ 3 and ∠ 6
Transversal Axioms
1. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then
Each pair of corresponding angles will be equal.
Each pair of alternate interior angles will be equal.
Each pair of interior angles on the same side of the
transversal will be supplementary.
2. If a transversal intersects two lines in such a way that
• Corresponding angles are equal then
these two lines will be parallel to each other.
• Alternate interior angles are equal then
the two lines will be parallel.
• Interior angles on the same side of the transversal
are supplementary then the two lines will be parallel.
Lines Parallel to the Same Line
If two lines are parallel with a common line then
these two lines will also be parallel to each other.
As in the above figure if AB ∥ CD and EF ∥ CD then AB ∥ EF.
1. Angle Sum property of a Triangle
The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180º.
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
2. Exterior angle property of a Triangle
If we produce any side of a triangle, then the exterior angle formed is equal to the
sum of the two interior opposite angles.
∠BCD = ∠BAC + ∠ABC
NOT TO BE WRITTEN IN THE NOTEBOOK. ONLY FOR YOUR
UNDERSTANDING
Example
Find ∠DGH.
Solution
Here, AB ∥ CD and EH is transversal.
∠EFB + ∠BFG = 180° (Linear pair)
∠BFG = 180°- 133°
∠BFG = 47°
∠BFG =∠DGH (Corresponding Angles)
∠DGH = 47°
Example
Find x and y.
Solution
Here, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (Angle sum property)
30°+ 42° + x = 180°
x = 180°- (30° + 42°)
x = 108°
And y is the exterior angle and the two opposite angles are ∠A and ∠B.
So, ∠BCD = ∠A + ∠B (Exterior angle is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite
angles).
y = 30°+ 42°
y = 72°
We can also find it by linear pair axiom as BC is a ray on the line AD, so
x + y = 180° (linear pair)
