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6/113 ISSN No:1001-2400

EFFECT OF COMBUSTION PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION

CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL FROM JATROPA OIL WITH NEEM OIL
BLEND IN DIESEL ENGINE
*
Rajesh Kumar . K 1 , Setheeswarar.S2 ,Ajithkumar.S3, Naveen.N4 , Mohamed Rila.A5

Assistant professor ,2,3,4,5 Under Graduate

1

Department of mechanical engineering , Rajiv Gandhi college of engineering and technology,

Kirumampakkam , Puducherry.

Abstract: Biodiesel, biogas and bio ethanol are all examples

The jatropha and neem oil biodiesel was of bio-fuels.Biodiesel is a methyl ester which can
extracted from raw oil through be produced from vegetable oil, animal fats etc. In
transesterification process. Additionally the this study, “Jatropha oil and Neem oil” were used
titanium oxide nanoparticle is added with as they are not part of food menu. Jatropha is a
various proportions in jatropha and neem oil plant which is drought resistant and can grow in
biodiesel blend to enhance the better gradually sandy saline soils. This plant can grow
performance and reduced the emission up to 8 meters; it has large green to pale green
characteristics. The extracted biodiesel is leaves and can produce seeds up to 35years. Neem
blended with diesel by 25% and titanium oxide plant is an evergreen tree which is endemic to the
nanoparticles are added with various Indian sub-continent and has been introduced to
proportions of 50ppm and 100ppm. The many other areas in the tropics. Jatropha oil which
properties of biodiesel blend with nanoparticle has been deliberated as a potential substitute fuel
blended fuel are analyzed and compared with for compression ignition (CI) engines; the
sole fuel. The BTE for diesel, B25, viscosity was decreased by blending the biodiesel
B25+TONP50 and B25+TONP100 is 25.51%, with diesel.
30.2%, 39.4% and 38.89% respectively. The CO,
HC and smoke emission are decreased for
B25+TONP100 by 10%, 15%, 12% respectively. 2. BIODIESEL PREPARATION
The NOx emission is slightly increased for the
blend B25+TONP100. 2.1 BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA OIL

Keywords : Jatropha oil, neem oil Titanium The blends of variable proportions of
oxide , Biodiesel, nanoparticle ,combustion , jatropha oil and diesel were set, investigated and
emissions. matched with diesel fuel. The performance of the
engine using blends and jatropha oil was evaluated
1. INTRODUCTION in a single-cylinder CI engine and compared with
the performance obtained with diesel. Significant
Due to constant increase in price and improvement in engine performance was observed
non-renewability of petroleum products, which are compared to vegetable oil alone. From the
obtained from finite sources. The alternative properties and engine test outcomes it has been
sources of energy especially for automobile fuel proven that jatropha oil can replace 40–50% diesel
that are gaining popularity today are bio fuel. This without any engine alteration. The properties they
obviously is because it is biodegradable, renewable investigated included the acid value, peroxide
and its sources are infinite and abundant. value, p-anisidine value and fatty acid ethyl ester
composition.
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The two farms were in San Jose (SJ) and Table1 Fatty acid composition in jatropha and neem
Guantanamo (Gt), corresponding to the western oil
and eastern part of the island. The study shows that
the jatropha acquired from Guantanamo has a Structure Jatropha Neem
higher acid value and peroxide value compared Fatty acid Formula
(xx:y*) oil oil
with that to San Jose.
Miristic 14:0 C14H28O2 0.1 -
2.2 BIODIESEL FROM NEEM OIL Palmitic 16:0 C16H32O2 14.2 18.1

