Session 6: Verilog
Fundamental – Part 1
1. Verilog introduction
Data Types and
2. Data type
Operators
. 3. Assignment
4. Operator
1
1. Verilog introduction
2. Data type
. 3. Assignment
4. Operator
2
VERILOG FUNDAMENTAL
What is Verilog ?
❑ Verilog is standardized as IEEE 1364 standard and used to describe digital
electronic circuits.
❑ Verilog HDL is used mainly in design and verification at the RTL level.
❑ Verilog enables designers to describe the structure and behavior of digital
circuits using a textual representation, making it easier to design, simulate,
and verify complex digital systems.
❑ Verilog code can be synthesized into hardware by synthesis tools.
❑ Verilog is used by simulation tools to verify the functionality and
performance of digital designs before physical implementation.
3
VERILOG FUNDAMENTAL
Synthesizable and Non-synthesizable
❑ Synthesizable: The code that is written in a way that can be directly translated
into hardware circuit by synthesis tool. It represents the actual logic gates,
flip-flops, and other hardware elements that will be synthesized into a digital
circuit.
module combo ( a b c
input wire a;
input wire b;
input wire c;
output wire z z
);
assign z = (a & b) | (a & c) | (b & c);
endmodule
4
VERILOG FUNDAMENTAL
Synthesizable and Non-synthesizable
❑ Non-synthesizable: The code that cannot be synthesized into a digital circuit
by synthesis tools. The non-synthesizable RTL is often used in simulation
environment, testbench or writing behavioral model.
module tb ();
reg clk;
initial begin 50ns
clk = 0;
#25ns;
forever begin
clk = #25ns ~clk;
end
end
initial begin
rst = 0;
#100ns rst =1;
end
endmodule
5
VERILOG FUNDAMENTAL
Numbers
❑ Number format: width ‘base value
width: expressed in decimal integer
‘base: binary(b), octal(o), decimal(d) or hexadecimal(h). Default is decimal
value: value of the number.
▪ Decimal number
o 50
o 8’d50
▪ Octal number
o 8’o050
▪ Hexadecimal number
o 10’h1FF
o 5’h3 or 5’h03
▪ Binary number
o 8’b10010111 or 8’b1001_0111 or 8’b10_01_01_11
▪ Real number (not synthesizable)
o 3.14
o .28e2
6
VERILOG FUNDAMENTAL
Numbers
❑ Sign bit: can use “s” to indicate a sign number
▪ With “s” in base number: negative value if MSB is 1, positive value if MSB is 0
▪ Without “s” in base number: always positive even if MSB is 1
3 2 1 0
Unsigned number: 4’b1110 → decimal 14 1 1 1 0
3 2 1 0
Signed number: 4’sb1110 → decimal -2 1 1 1 0
Signed bit
7
VERILOG FUNDAMENTAL
Numbers
❑ Example
1. Assign the result to a 4-bit signal
4’b1000 + 4’b0100 = 1100
Same bit pattern
4’sb1000 + 4’sb0100 = 1100
2. Assign the result to a 5-bit signal
4’b1000 + 4’b0100 = 01100
4’sb1000 + 4’sb0100 = 11100 Different bit pattern
3. Check true or false
if( 4’b1000 ) = true
If( 4’sb1000) = true Same result
4. Check true or false
if( 4’b1000 > 0) = true
If( 4’sb1000 >0) = false Different result
8
VERILOG FUNDAMENTAL
Numbers
▪ 4 basic values in verilog:
0 – logic zero, or false condition
1 – logic one, or true condition
x – unknown/undefined logic value.
z – high-impedance(hi-Z)/floating state.
▪ Decimal numbers are represented as plain integers, and they cannot directly contain 'x'
(unknown) or 'z' (high-impedance) values.
▪ Octal, binary and hex numbers can have x and z value
▪ Example:
o 4’bxx01: 4-bit binary number where the two most significant bits are unknown.
o 12’o3z21: 12-bit octal number having 3 bits 6,7,8 are undriven (floating).
o 16’hxffz: 16-bit hexadecimal number where the 4 MSBs are unknown and 4 LSBs are
undriven (floating).
