TRAINING NOTES(3.

8 Power)
1. Power
2. Work and energy(kinetic and potential)
3. Dissipation of power by a resistor
4. Power formula
5. Calculation involving power, work and energy

 SI UNITS OF WORK, POWER AND ENERGY FOR A MECHANICAL SYSTEM:-

 Mass:-The matter possessed by a body is called as Mass. It is denoted by “m” and measured in
kilograms(kg)
 Velocity: - Velocity of a body is defined as the distance travelled in unit time. It is denoted by “v” and
measured in meter/second.
 Acceleration:-Acceleration is defined as rate of change of velocity. Its unit is meter/sec2
 Force:-force is defined as the push and pulls required to change the state of rest or state of uniform
motion of a body. Force is measured in Newton.
F=ma Newton
 Weight:- weight is defined as the product of mass and gravitational acceleration. It denoted by W.
W=mg
Where g= gravitational acceleration=9.8m/s 2
 Torque:- Torque is the product of force and perpendicular distance between the line of action of force
and the axis of rotation. Its unit is Newton-meter.
T=F x r
 Work:- when a force F acts on a particle, then the particle moves through a distance d. In this situation
the work is said to be done and it is defined as the product of force and displacement.
 The work done is measured in Newton-meter or joules
Work done (W)=force(F) x displacement(d)
 Power:- the power is defined as the rate of work done with respect to time.
Power=work done /time
 Power is measured in joules/sec or Newton-meter/sec or watt.
 Energy:- the energy is defined as the capacity to do the work.
 The energy is measured in joules.
 The energy is of two forms:-
1. Kinetic energy
2. Potential energy
A. Kinetic energy:-kinetic energy is defined as the energy possessed by body due to its motion. If a
body of mass “m” is moving at a velocity “v” possesses the kinetic energy given by,
Kinetic energy=1/2 mv2 joules
B. Potential energy:- potential energy is defined as the energy possessed by body due to its
position. When a body of mass “m” is lifted vertically through a height of “h”,then the
corresponding potential energy given by,
Potential energy=m x g x h=W x h joules
 SI UNITS OF WORK, POWER AND ENERGY :FOR ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:-
 ELECTRICAL WORK
 Electrical work is done if a quantity of charge (coulombs) is moved between two points which are
at different electrical potentials.
 The SI unit of work is the ‘joule’. One joule of work is done when a charg of one coulomb moves
through a potential difference of one volt.
 Electrical Work (joule) = Charge (coulomb) × Potential Difference (volt)
Work = Q × V joules
 Since one coulomb is one ampere second
Q=I×t
then Work = V × It joules
 ELECTRICAL ENERGY
 Electrical energy is the ability of an electrical system to do work.
  Energy is expended when work is done and the amount of energy used is equal to the work
done.
 The units of energy and work are the same, that is joules and the same equation is used for
both.
Energy = Work = VIt joules
 The energy a body contains may be determined by calculating the electrical work done on the
body to give it that energy. Conversely, the work that a body could do if it used up all its energy
may be determined by calculating how much energy it contains.
 ELECTRICAL POWER
 Electrical power (symbol P) is the rate at which work is done or the rate of conversion of energy
by an electrical system.
 The SI unit of power is the watt which is a rate of work of 1 joule per second.
Therefore P = V × I
 That is watts = volts × amps
 By substituting V = IR in the above formula, two other expressions for electrical power are
obtained:
 P = VI = I2R = V2 /R watts
 POWER RATINGS
 Electrical equipment can only stand a certain amount of heat production without damage and the
safe power which a piece of equipment can consume without damage is its ‘power rating’ or
‘wattage rating’. Each component is given a wattage rating and if this is exceeded the component
will overheat.
 The more power consumed by a device the more heat or light it produces in a given time; a 100w
lamp gives more light than a 60w lamp.
 The rating 6V 12W on a lamp means that it is connected to a 6V supply, its resistance is such that
it develops 12W of power and that it is intended to work at this rating.
 POWER RATINGS OF RESISTORS
 This power rating has a different meaning from that of a bulb. In this case we must always keep
below the stated value.
 To keep below the stated power value, there are maximum permissible values of voltage and
current, which may be calculated as follows:
 Maximum Current P = I2R
 Therefore and this is the maximum current to avoid damage to the resistor.
 Maximum Voltage P = V2/R
 Therefore V = √P × √R and this is the maximum voltage to avoid damage to the resistor.
 SIZE AND POWER RATING
 The surface area and therefore the size of a component determines the rate at which heat is
dissipated from the component to its surroundings. Generally therefore the larger a component,
the higher its power rating.
 Carbon resistors of the same resistance value are commonly available in ratings between ¼W
and 2W. When higher wattage is required wire-wound resistors may be used, the normal range
here is 1W to 200W.
 THE KILOWATT HOUR
 The unit of electrical energy is the joule which may be expressed in terms of power as a Watt
second.
 The joule however is a very small unit and it is therefore often more convenient to
 measure energy used in kilowatt hours where:
 1kWh = 1000 watt hours
= 1000 × 3600 watt seconds or joules
= 3 600 000 J or 3.6 MJ

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