Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)

Last Updated : 21 Jun, 2024

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Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide range of applications and the use of
the Internet of Things is growing so faster. Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking
of physical objects that contain electronics embedded within their architecture to
communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or to the external
environment. In this article, we are going to discuss the architecture of the Internet
of Things.
Architecture of IoT
The architecture of IoT is divided into 4 different layers i.e. Sensing Layer, Network
Layer, Data processing Layer, and Application Layer.
 Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is the first layer of the Internet of
Things architecture and is responsible for collecting data from different sources.
This layer includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the environment to
gather information about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and other
physical parameters. Wired or wireless communication protocols connect these
devices to the network layer.
 Network Layer: The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for
providing communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system.
It includes protocols and technologies that enable devices to connect and
communicate with each other and with the wider internet. Examples of network
technologies that are commonly used in IoT include WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee,
and cellular networks such as 4G and 5G technology. Additionally, the network
layer may include gateways and routers that act as intermediaries between
devices and the wider internet, and may also include security features such as
encryption and authentication to protect against unauthorized access.
 Data processing Layer: The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to
the software and hardware components that are responsible for collecting,
analyzing, and interpreting data from IoT devices. This layer is responsible for
receiving raw data from the devices, processing it, and making it available for
further analysis or action.The data processing layer includes a variety of
technologies and tools, such as data management systems, analytics platforms,
and machine learning algorithms. These tools are used to extract meaningful
insights from the data and make decisions based on that data. Example of a
technology used in the data processing layer is a data lake, which is a
centralized repository for storing raw data from IoT devices.
 Application Layer: The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost
layer that interacts directly with the end-user. It is responsible for providing
user-friendly interfaces and functionalities that enable users to access and
control IoT devices.This layer includes various software and applications such
as mobile apps, web portals, and other user interfaces that are designed to
 interact with the underlying IoT infrastructure. It also includes middleware
services that allow different IoT devices and systems to communicate and share
data seamlessly.The application layer also includes analytics and processing
capabilities that allow data to be analyzed and transformed into meaningful
insights. This can include machine learning algorithms, data visualization tools,
and other advanced analytics capabilities.

Architecture of IoT

Advantages of IoT
 Execute multiple tasks at a time like a computer.
 Easiest internet connectivity
 Works on GUI (Graphical User Interface) mode because of HDMI port.
 Best suited for server-based applications i.e., can be connected via SSH–Secure
Shell-to access the Rpi command line remotely and file sharing via FTP–File
Transfer Protocol.
 More reliable for software applications.
Disadvantages of IoT
 Security concerns and potential for hacking or data breaches.
 Privacy issues related to the collection and use of personal data.
 Dependence on technology and potential for system failures.
 Limited standardization and interoperability among devices.
 Complexity and increased maintenance requirements.
 High initial investment costs.
 Limited battery life on some devices.
 Concerns about job displacement due to automation.
 Limited regulation and legal framework for IoT, which can lead to confusion
and uncertainty.
Modern Applications of IoT
 Smart Grids and energy saving
 Smart cities
 Smart homes/Home automation
 Healthcare
 Earthquake detection
 Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
 Smartphone detection
 Water flow monitoring
 Traffic monitoring
 Smart door lock protection system
 Robots and Drones
 Healthcare and Hospitals, Telemedicine applications
 Biochip Transponders (For animals in farms)
 Heart monitoring implants (Example Pacemaker, ECG real time tracking)
Conclusion
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an important technology that allows physical devices
to connect and interact with one another and their surroundings via embedded
electronics. The IoT architecture, which consists of Sensing, Network, Data
Processing, and Application layers, allows for the seamless collecting, analysis, and
utilization of data. While IoT provides various benefits, such as increased
automation, efficiency, and the capacity to complete multiple jobs at the same time,
it also introduces security threats, privacy concerns, and high initial expenses.