CITIES ACROSS THE
WORLD
WEEK 4
Water Crisis
Water
■ World Economic Form has reports every year
■ For the tenth year in a row, the WEF Global Risks Report highlighted the water crisis
as a top five risk in terms of impact.
Global Risk
Interconnections
The World Economic Form reports in 2020
Water scarcity will increase as well—it already
affects a quarter of the world’s population
A significant decline in the available quality
and quantity of fresh water, resulting in
harmful effects on human health and/or
economic activity
According to the UN, water was a major factor
in conflict in 45 countries in 2017; disputes
between upstream and downstream areas will
likely intensify.
Water and Life
■ The world runs on water.
■ Water is the most essential component of human
survival.
■ Clean, reliable water supplies are vital for industry,
agriculture, and energy production.
■ Every community and ecosystem on Earth depends
on water for sanitation, hygiene, and daily survival.
■ The UN say that a human being needs 50 litres of
water per day in order to prepare meals and to have
enough for personal hygiene to avoid diseases and
to retain efficiency
■ In the past centuries, water has only used for
agriculture and daily necessities
■ Today, in parallel with the changing needs and the
increasing world population, water utilization has
increased considerably.
The power of water
■ Access to safe water
– Can protect and save lives, just
because it's there.
– has the power to turn time spent
into time saved, when it's close
and not hours away.
– can turn problems into potential:
unlocking education, economic
prosperity, and improved health.
Water Consumption in Europe
■ Many humans in Africa must get along with 20 litres water per day. That is the quantity of water
that we use when having a shower for 1,5 minutes.
■ In Germany, the water consumption per person amounts to 121 litres water per day.
■ About 1/3 is for toilet-flushing, 1/3 for body hygiene and another third for laundering, washing
the dishes, cooking and drinking. For cooking and drinking, we need about 5 litres per day.
■ Turkey consumes 190 lt per person per day Istanbul= 189 lt. Ankara=227 Izmir= 173
Domestic
■ Since the 1960s, agriculture has remained by far the largest global user of freshwater, though
its rate of growth has been slower than other sectors.
Water
■ New data from World Research Institutions’ Aqueduct platform shows that domestic water
demand grew 600% from 1960-2014, at a significantly faster rate than any other sector.
■ WHY?
■ Related with growing populations and economies.
■ More people, more homes and growing cities require more water than ever before.
What is the difference between
water consumption and water footprint?
Total Water Footprint in the World
■ Water footprint is different than water
consumption
■ The water footprint is a geographically
explicit indicator, not only showing
volumes of water use and pollution, but
also the locations
■ Because, traditionally, water use has
been approached from the production
side: the agricultural, industrial and
domestic sector.
■ With a globalised world, in which
products are not always consumed in
their country of origin. Therefore, a
global flow of virtual water should be
considered.
■ Turkey’s average water footprint is 1642
m3/year per capita
Virtual water and
international trade
■ International ‘trade’ in virtual water
■ The graph shows the extreme
asymmetry of this ‘trade’
– in terms of the small number of
major virtual water ‘exporters’—
Canada, USA, Brazil, Argentina,
Australia and India and the very
large number—over 160—of
virtual water ‘importers.’
Water scarcity
■ Water scarcity involves
– water stress,
– water shortage or deficits, and
– water crisis.
■ While the concept of water stress is relatively new, it is the difficulty of
obtaining sources of fresh water for use during a period of time and may
result in further depletion and deterioration of available water
resources.
■ Water shortage means a situation during which the water supplies of a
system cannot meet normal water demands for the system, including
peak periods.
■ A water crisis is a situation where the available potable, unpolluted
water within a region is less than that region's demand.
What are the main causes of water scarcity?
What are the main causes of water scarcity?
All causes of water scarcity are related to human interference with
the water cycle.
Water scarcity is being driven by two converging phenomena:
– growing freshwater use
■ “World demand for water doubles every 21 years, but the
volume available is the same as it was in the Roman
times,”
– Depletion ( impoverishment) of usable freshwater resources.
■ Climate change, such as altered weather-patterns
(including droughts or floods), deforestation, increased
pollution, green house gases, and wasteful use of water
What are the main mechanisms causes of
water scarcity?
Water scarcity can be a result of two mechanisms:
– physical (absolute) water scarcity is a result of inadequate natural
water resources to supply a region's demand
– economic water scarcity is a result of poor management of the
sufficient available water resources.
Water and Agriculture
■ Agriculture is both a victim and a cause of
water scarcity. (approx. 70%of water)
■ Water of appropriate quality and quantity is
essential for
– the production of crops,
– livestock, and fisheries, as well as for
– the processing and preparation of these
foods and products.
WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO?
a sustainable pathway to food security
in the context of water scarcity, food–water–climate nexus needs maximum benefit.
Most water is withdrawn at the production stage
Therefore;
Countries in water-scarce regions will increasingly need to devise food security strategies that explicitly consider
structural food supply deficits
But mainly grow and produce things in the right place
So we can say that farmers are the most important stakeholders for water management.
Water Crisis
■ Water is the most essential component
of human survival.
■ Nearly 1.8 billion people in 17 countries =
quarter of the world’s population, appear to be
towards a water crisis—with the potential of
severe shortages in the next few years
■ According to a report by the World Economic
Forum, the water crisis is the #5 global risk in
terms of impact to society.
Middle East and Africa
■ While the Middle East
and North Africa
region is hot and water
supply low
■ However, rising
demand has pushed
countries into extreme
stress.
■ Qatar, the most at risk
from water scarcity,
depends heavily on
seawater desalination
systems to supply
drinking water to
people and industries
Water
Crisis
Present water situation in Turkey
■ Turkey is one of the most water rich countries of the Mediterranean
■ But due to an enormous population increase from 28 million in the 1960’s to 80
million in 2018 the availability of water resources has already decreased from
around 4000 m3 to 1500 m3 per capita/year today.
■ Water demand in Turkey approximately has doubled in the second half of the last
century. The overall water demand in Turkey continues to increase, even more in
the light of the effects of drought (or climate change). Turkey will suffer from water
scarcity in the next years .
Water Demand and Supply in Turkey
Grey is from Dams
Orange is from under ground water
Water Supply in Turkey
■ Over the past decades access to drinking water has become almost universal
■ Access to water supply in Turkey is high. Based on household surveys and census
results 100% of the Turkish urban population had access to an improved water
source in 2007.
■ In rural areas, where less than a third of the population lives, 96% had access
■ 40% was abstracted from dams, 28% from wells, 23% from springs, 4% from
rivers, and 5% from lakes.
■ Water tariffs in Turkish cities are set by local governments. Konut kullanıcıları için çoğu şehir artan
blok tarifeleri talep ediyor
■ For residential users most cities charge increasing-block tariffs. Commercial users
and public institutions are charged a linear tariff that is close to or higher than the
highest block of the residential tariff. Tariff levels vary across cities Ticari kullanıcılar
Ve kamu kurumlarına yakın veya daha yüksek bir doğrusal tarife alınır.
Konut tarifesinin en yüksek bloğu. Tarife seviyeleri şehirler arasında değişir
Water footprint
■ [Link]
■ You need to calculate your own water footprint until next week
■ So we will talk about it
■ And please think about it how much water you spend daily
