Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research
University of warith al-Anbiya
College of Engineering
Department of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Engineering
First stage
Written by
Supervised by
1445 AH 2023-2024A.D.
An energy system is a system designed primarily with the
aim of providing energy services to end users. The IPCC
Fifth Assessment Report defined the energy system from
a structural point of view as: “all components related to
the production, transformation, delivery and use of
energy.” The field of energy economics includes energy
markets and deals with the energy system to innovate
technical and economic systems that meet consumers'
demand for energy in the forms of heat, fuel and
electricity.
The two initial concepts include measures including
skylights, building insulation and solar design, as well as
social and economic factors such as energy demand
management and even remote working. Thus, the field of
energy systems analysis extends to the fields of
engineering and economics. Integrating ideas from both
fields to form a comprehensive description is difficult,
especially when it comes to macroeconomic variables.
The concept of an energy system is evolving as new
regulations, technologies and practices are developed, for
example: emissions trading, the development of smart
grids, and greater energy efficiency to manage energy
demand.
From a structural perspective, an energy system is similar
to any general system, consisting of a set of interacting
parts located within the environment. These components
were derived from engineering and economic ideas.
Taking a look at this process, the energy system “consists
of an integrated set of technical and economic activities
operating within a complex interactive framework.”
Identifying the components and behaviors of an energy
system depends on the circumstances, the desired goal of
the analysis, and the questions that need to be answered.
Thus, the concept of an energy system is a computational
abstraction that usually precedes some form of study, such
as building and using an appropriate energy model.
Using engineering terminology, a power system gives us
scope to represent it as a flow network: the vertices in the
map symbolize geometric components such as power
plants and pipelines and the boundary map symbolizes the
separations between these components. This approach
allows similar or adjacent components to be grouped and
treated as a single component to simplify the model. Once
the description is finalized, flow network algorithms such
as minimum flow cost can be applied. The components
themselves can be treated as simple motor systems in their
own right.
In contrast, relatively pure economic models may take a
sector approach with only limited geometric detail. The
major and sub-sector categories published by the IEA are
often used as the basis for this analysis. A 2009 UK
residential energy sector study compared the use of the
MARKAL technology model with several UK residential
equity models.
International energy statistics are usually divided by
industry, main sector, sub-sector and country. Energy
carriers (also known as energy products) are classified as
primary energy, secondary (or intermediate) energy, and
sometimes final energy. Published energy data sets are
typically adjusted to be internally consistent, meaning that
energy stocks and flows must be balanced. The IEA
regularly publishes energy statistics and energy balances
with detail and cost information, and also provides mid-
cycle forecasts based on these data.
Energy systems can vary in scale: local, municipal,
national, regional and even global depending on the issues
studied. Researchers may or may not include demand
quantity in their definition of an energy system. The IPCC
does this, but covers these quantities in separate sections
on transport, buildings, industry and agriculture.
Household consumption and investment can also be
included within the scope of the energy system. These are
uncommon because it is difficult to describe consumer
behavior, but the goal is to include human factors in the
models. Household decision-making criteria may be
represented using methods of bounded rationality and
client-based behavior. The American Association for the
Advancement of Science calls for “more attention to
incorporating behavioral rather than price- and income-
based considerations into economic models of the energy
system.”
Solar energy systems:
Systems not connected to the network: outside the
network:
Off-grid solar systems provide a liberating approach to
energy consumption. These settings are intended for those
seeking independence from the grid, or those who do not
have access to the grid, and allow them to generate and
store electricity.
Off-grid systems are especially ideal for remote areas.
They generally consist of solar panels, battery storage,
charge controllers, and inverters.
Systems connected to the network:
Grid-connected systems are designed to work with the
existing power grid. An on-grid system consists of solar
panels, inverters and a connection to the grid itself.
Solar panels capture sunlight and convert it into
electricity, which is then directed to an inverter connected
to the grid. The inverter converts the direct current
produced by the panels into alternating current, making it
compatible with the electrical characteristics of the grid.