9
VERILOG FUNDAMENTAL
Numbers
OFF ON OFF ON/OFF
OFF OFF ON/OFF
ON
Q=0 Q=1 Q=z Q = x (unknown)
▪ “x” value can only be used in simulation, to check the unknown state of the circuit.
▪ “x” is not appeared in actual chip because the circuits always have a state.
▪ The actual chip only has 3 state: 0,1,z.
10
1. Verilog introduction
2. Data type
. 3. Assignment
4. Operator
11
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Net
▪ Net data types are used to represent connections between hardware elements.
▪ Net data types do not hold values.
▪ Net data types have the value of their drivers. If a net has no driver, then net has
high-impedance value (z)
a a
c c e
b b
d
All signals are net types and have drivers. All signals are net types.
b and d have no driver
→ b & d are un-driven or floating net
and has z (high-impedance) value
12
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Net declaration
▪ Keyword: wire
o Default: One-bit values, can declared as vectors
o Default value: z (high-impedance)
o Examples:
wire a;
wire b,c;
wire [2:0] d; //vector
wire [4:2] e; //vector partial selection
13
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Variable
▪ Variable data types can hold value during simulation.
▪ Some variable data types keyword:
o reg: represent data storage elements. It can be synthesizable.
o integer: represent 32-bit signed integer variable. It can be synthesizable.
o real: represent 64-bit floating point variable. It can not be synthesizable.
o time: 64-bit unsigned integer to store simulation time. It can not be
synthesizable.
Reg data type will be described in detail in session 8 !!!
14
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Vector data type
▪ Vector is multibit net or reg data type with range specification.
▪ Net and register data types can be declared as vector.
▪ Syntax: wire/reg [msb_index:lsb_index] var_name;
▪ Examples:
wire [7:0] bus; //8-bit vector net type
reg [31:0] addr; //32-bit vector reg type
▪ Each bit of a vector can take any value: 0,1,z,x
▪ Each bit of a vector is accessible independently.
15
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Vector data type – part select
Example:
Having data[15:0] signal as below, perform the assignment for val[3:0] and write_en from data[15:0]
val[3:0] = data[7:4]
write_en = data[0]
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
data[15:0] 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
3 2 1 0 0
val[3:0] 1 1 1 0 write_en 0
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Vector data type – part select
Practice1: find the value of data signal
data[15:12] = val[3:0] 3 2 1 0
data[7:4] = data[3:0]
val[3:0] 1 1 1 0
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
data[15:0] 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
17
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Vector data type – part select
Practice2: find the value of data[15:0] signal (net type)
data[17:14] = val[3:0]
3 2 1 0
val[3:0] 1 0 0 1
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
data[15:0] 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
18
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Vector data type – part select
Practice3: find the value of tmp[3:0] signal
tmp[3:0] = data[17:14]
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
data[15:0] 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
19
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Vector data type
▪ Sometimes we can see the below declaration:
wire/reg [0:15] data;
▪ The difference is just the indexing and MSB/LSB position.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
data[15:0] MSB LSB
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
data[0:15] MSB LSB
20
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Vector data type
▪ Practice:
reg [7:0] data_1;
reg [0:7] data_2;
data_1 = 8’b1000_1000;
data_2 = 8’b1000_1000;
What’s the value of data_1[0] and data_2[0] ?
21
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Array data type
▪ Arrays can be used to group elements of a data type into multidimensional objects.
▪ Syntax: <data_type> <MSB:LSB> <array_name> [first_element_idx:last_element_idx];
▪ Example:
integer count[7:0]; //array of 8 integer
reg [7:0] data[15:0]; //array of 16 byte reg
MSB LSB
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 data[15] first element
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 data[14]
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 data[13]
… …
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 data[0] last element
▪ Only can access 1 element of the array at a time
o data[0]: access to the last byte of the array
o data[15][7]: access to the MSB of the first element of the array
o data[2:0][5]: is illegal
▪ Multi-dimensional array is not mentioned in this course.
▪ Do not use array declaration unless it makes the code become simple and easy to understand. 22
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Array data type
▪ Memory are digital storage that help store a data and information in digital circuits.
▪ RAM and ROM are good example of such memory elements.
