Aircraft Structures 1
Lecture 5: Energy Method
2023
Energy Method for solving Deflections
Tính chuyển vị bằng phương pháp năng lượng
• External work and strain energy
• Principle of conservation of energy
• Stress and de ection: impact loading
• Method of virtual work
• Castigliano’s theorem: determine de ection and slope
fl
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Work of a Force
Công của ngoại lực
• A force does work when the force undergoes a
displacement dx that is in the same direction as the
force: dUe = Fdx
• Total displacement Δ, total work:
Δ
∫0
Ue = Fdx
• Axial force P gradually applied:
1
Ue = PΔ
2
• Additional P′ applied, further displacement Δ′: grey area
is work done by P′; additional work done by P is
U′e = PΔ′





Work of a Moment
Công của moment
• A moment does work when it undergoes an angular displacement dθ along its line
of action: dUe = Mdθ
• Total angular displacement is θ, total work is
θ
∫0
Ue = Mdθ
• Gradually applied moment M:
1
Ue = Mθ
2
• If M is already applied, and other loadings further rotate the body θ′, additional
work by M is:
U′e = Mθ′



Strain Energy
Thế năng biến dạng đàn hồi
• When loads are applied to a body, they will deform the material
• External work done by the loads will be converted into internal
work: strain energy
• Assumption: no energy is lost in the form of heat
• This energy is stored in the body and is caused by the action of
either normal or shear stress.
Strain Energy by Normal Stress
Thế năng biến dạng do ứng suất pháp
• Force created on the top and bottom surface of the element:
dFz = σz dx dy
• Elongation of the element: dΔz = εz dz
• If the stress is gradually applied, the strain energy is:
1 1
dUi = (σz dx dy)εz dz = σzεz dV
2 2
• This strain energy is always positive because σz and εz are in the
same direction
Strain Energy by Normal Stress
Thế năng biến dạng do ứng suất pháp
• The total strain energy in the body due to normal stress:
σε
∫V 2
Ui = dV
• If the material behave in a linear elastic manner:
σ2
∫V 2E
Ui = dV
Strain Energy by Shear Stress
Thế năng biến dạng do ứng suất cắt
• The strain energy stored in the element due to shear stress:
1 1
dUi = (τ dx dy)γ dz = τγ dV
2 2
• The strain energy stored in the nite body due to shear stress:
τγ
∫V 2
Ui = dV
• In case of linear elastic:
τ2
∫V 2G
Ui = dV
fi
General State of Stress
Trạng thái ứng suất tổng quát
Total strain energy in the body:
∫V [ 2 ]
1 1 1 1 1 1
Ui = σxεx + σyεy + σzεz + τxyγxy + τyzγyz + τzxγzx
2 2 2 2 2
Linear elastic, Hooke’s law applied:
∫V [ 2E ]
1 2 2 2 ν 1 2 2 2
Ui = (σx + σy + σz ) − (σxσy + σyσz + σzσx) + (τxy + τyz + τzx ) dV
E 2G
If only principal stresses act on the element:
∫V [ 2E ]
1 2 2 2 ν
Ui = (σ1 + σ2 + σ3 ) − (σ1σ2 + σ2σ3 + σ3σ1) dV
E
Strain Energy by Axial Load
Thế năng biến dạng do lực dọc trục
• Strain energy in a bar subjected to axial load caused by
normal stress:
σx2 N2
∫V 2E ∫V 2EA 2
Ui = dV = dV
• A di erential segment has volume dV = A dx, therefore:
L
N2
∫0 2EA
Ui = dx
• If the bar has constant cross-sectional area, N is
constant:
N 2L
Ui =
2EA
ff
Strain Energy by Bending Moment
Thế năng biến dạng do moment uốn
• Strain energy in a beam subjected to a bending moment:
∫V 2E ( I )
2 2
σ 1 My
∫V 2E
Ui = dV = dA dx
∫0 2EI 2 ( ∫A )
2
M 2
Ui = y dA dx
L 2
M
∫0 2EI
Ui = dx
Strain Energy by Shear Force
Thế năng biến dạng do lực cắt
• Strain energy in a beam subjected to a shear force:
∫V 2G ( It )
2 2
τ 1 VQ
∫V 2G
Ui = dV = dA dx
∫0 2GI 2 ( ∫A t 2 )
V2 Q2
Ui = dA dx
L
fsV 2
∫0 2GA
Ui = dx
A Q2
I ∫A t
Form factor: fs = dA
• 2 2
Strain Energy by Torsional Moment
Thế năng biến dạng do moment xoắn
∫V 2G ( J )
2 2
τ 1 Tρ
∫V 2G
Ui = dV = dA dx
∫0 2GJ 2 ( ∫A )
T2 2
Ui = ρ dA dx
L
T2
∫0 2GJ
Ui = dx
• Constant cross-sectional area:
T 2L
Ui =
2GJ
Conservation of Energy
Định luật bảo toàn năng lượng
Ue = Ui
• Truss:
1 N 2L
∑ 2AE
PΔ =
2
• Beam:
L
1 M2
∫0 2EI
PΔ = dx
2
L
1 M2
∫0 2EI
M0θ = dx
2
Example
Problem:
The three-bar truss is subjected to a horizontal
force of 5 kip. If the cross-sectional area of
each member is 0.20 in2, determine the
horizontal displacement at point B. E = 29(103)
ksi.
Solution:
Internal Forces: Free body diagrams, method
of joints
Conservation of Energy:
1 N 2L
∑ 2AE
PΔ =
2
Horizontal Displacement at B: ΔB
Note: This case we can apply the conservation
of energy because the displacement is in the
same direction of external force Ans:
ΔB = 0.0979 in
Principle of Virtual Work
Nguyên lý công ảo
• P1, P2, P3 are applied on the body of arbitrary shape,
causing displacement Δ at A
• There is no external force at A
• P′ is a virtual force P′ = 1, same direction as Δ,
applied before the real loads P1, P2, P3
• External virtual load creates an internal virtual load
u in a representative element or ber of the body
• When P1, P2, P3 are applied, point A will be displaced
Δ and the representative element will be elongated dL


