Lesson

The Circulatory System

1

In continuation of the discussion regarding the different body systems, we will now
tackle the digestive system. The body cells absorb complex food that we had eaten by breaking
it into simpler forms.

But what is the process that the simple form of food undergo in order to go into the
body cells? The cells are reach through the circulatory system. It also picks up all wastes
produced by body cells?

Can you identify the organs that composes the circulatory system? Here is an illustration
of the circulatory system.

The nutrients from the food

taken are needed by the living cells
in the human body. The cells are
energized from the food. In order
to play the various roles of the
cells, they use their energies to
function for the organisms to live.
Reproduction, excretion, digestion
and repairing of tissues are some
of the functions.

The heart, blood, and blood

vessels are the major components
of the circulatory system. Blood is
the liquid material that circulates
around the body. It carries the
nutrients t the cells. The blood also
collects all waste products from
cells and brings them to the
excretory system and other organs
of excretion.

The human circulatory system

 The blood moves through the blood vessels. The blood vessels are the arteries, veins,
and capillaries. These are tubelike structures that varies in thickness and size. These are
connected to the body’s muscular pump which is the heart. The heart pumps the blood to the
different parts of the body. The heart’s pumping action provides force. This force enables the
blood to move from the heart to all parts of the body.

Do the following activity that will enable you to construct an open, single-circuit
circulatory system. This model shows the blood flowing in a chamber, “heart”.

Model of the Heart

Activity 1.1
1. To make a simple model of the heart, clear tubings, a plastic bottle, Y-tube, adhesive
tape, rubber stopper and red colored liquid are needed.
2. Attached the clear tubings to the Y-tube as shown. Use the taped to hold the tubes in
place.

Adhesive tape

Rubber stopper

Y-tube

Clear plastic bottle

Clear plastic tubings

Red colored liquid

3. Insert the Y-tube into the rubber stopper of the small bottle filled with red colored
liquid.
4. Now a model of a single- circuit circulatory system was made.
5. Squeeze the bottle and tell what happens to the red liquid.
 What was applied on the bottle to make the liquid move?
 What does the plastic bottle represent?
6. Recall the kind of muscle tissues that make up the heart. These muscle tissues
contract and relax on their own.
 The activity enables you to observe what happens to the blood when it is pumped by
heart. The bottle represents the heart while the colored liquid is the blood. This is the simple
model of the heart. The squeezing of the bottle represents the pumping of the heart.

Single-circuit circulatory system (fish) Double-circuit circulatory system (mammal)

The human circulatory system is more complex than the model presented in the activity.
These are two blood circuits instead of one. One circuit carries blood between the heart and
lungs. The second circuit carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body. The lower
forms of animals, such as fish, have a single-circuit circulatory system.

Did you know that annelids have true circulatory systems? They have blood, blood
vessels, and hearts. Earthworms and leeches are the members of this group.

The circulatory system maintains a close relationship with the cell. Do you know that the
materials carried by the blood are diffused or spread throughout the liquid that surrounds the
cell? The materials, nutrients and oxygen in this liquid diffuse or spread into the cell. It is
through the diffusion of these materials that the exchange between the cell and the blood
happens.
 The illustration above shows how materials are diffused from the blood into cells. The
arrows indicate the directions of particle movements. The cells are soaked in a watery fluid.
Materials are not exchanged directly between the blood and the body cells. The molecules
carried by the red blood cells first diffuse out of the capillaries into the fluid, and then into the
cells.

Did you know….

that blood does not flow at a constant rate to all parts of the
body? Blood flow depends on how much blood a certain body part
needs at the moment.

Science Idea

 The circulatory system is the transport system of the body. Its major parts are
the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).

Going Further
Find out the difference between open and closed circulatory systems. Give examples of
animals for both types of circulatory systems.
 Lesson
The Heart
2

Put your right hand on the upper left part of your chest. What do you feel?

The movement you feel is due to the beating of your heart. Your heart beats because its
muscles contract. This action pushes blood out of the heart to every part of your body through
the blood vessels.

The heart is a hollow muscular organ. It is about the size of your fist and located in the
middle of the chest cavity with its apex pointing to the left side of your chest. The heart is made
up of cardiac muscles that contract involuntarily.

Do the following activity.