Neem biodiesel production system involves Palmitoleic 16:1 C16H30O2 0.71 44.5
neem plant cultivation, extraction of oil from the
seeds obtained from neem plant, and then Stearic 18:0 C18H36O2 7 18.1
production of neem biodiesel from its oil by
transesterification process. Neem seeds are Oleic 18:1 C18H34O2 44.7 44.5
processed to produce biodiesel after being Linoleic 18:2 C18H32O2 32.8 18.3
harvested. First, seeds are treated to give oil which
is later used to produce biodiesel. Oil extraction Linolenic 18:3 C18H32O2 0.2 0.2
can be done by the following two methods. First Margaric 17:0 C18H36O2 0.1 -
one is chemical extraction. By this method, greater
amount of oil can be extracted. In this, a solvent is
used and generally n-hexane is used for this since 2.4 TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
most oils are soluble in hexane. The second is
mechanical extraction. It is the traditional method Transesterification is also called alcoholysis,
of oil extraction in which mechanical pressers and is the displacement of alcohol from on ester by
expellers are used. another alcohol in a process similar to hydrolysis.
This process has been widely used to reduce the
2.3 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION viscosity of triglycerides. The transesterification
reaction is represented by the general equation
Vegetable oil bio-diesel can be blended with R COOR’+R” R COOR” + R’OH
diesel fuel. At lower blends of vegetable oil bio-
diesel with standard diesel such as B5 & B10 (a If methanol is used in the above reaction, it is
blend of 5% & 10% bio-diesel with 95% & 90% formed as methanolysis. The reaction of glyceride
petrol-diesel), does not have much effect on the with methanol is represent by the general equation
point of the blend. Jatropha oil and have around triglycerides are readily transesterfied in the
40% of saturated (sum of Miristic, palmitic and presence of alkaline catalyst at atmospheric pressure
stearic acids) fatty acids. vegetable oil is lower at and at a temperature of approximately go to 70oC
about 30-33%. For comparison, soybean oil has with an excess of methanol. The procedure done is
14% saturated fatty acids whereas canola oil has given below: 1000ml of vegetable oil is taken in a
only 6%. When the vegetable oil is made into bio- container. 15 grams of Potassium hydroxide alkaline
diesel, the concern about solidification at lower catalyst (KOH) is weighed. 200 ml of methanol is
temperature continues (Sims Ralph 1985). taken in beaker. Then stired with an mechanical
stirer and magnetic stirer up-to 60oC then transferred
into a glass container to separate the glycerine now
our biodiesel is ready to use.

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3 . EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND

PROCEDURE
The experiment is conducted on Kirloskar
TV- 1single cylinder, vertical, water Cooled, 4-
stroke diesel engine direct injection (DI) diesel
engine. The engine was allowed to run with neat
diesel at a various loads for nearly 10 minutes to
attain the steady state conditions. The fuel
consumption was measured by a stop watch for 10
ml fuel consumption Smoke readings were
measured using the AVL smoke meter at the
Fig 1 Schematic view of bio-diesel preparation plant exhaust outlet. The exhaust temperature was
measured at the indicator by using a sensor. The
2.5 Titanium oxide nanoparticle as additive readings are noted for different values then the
result is calculated the graph is plotted.
Metal oxide nanoparticles have been
extensively developed in the past decades. Among
them, Titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) and its
compounds have long been known for more for
example, titanium hydroxide(Ti(OH)4) and titanium
tri-chloride (TiCl3).

Table 2 Properties of diesel and titanium

oxide nanoparticle with jatropha oil and neem oil
with bio-diesel blend.
Fig 2 Photographic view of kirloskar TV-1
engine
B25 B25
Measurement Table 3 Engine specification
+ +
Property Standards Diesel B25
TONP50 TONP100

Kinematic Single cylinder,

ASTM vertical, water
viscosity
at D445 2.6 3.8 3.6 3.1 Type
Cooled, 4-stroke
40 C(CSt)
o
diesel engine
Specific ASTM
gravity 0.835 0.8463 0.8553 0.8733 Bore 87.5 mm
D1298
@15 C o

Flash
Stroke 110 mm
Point ASTM D93 67 72 70 65 Compression Ratio 17.5:1
( C)
o

Gross Maximum Power 5.2 kW (7hp)

ASTM
calorific 44,000 43,800 43,850 44,280 Speed 1500 rpm
value D240
(kJ/kg) Injection Pressure 220 kgf/cm2
Density ASTM Injection timing 23oC before TDC
at15oC 0.838 0.8562 0.8633 0.8463
D1298
(g/cc)

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Table 4 Specification of AVL Di gas analyzer 4 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Make AVL
The experimental investigations are conducted
Type AVL Di Gas 444 by 25% of jatropha and neem oil biodiesel blend
which is extracted through transesterification process
Power Supply 11...22 voltage  25 W with addition of various proportions (50, 100ppm) of
Warm up time  7 min titanium oxide nanoparticle and compared with diesel
fuel on Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine by various load
Operating 5...45 C condition (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) and
temperature maintained the constant speed 1500 rpm of the
engine.
Storage 0...50 C
temperature 4.1 Brake thermal efficiency

Relative ≤ 95%, non-condensing The brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of

humidity brake power obtained from the engine to the fuel
energy supplied to the engine. When adding the
Inclination 0...90 nanoparticle into jatropha and neem oil biodiesel
blend the calorific value and viscosity of the
Dimension (w x 270 x 320 x 85 mm3 biodiesel blend should be increased. The maximum
d x h) BTE obtained is about 25.29% for B25 and for
B25+TONP100 the BTE is about 38.94% at 19:1
Weight 4.5 kg net weight without compression ratio. The B25+TONP100 biodiesel
accessories blend is shows higher brake thermal efficiency which
is 9.95% increased compared to diesel fuel.