▪ Storage elements can be modeled using one-dimensional array of reg type.
▪ Syntax: reg [WIDTH-1:0] <name> [0:DEPTH-1];
WIDTH: width of each memory word (in bits)
DEPTH: depth of size of the memory (number of words)
▪ Can read from and write to specific locations in the memory using indexing.7 0
▪ Example: 0
reg [7:0] mem[0:1023]; //1024x8 memory
reg [7:0] tmp; 1
//write to memory 2 1011_0111
mem[2] = 8’b1011_0111; .
.
tmp = mem[2]; //read mem[2], tmp’s value is 8’b1011_0111
1023
23
1. Verilog introduction
2. Data type
. 3. Assignment
4. Operator
24
VERILOG ASSIGNMENT
Continuous Assignment
▪ Continuous assignment: drive values onto nets. LHS must be net data type.
o Syntax: assign y = expression; //y is wire data type
Example:
wire [3:0] y;
assign y = a + b;
o Range is allowed in the assignment
3 2 1 0
val[3:0] 1 1 1 0
wire [15:0] data;
wire [3:0] val;
…. 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
assign data[15:12] = val[3:0]
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
assign data[7:4] = data[3:0]
assign a = b & c; assign b = d | e; When d or e is updated, b will change. The change of b causes a change.
assign b = d | e; assign a = b & c; The order of assignment does not affect the result.
25
VERILOG ASSIGNMENT
Procedural assignment
Procedure: a block of code that executes in-order.
This is just about the definition. It will be described more in later sessions.
reg y; reg clk;
always @( a or b or c)
Example of initial begin Example of
begin
procedure using clk = 0; procedure using
if( a )
always block. #25ns; initial block.
y = b;
Will be learned forever begin Will be learned
else clk = #25ns ~clk;
detail in session 8 detail in session 10
y = c; end
end end
Assignment inside a procedure called procedural assignment.
LHS of the procedural assignment need to be reg data type.
26
PRACTICE
Practice: identify the data type for a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h in below cases
module1 module2
a e
c d g h
b f
memory element
procedure
27
1. Verilog introduction
2. Data type
. 3. Assignment
4. Operator
28
VERILOG OPERATOR
Bitwise operator
▪ Bit-wise operators:
Syntax: <operand 1> operator <operand 2> (except the bitwise invert)
Operator Name Example
^ Bitwise XOR 4’b1010 ^ 4’b0011 → 4’b1001
& Bitwise AND 4’b1010 & 4’b0011 → 4’b0010
| Bitwise OR 4’b1010 | 4’b0011 → 4’b1011
~ Bitwise invert ~ 4’b1010 → 4’b0101
29
VERILOG OPERATOR
Arithmetic operators
▪ Arithmetic operators:
Syntax: <operand 1> operator <operand 2>
Operator Name Example
+ Addition 4’b1010 + 4’b0011 → 4’b1101
- Subtraction 4’b1010 - 4’b0011 → 4’b0111
* Multiplication 4’b0101 * 4’b0010 → 4’b1010
/ Division 4’b1010 / 4’b0010 → 4’b0101
(non-synthesizable)
% Modulo 4’b1011 % 4’b0010 → 4’b0001
(non-synthesizable)
30
VERILOG OPERATOR
Relational operators
▪ Relational operators:
Syntax: <operand 1> operator <operand 2>
Operator Name Example
> Greater 4’b1010 > 4’b1000 → TRUE (1’b1)
>= Greater or equal 4’b1010 >= 4’b1010 → TRUE (1’b1)
< Less 4’b1010 < 4’b1001 → FALSE (1’b0)
<= Less or equal 4’b1010 <= 4’b1010 → TRUE (1’b1)
31
VERILOG OPERATOR
Equality operators
▪ Equality operators:
Syntax: <operand 1> operator <operand 2>
Operator Name Example
== Logical equality 4’b1100 = = 4’b110x → UNKNOWED (1’bx)
!= Logical inequality 4’b1100 != 4’b110x → UNKNOWED (1’bx)
=== Case Equality 4’b1100 = = 4’b110x → FALSE (1’b0)
!= = Case inequality 4’b1100 != =4’b110x → TRUE (1’b1)
32
VERILOG OPERATOR