Parts of the Heart
Parts of the Heart
Activity 1.2
1. Observe and describe the heart of a pig or cow. Ask an adult to help you buy a pig or
cow’s heart from a meat shop beforehand.
2. Ask the help of an adult to cut the heart lengthwise with small knife. Caution: Do not
play with the knife as it may harm you.
3. Describe what you see.
4. Compare it with the human heart. Match the parts of the human heart with that of a
pig’s or cow’s.
 What are the parts present in both hearts?
5. Describe the muscles of the heart.
 What parts connect the heart to the other parts of the body?

Human heart
 The heart is a powerful muscular organ. It is composed of cardiac muscles that contract
involuntarily. This means its contractions are not controlled by the person. It continues
pumping blood as long as the person is alive. It pumps blood even when one sleeps.

The heart is located between the lungs. It is protected by the rib cage. Its tip lies a little
to the left side of the chest activity. You feel the movement made by the heart on the left side
of your chest.

The muscles of the heart contract and relax in harmony. This tempo is set as the blood
moves throughout the body. The alternating relaxations and contractions of the heart is called
the cardiac cycle. The word cardiac refers to something related to the heart.

The human heart has four chambers. The two thin-walled upper chambers are called
atria (singular, atrium). The two thick-walled lower chambers are called ventricles. The wall of
the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right. Do you know why the wall of the left ventricle
is thicker? You will learn the answer to this question as we study this unit.
 The heart’s pumping rhythm is set at the rate the heart contracts. The heart cannot
afford to skip a beat. If it does, the person will not receive food and oxygen.

The specialized region of the cardiac muscles is called pacemaker. It makes sure the
heart never skips a beat. If for any reason, the pacemaker fails to maintain a normal rhythm,
the person becomes weak and die.

There are artificial pacemakers available. They help ailing hearts through a surgical
implant. Once implanted, they release electrical signals. These signals trigger normal heart
contraction.

An artificial pacemaker

Blood Circuits
Terrestial vertebrates or land animals with backbones and humans have two blood
circuits- the pulmonary and the systemic.

The pulmonary circuit transports blood between the heart and lungs. The right atrium
receives blood with little oxygen from body tissues. The right ventricle pumps it to the lungs via
the pulmonary artery.

The pulmonary circuit

The systemic circuit carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body. The left atrium
receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. The left ventricle pumps it to other parts of the
body through the systemic capillaries.

The circulatory system is a complicated

network of blood vessels and heart. If it fails to
do its work, the person dies. Why?

Remember to keep your heart in a

healthy condition. Eat green leafy vegetables
and fish. Avoid crowded places. They can
cause stress. Problems, whether personal or
work-related, can also cause stress. Do the
exercises recommended by the doctor
regularly.
Systemic circuit

Did you know…

that your abdominal organs need more blood after eating? This is to
provide the digestive organs with energy to do their work. This means that you
may get indigestion organs when doing strenuous activities right after eating a
heavy meal.

Science Ideas
 The human heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
 It is divided into two parts, the right and the left chambers.

Going Further
Read more on heart transplants. Report the latest technology about heart transplants.

The heart is divided into two parts: 1) the right atrium and the right ventricle; and 2) the
left atrium and the left ventricle. The left and right chambers are completely separated by a
muscular wall called septum. The heart is enclosed in a sac called pericardial sac. The word peri
means something that surrounds. The pericardial sac contains liquid that acts as the lubricant
to prevent the irritation of the cardiac wall.

The valves in the heart are like doors. They control the blood flow. They prevent the
mixing of blood in the different chambers.
 The heart never stops pumping blood. Do you know what will happen if the heart stops
pumping or slows down?

Did you know…

that the heart of humans and other warm-blooded animals can be said
to be two hearts in one? This is because the blood in the left side of the heart is
completely separated from the blood in the right side.

The blood from the different parts of the body enters the heart through the atria. Blood
is brought to the heart by big blood vessels. The blood flows to the ventricles from the atria and
is pumped out of the heart. The blood from the ventricle may go to the lungs or to the different
parts of the body.

 Where does blood flowing to the right atrium enter?

 Where does blood flowing to the left atrium enter?