The distinguishing feature of grid-connected systems is
their connection to the power grid. The electricity
generated by the solar panels is fed into the grid,
effectively shifting the electricity meter backwards in a
process known as net metering.
Hybrid solar systems:
Hybrid solar systems allow the homeowner to choose
whether they want to direct the power they generate to the
grid or to the home battery system.
In conclusion, the choice of solar energy systems depends
on each person's needs and circumstances. Factors such as
energy goals, location, budget and consumption patterns
play a crucial role.
Whether a user seeks independence with an off-grid setup,
savings with an on-grid system, or versatility with a hybrid
solution, careful consideration and professional guidance
will help make an informed decision, aligned with
sustainability goals.
Energy services
The concept of energy service is fundamental, especially
to define the purpose of the energy system:
“It is important to realize that energy use is not an end in
itself; Rather, it is a response to human needs and desires.
“Energy services are the end for which the energy system
provides the means.”
Energy services can be defined as amenities provided
through energy consumption. in details:
“When we can, demand should be determined by the
provision of energy service as required, for example: air
temperature for heating or lux levels for lighting. "This
method supports a wide range of potential responses to the
supply issue, including the use of saving techniques such
as insulation and skylights."
Considering energy services to the individual and how
these services contribute to human well-being and
individual quality of life is crucial to the debate on
sustainable energy. It is clear that people living in poor
areas with low levels of consumption of energy services
will benefit from increased consumption, and vice versa
for those with high levels of consumption.
The idea of energy services has led to the emergence of
energy service companies that contract to provide energy
services to the customer over long periods. Energy
services companies have the freedom to choose the best
means of delivering their services, including investments
to achieve the best thermal performance and HVAC
equipment in buildings.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
13600, 13601 and 13602 standards for energy system
technologies
ISO 13600, ISO 13601 and ISO 13602 constitute a set of
international standards related to energy system
technologies. These documents (although withdrawn
before 2016) provide useful definitions and outlines for
formalizing these systems. Standards divide the energy
system into supply and demand sectors, linking them to
the flow of tradable energy commodities. Each sector has
a set of inputs, outputs and some by-products that are
required or rejected. The main sectors can be divided into
sub-sectors, each of which achieves a specific goal. The
demand sector ultimately aims to provide energy services
to consumers.
Functioning scheme for an off-grid photovoltaic
installation
The installation is simple and convenient and offers the
possibility of using free energy from the Sun, avoiding the
noise of the generator and diesel fuel costs, as well as
harmful exhaust gases. It is sustainable and respectful with
the environment.
We produce electricity during the day which we consume
instantly, and, if we want, we can store it and consume it
later. Isolated facilities must be designed according to the
(electrical) energy needs of the user in order to optimize
the photovoltaic plant. It must be properly studied and
designed, in order to find out what specific type of devices
and instruments are best for this consumption.
With regard to its implementation, as its name suggests, it
is mainly used in isolated areas without electric network
connection and where electricity is needed. It is highly
recommended, sometimes almost indispensable, for the
following applications:
SOLAR PUMPS FOR AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK,
INDUSTRY, AND COMMUNITIES.
The solar water pump starts working directly during the
daylight hours when the amperage produced by the solar
panels is enough for the operation of the pump.
Photovoltaic pumping system
The system consists of solar panels, a converter, and a submersible pump
that they will draw water all day and will be stored in a pool, storage tank,
or similar storage.
This system is used in gardens where the water is taken
from a well to a storage place, thermos, tank, or pool,
which is filled up and allows for irrigation when needed.
Or the water can automatically be lead to troughs for
livestock. It could even be implemented to provide water
to industries, or housing that is isolated from the main
electrical network, or to transport water between tanks.
POWER SUPPLY FOR AGRICULTURAL,
LIVESTOCK, INDUSTRY, AND COMMUNITY USE
This system offers power supply for isolated areas without
a main electrical network, which is very important for
countries in the process of development and electrification
of rural areas, with a low cost of installation and
maintenance. It also can be used in the lighting of ships,
greenhouses, refrigeration, automation of windows,
milking systems, etc.