Logical operators
▪ Logical operators:
Syntax: <operand 1> operator <operand 2>
Operator Name Example
&& Logical and 4’b1010 && 4’b0001 → TRUE (1’b1)
|| Logical or 4’b0010 || 4’b0001 → TRUE (1’b1)
! Logical invert ! 4’b0001 → FALSE (1’b0)
<< Logical shift left 1 << 2 → 4’b100
>> Logical shift right 4’b1101 >> 2 → 4’b0011
❑ One operand has one bit value is 1 → its value is 1 seen by the logical operator
❑ One operand has all bit value is 0 → its value is 0 seen by the logical operator
❑ If above 2 cases are wrong → its value is x by the logical operator
33
VERILOG OPERATOR
Unary reduction operators
▪ Unary reduction operators:
Syntax: operator <operand 1>
Operator Name Example
& Reduction and & a[3:0] → a[3] & a[2] & a[1] & a[0]
| Reduction or | a[3:0] → a[3] | a[2] | a[1] | a[0]
^ Reduction xor ^ a[3:0] → a[3] ^ a[2] ^ a[1] ^ a[0]
+ Unary plus b = +a //b is the positive value of a
- Unary minus b = -a //b is the negative value of a
34
VERILOG OPERATOR
Concatenation operators
▪ Concatenation Operators
Operator Name Example
{} Concatenation {a[3:0] , b[2:0]) → to create a 7bit signal that has bit range [2:0]
equal to b[2:0] and bit range [6:3] equal to a[3:0]
{m, { }} Replication {4 {2’b10}} → 8’b10_10_10_10
3 2 1 0 2 1 0 1 0
a[3:0] 1 0 1 0 b[2:0] 1 1 0 c[1:0] 0 1
wire [10:0] val; 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
assign val[10:0] = {1’b1, a[3:0], 1’b0, b[2:0], c[1:0]} 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 val[10:0]
35
VERILOG OPERATOR
Concatenation operators
Practice:
Find the result of following expressions:
1. { {1’b1} , {5{1’b0}} , {4{1’b1}, {1’b0} }
2. { {3{2’b10}}, {5’h8} }
36
VERILOG OPERATOR
Conditional operators
▪ Conditional Operators
▪ Syntax: (cond)? (result if cond true) : (result if cond false)
▪ Example:
assign y = (s==1)? a : b;
→ y is assigned to a if s is 1
→ y is assigned to b if s is 0
37
VERILOG OPERATOR
Precedence
Operators Symbol Precedence
Unary + - ! ~ & ^ | Highest
Arithmetic * / %
+ -
Shift << <<< >> >>>
Relational < <= > >=
Equality == != === !===
Bitwise &
^
|
Logical operator &&
||
Conditional operator ?:
Assignment operator = <= Lowest
38
SESSION 6
SUMMARY
SUMMARY:
❑ There are 4 basic value in Verilog: 0,1,x,z. “x” does not exist in actual silicon.
❑ Net data types are used to represent connections between hardware elements and
can not hold value. Use “wire” for net data type declaration.
❑ Reg data types are used to represents storage elements or combinational logic in
procedure. Use “reg” for reg data type declaration.
❑ Multiple bits are group into vectors and arrays
❑ Need to take care Verilog precedence to avoid issues during simulation
39
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Reg data type
Homework1: identify data type wire/reg for below diagram:
module 1 module 2
module 3
procedure
40
VERILOG DATA TYPES
Reg data type
Homework2(*): based on lab3 of session 5 environment, write verilog code to
confirm the previous vector practice:
reg [7:0] data_1;
reg [0:7] data_2;
data_1 = 8’b1000_1000;
data_2 = 8’b1000_1000;
What’s the value of data_1[0] and data_2[0] ?
Display the result to screen using $display
Homework3(*): based on lab3 of session 5 environment, write verilog
code to check below:
Having a data array of 4 bytes: {8'h01, 8'h23, 8'h45, 8'h67}
Display the array index 0 and array index 3 with 2 below array
declarations to see the difference:
reg [7:0] data [3:0];
reg [7:0] data [0:3];
41