The valves prevent the blood from flowing back. The blood carrying less oxygen is
pumped into the lungs. The blood carrying more oxygen is pumped to the rest of the body
through the aorta.
 Blood flow in the heart

Lesson
3 The Human Blood

A cut in any part of the body may cause blood to flow. The blood is composed of
different kinds of cells. You need to use a microscope to be able to observe the blood cells.
Precaution: When using the microscope, observe the following:
1. Remove the microscope from the box carefully.
2. Support the microscope’s base with your open palm and hold its handle with
your other hand.
3. Put the microscope on a flat surface.
4. Clean the mirror and direct it to a source of light.
5. Slowly manipulate the draw tube.
6. Gently move the adjustments.
7. Remember not to play with the screws of the adjustments.
8. Hold the slide using stage clips.

Complete the following activity to describe how the human blood looks like under a
microscope.

The Blood
The Blood
Activity 1.3A
Precaution: Ask your teacher in case you find some difficulties in focusing.
1. Examine a prepared slide of human blood under a compound microscope.
2. Identify the cells and differentiate one from the other. Draw what you have
observed under the microscope.
 Do the cells look like the ones below?
 The red liquid that flows out of a cut is called blood. It is made up of 1)red blood cells,
2)white blood cells, 3)platelets, and 4)plasma. It has several important functions in the body.
Blood carries important substances which help regulate body functions and protect the body
from infections. It also helps maintain an even body temperature. At the same time, the blood
also collects waste materials. Can you explain why the blood is known as the “river of life”?

Did you know…

that an average healthy person has between 4.5 to
6 litres of blood in his or her body? This volume should be
maintained or the consequences could be fatal.

Blood is made up of solid and liquid parts. The plasma, its liquid part, comprises about
40-50% of the blood. It is made up of water with dissolved nutrients, proteins, mineral salts,
and waste products. It carries fibrinogens, materials necessary for blood clotting.
Plasma makes up about 55% of the blood. Its composition is about 90% water. The
remaining percentage is composed of dissolved salts, plasma, proteins, (albumin, fibrinogen,
and antibodies) and other substances (nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, and
hormones).
The plasma is separated from the solid parts of the blood by using a medical apparatus.
This is done for medical tests prescribed by doctors. This test helps doctors determine a
person’s health condition.
 A centrifuge is a device used to separate the liquid from the solid parts of the blood.
The solid part of the blood is made up of three kinds of cells: red blood cells, white
blood cells, and platelets.
The red blood cells (RBCs) or red corpuscles
are also known as erythrocytes. These are small
concave disc-shaped cells. The shape is favorable in
increasing their oxygen- absorbing areas. RBCs
contain hemoglobin which turn bright red when it
combines with iron. Hemoglobin is important to
prevent a deficiency disease, anemia.
Red blood cells move through the blood
vessels in about 30 to 120 days. They break up
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
after this time. The pieces are filtered out by the
spleen.
The white blood cells (WBCs) or
the corpuscles are also known as
leukocytes. They are bigger than the red
blood cells. They have no regular shape.
This is an important characteristic of
white blood cell, enabling them to fight
foreign organisms. C hanging their shape
enables them to move through thin
capillary walls and surround the foreign

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

organisms. They defend the body against diseases and infections. They are often referred to as
“soldiers of the body.” This is why they increase in number when one suffers from an infection.
White blood cells last for only seven to 10 days.
There are five kinds of white blood cells. They are identified by the shape of their nuclei
and their staining properties. The nuclei is usually found at the center of the cell. The five
leukocytes are basophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil.
These five kinds of WBC attack organisms in different ways. Some release chemicals that
poison the organism causing the infection. Others directly attack by engulfing and digesting
organisms. Still, others produce antibodies to fight the harmful organisms. Antibodies help
protect the body against diseases.
The blood platelets are like red circular discs. They are the smallest blood cells.
Whenever you bleed, these platelets break up readily. They produce the material for blood
clotting. A netlike structure that covers the skin cut is called a clot. This prevents the blood from
the wound to flow out continuously.
Why do you think a doctor has to test if a patient is a bleeder before a tooth extraction
or before undergoing a surgical operation?