Table 5 specifications of AVL Smokemeter

Make
AVL 437 Smoke meter

Type
IP 52

0 to 100 opacity in %
Measuring range
0 to 99.99 absorption m-1
4.2 Specific fuel consumption
Heating time
220 V approximately 20 min.
The specific fuel consumption for the
Light source
biodiesel blend B25 is slightly increased than the
Halogen bulb 12 V/5W diesel. When adding the titanium oxide
nanoparticle the specific fuel consumption is
Maximum smoke decreased. The specific fuel consumption for Diesel,
250 C
temperature B25, B25+50ppm, B25+TONP100 is 0.3328
Kg/kW.hr , 0.283 Kg/kW.hr, 0.217 Kg/kW.hr and
Power supply 220Kg/kW-hr respectively. SFC reduced and
190 – 240 V AC, 50 Hz, 2.5
increases injection pressure reduces the fuel
A
particle diameter and atomization occurs properly
and causes better combustion.
Dimensions
570mm × 500mm × 1250mm

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4.5 Carbon monoxide

The carbon monoxide (CO) emission slightly

is high for the B25 blend than diesel. By adding the
4.3 Smoke density titanium oxide nanoparticle to the B25 blend
reduces the CO emission. CO emission of diesel ,
The smoke density is the measure of amount of B25 , B25+TONP50 and B25+TONP100ppm is
smoke given by a material that is burned it is 0.25 , 0.34 , 0.24 and 0.18% volume. From the
results, it is clear that the TONP100 effectively
measured in HSU (Hartridge Smoke Unit).The reduces the CO emission compared with diesel
biodiesel blend B25 has higher smoke emission when the nanoparticles dosage was increased.
when compared to diesel fuel due to higher
kinematic viscosity. When adding the nanoparticle
to the biodiesel blend B25, the smoke emission is
decreased. The smoke density of diesel , B25 , B25
+TONP50, B25+TONP100 is 48 HSU , 56 HSU, 48
HSU and 36 HSU.

4.6 Hydrocarbon

The blend B25 have higher HC emission

when compare to diesel fuel. When adding the
titanium oxide nanoparticle to biodiesel blend B25,
the HC emission is decreased. The blend
B25+TONP100 is decreased by 16% when compared
4.4 Oxides of Nitrogen to that of diesel fuel. The addition of nanoparticles
increased the level of oxygen content in the biodiesel
The NOx emission is higher in diesel , by
blend B25. However, the oxygen content of fuel is
adding titanium oxide nanoparticle NOx emission
the most important reason for HC emission reduction
is decreased. The blend of biodiesel B25 has the
and complete combustion of fuel.
lower NOx emission when adding the nanoparticle
into the biodiesel blend NOx emission should be
increased compare to diesel fuel. The NOx
emission of the diesel, B25, B25+TONP50,
B25+TONP100 at full condition is 1085, 896,
1085 and 1125 ppm respectively.

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CONCLUSION
1) The biodiesel was extracted from jatropha oil [6] Ramasubramanian .S, S. Manavalan and C.
and neem oil through transesterification process by Gnanavel and G. Balakrishnan (2017) -Processing of
using methanol and KOH as catalyst. Neem And Jatropha Methyl Esters –Alternative
2) The physical properties of the biodiesel is Fuels From Vegetable Oil.
measured by ASTM standard and compared to that
of diesel fuel.
[7] Sriramajayam.S (2015) Biodiesel Production
3) The extracted jatropha oil and neem oil
From Neem (Azadiracta Indica) Oil
biodiesel was blended with diesel by 25% and
namely as B25.
4) The brake thermal efficiency of blend B25 with [8] Mohammed Jibril, Atuman Samaila Joel, Ugwu
240bar injection pressure The brake thermal Edith, Aboje Alochenu Audu(2012) Production and
efficiency of blend B25 with 240bar injection Characterization of Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil and
pressure for diesel, B25, B25+TONP100 is Neem Oil.
25.51% , 24.2% and 38.8%.
5) The smoke, CO, HC emission are decreased for
[9] Novizar Nazir, Nazaruddin Ramli, Djumali
B25 blend with 240bar injection by 9.7%, 18.5%,
16% respectively compared to that to neat diesel Mangunwidjaja , Erliza Hambali, Dwi Setyaningsih,
with standard injection pressure. Sri Yuliani , Mohd. Ambar Yarmo and Jumat
6) The NOx emission is increased for the jatropha Salimon (2009). Biodiesel production from non
and neem oil biodiesel blend B25 with 240 bar edible plants Jatropha curcas.
injection pressure.
[10] Kamrun Nahar and S.A. Sunny(2011) Extraction
of Biodiesel from a Second Generation Energy Crop
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