fi
Principle of Virtual Work
Nguyên lý công ảo
• External virtual work on the body: 1 ⋅ Δ
• Internal virtual work on the element: u ⋅ dL
• Conservation of virtual energy: external virtual work
equals to the internal virtual work done on all the
elements of the body
• Virtual work equation:
∫
Δ = u dL
Principle of Virtual Work
Nguyên lý công ảo
• P1, P2, P3 are applied on the body of arbitrary
shape, causing angular displacement (chuyển
vị góc) θ at A
• Virtual moment M′ = 1
∫
θ = uθ dL

Internal Virtual Work
Công ảo nội lực
nN mM fsvV tT
∫ AE ∫ EI ∫ GA ∫ GJ
1⋅Δ= dx + dx + dx + dx
• The virtual load is applied
before the real loads cause
displacements, therefore:
the work of the virtual load =
the virtual load x real
displacement
Method of Virtual Forces - Trusses
Phương pháp lực ảo - Hệ giàn
• Δ is the vertical displacement at A
• If each member has a constant cross
section area A, virtual work equation
for the entire truss is:
nNL
∑ AE
1⋅Δ=
n is the internal virtual force in a
member caused by the external
virtual unit load
Example
Problem:
Determine the vertical displacement of
joint C of the steel truss. The cross-
sectional area of each member is A =
400 mm2 and Est = 200 GPa.
Solution:
Virtual Forces n:
• a virtual 1 kN is placed at C
• calculate the force in each member
Real Forces N: calculate force in each
member due to 100 kN force
nNL
∑ AE
Virtual Work Equation: 1 ⋅ ΔC =
Arrange in tabular form Ans:
ΔC = 12.1 mm
Example
Problem:
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of
the steel truss. The cross-sectional area of each
member is A = 400 mm2 and Est = 200 GPa.
Ans:
ΔC = 12.1 mm
Method of Virtual Forces - Beams
Phương pháp lực ảo - Dầm
• Δ is the vertical displacement at A
• Virtual work equation for the entire
beam is:
L
mM
∫0 EI
1⋅Δ= dx
L
mθ M
∫0 EI
1⋅θ= dx
Example
Problem:
Determine the displacement of point B on
the beam. EI is constant.
Solution:
Virtual Moment m:
• a virtual unit load is placed at B
• calculate the virtual moment m in each
section
Real Moment M: calculate internal moment
due to real loads.
Virtual Work Equation:
L
mM
∫0 EI
1 ⋅ ΔB = dx Ans:
wL 4
ΔB =
8EI
Example
Problem:
Determine the slope at point B on the beam.
EI is constant.
Solution:
Virtual Moment mθ:
• a virtual unit moment is placed at B
• calculate the virtual moment m in each
section, using two coordinates x1, x2
Real Moment M: calculate internal
moment due to real loads.
Virtual Work Equation:
mθ M
∫ EI
1 ⋅ θB = dx (2 parts) Ans:
θB = −
3PL 2
8EI
Castigliano’s Theorem
Định lý Castigliano
• Consider a body subjected to n forces P1, P2, . . . , Pn.
Internal and external work according to conservation
energy:
Ui = Ue = f(P1, P2, . . . , Pn)
• If any Pj is increased by dPj, strain energy becomes:
∂Ui
Ui + dUi = Ui + dPj