How the blood flows

Follow the path of the blood by tracing the arrows from the right side of the heart’s
structure illustrated below.
1. As the heart muscles relax, the blood that contains carbon dioxide and waste substances
is transported by the veins from the different parts of the body to the right side of the
heart. The blood enters the right chamber called the right atrium.
2. When the right atrium contracts, the valve that separates the right atrium from the right
ventricle opens. The blood flows into the right ventricle. The right ventricle contracts,
closing the valve that separates it from the right atrium. The blood then flows to the
lungs through the pulmonary artery.
3. The red blood cells replace the carbon dioxide with the blood that contains fresh
oxygen.
4. The blood, carrying a fresh supply of oxygen from the lungs, returns to the heart via the
pulmonary veins into the left atrium. As left atrium contracts, the valve opens and the
blood flows into the left ventricle.
5. The contraction of the left ventricle closes the valve that separates it from the left
atrium and pushes the blood out through the aorta to all parts of the body.
6. Blood flows through the arteries, into the capillaries, and into the veins. In the
capillaries, oxygen and nutrients pass through their walls, then into the fluid between
cells and finally into the cells. Waste products are collected by the blood.
7. The blood flows back into the heart again, through the capillaries into the larger veins.
The contractions of the valves in the veins keep the blood from flowing backwards. This
cycle continues as long as the person lives.

The Blood Travels

Activity 1.3 B
1. Obtain a guppy and place it in a tiny shallow glass disc.
2. Move the lens into focus on the tail of the guppy.
Observe the flow of blood.
3. Describe how blood travels around the guppy’s body

Did you know…

that a patient who loses a lot of blood can be saved by
blood transfusion? This process requires the matching of blood
types. There are four known blood types in the human body:
A, B, AB, and O.
 Blood can be transferred from one person to another t. this process is called blood
transfusion.
The attending doctor should make sure that the blood types of the donor and recipient
are compatible. Mixing blood types which are incompatible can be fatal.

Science Ideas
 There are three different kinds of cells in the blood. There are the red blood cells or
RCBs, the white blood cells or WBCs, and the platelets.
 Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. It makes up about 55% of the whole blood.
 The blood flows in a continuous cycle from the heart, the lungs, and to all parts of the
body and back to the heart.

Going Further
Find out the difference between blood coming from the lungs and blood coming from
the heart.
Report to class how lives are saved when the much needed types of blood are made
available.
 Lesson
4 The Blood Vessels

Blood vessels are the passageways of blood. They are found all over your body. When
any blood vessel is punctured or cut, blood flows out.
There are three kinds of blood vessels in the human body. These are the arteries, the
veins, and the capillaries.

Artery and vein

Arteries are thick-walled and elastic blood vessels. They carry blood away from the
heart. The thick walls withstand the force of blood flow from the heart. The nature of its
surface reduces friction generated by moving blood. They branch into smaller vessels, called
arterioles. These vessels connect to the capillaries. The capillaries join together to form larger
vessels called venules. The venules then join to form veins.
 The veins are blood vessels which have thinner walls compared to arteries. They are
elastic and have bigger diameters. They carry bright red blood with oxygen from the lungs into
the heart. Veins also carry materials from the cells.

Did you know…

that the pulmonary artery, unlike most arteries, carries

deoxygenated blood?

Did you know…

that veins have valves? They keep the blood from flowing
backward.

The

Arteries and veins branch into capillaries

capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. You find them near the skin. Oxygen and food in the
blood pass through the capillary walls to the fluid between cells. Essential exchanges of water,
gases, nutrients, and waste materials occur. This takes place between the blood and the tissues
in the capillaries.
In what ways are the blood vessels different structure? Compare the physical features of
the blood vessels.

Science Ideas
 Blood vessels are the passageways of blood.
 There are three kinds of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
  Arteries carry blood away from the heart. They have thicker walls than veins.
 The veins transport red blood from the lungs to the heart.
 The capillaries carry oxygen and nutrients to the cells.

Going Further
Ask a doctor if blood vessels from other parts of the body can be used to replace
damaged ones.

Lesson
The Lymphatic System
5

The body protects itself against disease -causing organisms in many different ways. Body
structures like hair, cilia, mucous membranes, and chemicals provide defense against harmful
microorganisms that enter the body.
In Lesson 4, you learned that white blood cells are the soldiers of the body. They defend
the body against foreign invaders. Many white blood cells are found in the lymph nodes, the
enlarged structures of the lymphatic system-the body’s defense system.
The lymphatic system is made up of ducts called the lymph vessels. The system carries
the lymph fluid. Lymph fluid is made of plasma, white blood cells, and certain solid elements
that leak out the capillaries. It has two main functions: to return lost fluids and proteins to the
circulatory system, and to fight infection.
This system collects liquid from the body that has been lost from the circulating system
by diffusion. It is returned through the lymph vessels and ducts. It is passed to the veins in the
lower part of the neck.
 Most of the larger lymph vessels have enlarged oval structures called lymph nodes.
These nodes are packed tightly with the white blood cells called lymphocytes and macrophages.
Macrophages are white blood cells that attack foreign substances, infectious microbes, and
cancer cells through destruction and ingestion. Lymphocytes secrete specialized proteins,
known as antibodies, which help protect the body against diseases.

