Class XI Session 2023-24

Subject - Chemistry
Sample Question Paper - 8

Time Allowed: 3 hours Maximum Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. There are 33 questions in this question paper with internal choice.

2. SECTION A consists of 16 multiple-choice questions carrying 1 mark each.

3. SECTION B consists of 5 very short answer questions carrying 2 marks each.

4. SECTION C consists of 7 short answer questions carrying 3 marks each.

5. SECTION D consists of 2 case-based questions carrying 4 marks each.

6. SECTION E consists of 3 long answer questions carrying 5 marks each.

7. All questions are compulsory.

8. The use of log tables and calculators is not allowed

Section A
1. 30 mg is the same mass as: [1]

a) 0.0003 kg b) 0.03 g

c) 300 decigrams d) 0.3 grams

2. Cathode rays are deflected by: [1]

a) electric and magnetic fields b) magnetic field only

c) thin metal foils only d) electric field only

3. No work is done on the system, but q amount of heat is taken out from the system and given to the surrounding. [1]
The change in internal energy of a system is

a) ΔU = -q b) ΔU = Wad

c) ΔU = +q d) ΔU =q-W
4. The product of the uncertainties of the exact position and exact momentum (or velocity) of an electron. The [1]
product of their uncertainties is always

a) equal to or greater than h/3π b) equal to or greater than h/4π.

c) equal to or greater than h/2π d) equal to or greater than h/π

5. For a cyclic process, the change in internal energy of the system is________. [1]

a) always + ve b) always - ve

c) none of these d) zero

6. Orbital angular momentum depends on ________. [1]

Page 1 of 12
 a) m and s b) n and m

c) l d) n and l

7. Choose the correct explanation regarding half-reaction such as Cr2O 2−

→ Cr3+from the following. [1]
7

a) Cr2O 2−

7
is a good reducing agent b) It is oxidation half-reaction

c) Chromium being reduced d) Chromium being oxidised

8. The order of decreasing priority for some functional groups in the naming of an organic compound is: [1]

a) - COOR (R = alkyl group right), - COCl, - b) - CN, - HC = O, > C = O, - OH, - NH2, -

CONH2 , - CN, - HC = O, > C = O, - OH, - COOR (R = alkyl group), - COCl, - CONH2
H2

c) - CONH2, - CN, - HC = O, > C = O, - OH, - d) - COCl, - CONH2, - CN, - HC = O, > C =

NH2, - COOR (R = alkyl group), - COCl O, - OH, - NH2, - COOR (R = alkyl group)

9. The synthesis of 3-octyne is achieved by subsequent stepwise reactions of sodium amide with an alkyne, and a [1]
bromoalkane. The bromoalkane and the other alkyne respectively are:

a) BrCH2CH2CH3 and b) BrCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 and

C H3 C H2 C H2 C ≡ CH C H3 C ≡ CH

c) BrCH2CH2CH2CH3 and d) BrCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 and

C H3 C H2 C ≡ CH C H3 C H2 C ≡ CH

10. Choose one of the following in the order of increasing radii: [1]

a) I- < I+ < I b) I < I+ < I-

c) I+ < I- < I d) I- > I > I+

11. The equilibrium constant for a reaction is 10. What will be the value of ΔG ? R = 8.314 JK-1, T= 300 K, T =
0 [1]
300 K?

a) -5.744 kJ mol-1 b) -5.456 kJ mol-1

c) -6.132 kJ mol-1 d) -5.978 kJ mol-1

12. The number of alkynes possible with molecular formula C5H8 is: [1]

a) 5 b) 4

c) 2 d) 3
13. Assertion (A): Electron deficient species that can accept lone pair of electrons known as an electrophile. [1]
⊕

Reason (R): N H is an electrophile.

4

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

14. Assertion (A): Ozonolysis of alkynes are faster than ozonolysis of alkenes. [1]
Reason (R): Reaction proceed by cyclic transition state are faster on alkynes.

Page 2 of 12
 a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

15. Assertion (A): Energy of radiation is large if its wavelength is large. [1]
Reason (R): Energy = hν (ν = frequency, ν )
c
=
λ

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

16. Assertion (A): Molarity of a solution represents its concentration. [1]
Reason (R): Molarity is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct b) Both A and R are true but R is not the
explanation of A. correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false. d) A is false but R is true.