∂Pj
• If the sequence changes: applying dPj then P1, P2, . . . , Pn,
strain energy is:
Ui + dUi = Ui + dPjΔj
Castigliano’s Theorem
∂Ui
Δj =
∂Pj
• The displacement Δj in the direction of Pj is equal to the rst
partial derivative of the strain energy with respect to Pj
• Chuyển vị Δj theo phương của lực Pj bằng đạo hàm riêng
bậc nhất của thế năng biến dạng đàn hồi theo biến số Pj
fi
Castigliano’s Theorem for Truss
Định lý Castigliano áp dụng cho hệ thanh giàn
• Strain energy of a member:
2
N L
Ui =
2EA
• Castigliano’s theorem can be written as:
∂ N 2L
∂P ∑ 2AE
Δ=
or
∂N L
∑ ∂P AE
Δ= N
Castigliano’s Theorem for Truss
Định lý Castigliano áp dụng cho hệ thanh giàn
∂N L
∑ ∂P AE
Δ= N
Procedure for analysis:
• External force P
Place P at the joint where the displacement is to be determined
P is the same line of action of Δ, has variable magnitude
• Internal forces N
Determine N in each member due to actual loads and P
∂N
Find
∂P
Assign P the real number if P replaces a force; otherwise, P is zero
∂N
• Castigliano’s theorem: to nd Δ; note the algebraic sign of N and ∂P
fi
Example
Problem: (p. 782)
Determine the vertical displacement of
joint C of the steel truss. The cross-
sectional area of each member is A =
400 mm2 and Est = 200 GPa.
Solution:
External Force: P is placed at C
Internal Forces N:
• Reactions at A and D
∂N
• N, ∂P in each member
• May list data in tabular form
∂N L
∑ ∂P AE
Castigliano’s theorem: Δ = N
Ans:
ΔC = 12.1 mm
Example
Superposition may be applied: N may be analyzed separately by 100 kN force
and P, then summed algebraically.
N có thể được phân tích riêng lẻ do lực 100 kN và P, sau đó cộng đại số lại.
Castigliano’s Theorem for Beams
Định lý Castigliano áp dụng cho dầm
• Strain energy of a member:
L 2
M
∫0 2EI
Ui = dx
• Castigliano’s theorem can
be written as:
L
∂ M2
∂P ∫0 2EI
Δ= dx • The slope θ at a point on the
elastic curve can be
or determined as:
L
L ∂M dx
∫0 ∂M′ EI
∂M dx
∫0
Δ= M θ= M
∂P EI

Castigliano’s Theorem - General
Trường hợp tổng quát
• If axial load, shear, and torsion cause signi cant strain energy
within the member, then the e ects of all these loadings should
be included.
L L L
∂N L ∂V dx ∂M dx ∂T dx
∑ ∂P AE ∫ ∫ ∫
Δ= N + fsV + M + T
0 ∂P GA 0 ∂P EI 0 ∂P GJ
ff
fi
Example
Problem: (p.787)
Determine the displacement of point B on
the beam. EI is constant.
Solution:
External Force P: a vertical force is
placed at B
∂M
Internal Moment M: determine M,
∂P
Castigliano’s theorem:
L
∂M dx
∫0
Δ= M
∂P EI
Ans:
wL 4
ΔB =
8EI
Example
Problem: (p.788)
Determine the slope at point B on the beam.
EI is constant.
Solution:
External Moment M′: is placed at B
Internal Moment M:
∂M
• Determine M, ∂M′
• Using two coordinates x1, x2
Castigliano’s theorem:
L
∂M dx
∫0 ∂M′ EI
θ= M (2 parts)

Ans:

3PL 2
θB = −
8EI