The thymus, bone marrow, and spleen also

affect the immune system. When stimulated by the
presence of antigens, they produce more antibodies.
Antibodies fight antigens. Antibodies are protein
molecules. Antigens are foreign substances or
infectious microbes. If the macrophages reduce the
number of antigens, internal stability continues. But if
the antigens like cancer cells continue to multiply, a
disease may occur.
A macrophage eating bacteria

The spleen is another organ of the lymphatic system. The spleen is the organ located in
the upper left part of the abdomen, behind the ribs.
The disease associated with this system is the Hodgkin’s disease. It is characterized by
persistent swollen glands, fever, weakness, weight loss, and itching. When these symptoms
appear, consult a doctor and take the needed test.
 Did you know…
that the lymph glands help produce white blood cells and
antibodies that defend the body against infection?

Science Ideas
 The lymphatic system is composed of the lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessel.
 The lymphatic system protects the body from body infection.
 The lymph vessels collect fluid that seeps from the body tissue and returns to the blood
in the form of lympha.

Going Further
Make a list of all immunization shots you received from the time you were born. Add the
illnesses you had since you were given immunization shots.

Lesson
Disorders of the Circulatory System
6

What happens when the circulatory system fails to work properly? How do you know
that something is wrong with it?
If the circulatory system is not given proper care, the body will suffer. The activities one
does are affected. Let us look at some of t he disorders of the circulatory system.
The following are some disorders of the circulatory system.
1. High-blood pressure or hypertension
This is characterized by a sudden rise in the blood pressure. The person usually feels a
terrible headache, a pain in the neck, dizziness, and at times, sweating. This condition
can result to the rupture of the blood vessels.
 A hypertensive person usually gets a daily dosage of medication. This is to keep the
blood pressure within its normal limits. It is advised that a person suffering from
hypertension measures his or her blood pressure regularly. The device used to measure
blood pressure is the sphygmomanometer.

2. Anemia
This is caused by the decrease in the number of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. This
condition is due to iron deficiency. When one suffers from anemia, the blood cannot
produce enough hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying pigment of the red
blood cells. As a result, it cannot carry enough oxygen to different body cells.

Anemia may be due to several causes: loss of blood, severe deficiencies in Vitamin B12 or
folic acid, or fast destruction of red blood cells due to diseases.

3. Leukemia
Leukemia occurs when the white blood cells become abnormally great in number. There
are different types of leukemia. Some are curable while others are not. A person
suffering from leukemia easily bruises, bleeds, and tires. He or she develops mouth and
sore throats. This condition needs immediate medical attention. Anemia and leukemia
may sometimes require blood transfusion.

4. Heart attack
A heart attack may occur when a blood clot or fat gets lodged along the bloodstream.
This blocks the passage of blood to the heart, thus preventing the heart from getting
enough blood. A heart attack victim may feel pain in the neck, chest, and upper
abdomen. The victim may also experience difficulty in breathing. This is a medical
emergency. The person must immediately see a cardiologist for proper treatment.

A person may have a mild or serious heart attack. This person should remain calm and
ask help.

5. Arteriosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis is a condition characterized by a reduction in blood flow. It is caused by
fat or cholesterol deposited on the arterial wall. The fat deposits on the arterial wall
narrows the area through which blood can flow resulting to high blood pressure.

Arteriosclerosis may lead to the development of a serious heart disease. It is worsened

by high blood pressure. The cholesterol- thickened walls of the arteries may become so
narrow that the blood cannot flow easily.
 It is important that people monitor the amount of cholesterol they take. There are
medical tests that can easily tell you how much cholesterol you have.

6. Rheumatic heart fever

Rheumatic heart fever is a complication of a throat infection. It is caused by certain
strains of Streptococcus bacteria. It is accompanied by high fever and swollen, painful
joints. The muscles are weakened. The person easily tires and is usually pale.

This kind of illness requires a doctor’s care. The person needs to get long periods of rest.

7. Palpitation or irregular heartbeats

This condition may be brought about by tension, disease or harmful changes. A person
may feel the sudden change in his or her heartbeat from fast to slow or vice versa. The
change may bring about clammy palms, weakness, and fatigue.

Have you met people suffering from any of the above illness? How do they cope?
People suffering from diseases should be treated with tender loving care. This will help
them feel comfortable.
Listening to a Medical Specialist

Activity 1.4
Your teacher will invite a qualified medical specialist for this activity.
Ask the specialist about the different disorders of the circulatory
system.

 What are the most common disorders of the circulatory

system?
 What are its symptoms?
 How can they be prevented?
 Do young people like you suffer from heart attack and high
blood pressure? Why?
 Are these diseases passed on from parents to offsprings?
Why?

The human
properly. Abundant connective tissue, tight skin, muscle contractions, and valves inside
the veins keep the blood circulating.

The blood circulation of persons who do not exercise properly or stand too long in
one position are adversely affected. Their blood may pool in their leg veins as a result of
 this practice. Reduce blood circulation weakens the leg veins to stretch and enlarge. The
valves in the veins also weaken and become less effective in preventing the backflow of
blood, resulting to formation of varicose veins (swollen veins).

Many people suffer from disorder of the circulatory system. Their activities are
limited by those disorder. The next lesson will discuss how to keep the circulatory
system healthy.

Did you know…

that blood poisoning is caused by the spread of bacterial
infection? Immediate medical attention and antibiotic drugs help the
body’s immune system in eliminating such infection.

Science Ideas
 Anemia, leukemia, heart attack, arteriosclerosis, and high blood pressure are some of
the common disorders of the circulatory system
 Immediate and proper treatment for disorder of the circulatory system is needed.

Going Further
Read more on the effects on the circulatory system of eating too much fatty foods.
List the fatty food to be avoided to maintain cardiovascular health.

Lesson
7 Keeping the Circulatory System

After learning about the different disorders and their symptoms, it is wise to keep the
circulatory system healthy. How?
Here are some suggestions. Which ones do you practice?
 A. For Your Heart
1. Minimize your salt (sodium) intake. Too much salt may cause the development of
heart disease for people already suffering from high blood pressure.
2. Get enough rest, sleep, and proper exercise.
3. Avoid extreme anger, too much joy, too much exercise, and unnecessary fears. All
these lead to severe circulatory disorders.
B. For Your Blood
1. Eat a balanced diet. A variety of food in your daily meals will supply the necessary
nutrients your body needs to be strong and healthy.
2. Avoid fatty foods. Fatty foods contain bad cholesterol. Some fats form cholesterol
deposits in the blood vessels.
3. Avoid harmful drugs, cigarettes, and alcohol. Alcohol intake can increase blood
pressure and react with blood pressure medications. People who smoke and have
high blood pressure may suffer from other diseases due to complications.
1. Avoid crowded places to prevent catching cold or flu. Take plenty of fluids, eat a
balanced diet and vitamin C rich fruits. This will increase your body resistance.

C. For Your Blood Vessels

1. Avoid standing or sitting for long period without stretching or moving around.
2. To avoid any infection, treat cuts and other breaks on the skin at once.
3. Wear loose clothes to avoid restriction of blood circulation.

Have regular medical check-up. Consult a physician when you are ill. Never take
unprescribed medicine.
These are all habits which should be practiced regularly to maintain a healthy circulatory
system.

Health Update

Proteins

What do meat, fish, eggs, milk and some vegetables have in common?
These foods are excellent sources of protein.

Do you know what protein does in our body? Proteins are substances that
build, repair, and replace worn-out muscles and bones.

Here are what proteins can do to our body?

 Proteins help build collagen, the fibrous albuminoid constituent of bone

cartilage, and connective tissues.

 Proteins allow the muscles to loosen or tighten quickly. This makes the
muscles move easily.
Science Ideas
 There are different ways of keeping the circulatory system healthy.
 Always practice positive health habits.

Going Further
1. Ask adults how they avoid eating fatty foods.
2. Get some clippings about ways to keep circulatory system healthy.