Section B
17. A reaction between ammonia and boron trifluoride is given below: [2]
: N H3 + BF3 → H3 N : BF3

Identify the acid and base in this reaction. Which theory explains it? What is the hybridization of B and N in the
reactants?
18. Which of the elements Na, Mg, Si and P would have the greatest difference between the first and second [2]
ionisation enthalpies. Briefly explain your answer.
19. How many seconds are there in 2 days? [2]
20. Arrange the three isomers of pentane in increasing order of their boiling points. [2]
OR
Alkynes on reduction with sodium in liquid ammonia form trans alkenes. Will the butene thus formed on the
reduction of the 2-butyne show the geometrical isomerism?
21. Write the electronic configuration of the following ions: [2]

i. H-
ii. Na+

iii. O2-

iv. F-
Section C
22. Predict the dipole moment of [3]
i. a molecule of the type AX2 having a linear geometry.
ii. a molecule of the type AX4 having tetrahedral geometry.

iii. a molecule of the type AX2 having angular geometry.

iv. a molecule of the type AX4 having square planar geometry.

23. Answer: [3]

(i) What do you mean by entropy? [1]
(ii) If enthalpy of fusion and enthalpy of vaporisation of sodium metals are 2.6 and 98.2 kJ mol-1 [1]

Page 3 of 12
 respectively, what is the enthalpy of sublimation of sodium?
(iii) Why in some reactions heat is evolved while some reactions take place only on the absorption of [1]
heat?
24. Assuming the water vapor to be a perfect gas, calculate the internal energy change when 1 mol of water at 100°C [3]
and 1 bar pressure is converted to the ice at 0°C. Given the enthalpy of fusion of ice is 6.00 kJ mol1 heat
capacity of water is 4.2 J/g°C.
25. Consider the reactions : [3]
a. 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(I) ⟶ C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
b. O3(g) + H2O2(I) ⟶ H2O(I) + 2O2(g)

Why it is more appropriate to write these reactions as :

a. 6CO2 + 12H2O(I) ⟶ C6H12O6(aq) + 6H2O(I) + 6O2(g)

b. O3(g) + H2O2(I) ⟶ H2O(I) + O2(g) + O2(g)

Also suggest a technique to investigate the path of the above (a) and (b) redox reactions.
26. Emission transitions in the Paschen series end at orbit n = 3 and start from orbit n and can be represeted as v = [3]
3.29 × 1015 (Hz) [1/32 - 1/n2] Calculate the value of n if the transition is observed at 1285 nm. Find the region
of the spectrum.
27. Give the name and an atomic number of the inert gas atom in which the total number of d-electrons is equal to [3]
the difference in numbers of total p and s electrons.

28. The density of 3 M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL-1. Calculate the molality of the solution. [3]
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
The phenomenon of the existence of two or more compounds possessing the same molecular formula but
different properties is known as isomerism. Such compounds are called isomers. Compounds having the same
molecular formula but different structures (manners in which atoms are linked) are classified as structural
isomers. Structural isomers are classified as chain isomer, position isomer, functional group isomer.
Meristematic arises due to different alkyl chains on either side of the functional group in the molecule and
stereoisomerism and can be classified as geometrical and optical isomerism. Hyperconjugation is a general
stabilising interaction. It involves delocalisation of σ electrons of the C-H bond of an alkyl group directly
attached to an atom of an unsaturated system or to an atom with an unshared p orbital. This type of overlap
stabilises the carbocation because electron density from the adjacent σ bond helps in dispersing the positive
charge.
(i) Why Isopentane, pentane and Neopentane are chain isomers?
OR
Why hyperconjugation is a permanent effect?
(ii) The molecular formula C3H8O represents which isomer?

(iii) What type of isomerism is shown by Methoxypropane and ethoxyethane?

30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions: [4]
When anions and cations approach each other, the valence shell of anions are pulled towards the cation nucleus
and thus, the shape of the anion is deformed. The phenomenon of deformation of anion by a cation is known as
polarization and the ability of the cation to polarize the anion is called as polarizing power of cation. Due to
polarization, sharing of electrons occurs between two ions to some extent and the bond shows some covalent

Page 4 of 12
 character.
The magnitude of polarization depends upon a number of factors.
(i) Out of AlCl3 and AlI3 which halides show maximum polarization?

(ii) Out of AlCl3 and CaCl2 which one is more covalent in nature?

(iii) The non-aqueous solvent like ether is added to the mixture of LiCl, NaCl and KCl. Which will be
extracted into the ether?
OR
Out of CaF2 and CaI2 which one has a minimum melting point?

Section E
31. Attempt any five of the following: [5]
(i) What effect does branching of an alkene chain has on its boiling point? [1]
(ii) What are Arenes? [1]
(iii) Write IUPAC name of the following: CH3 (CH2)4 CH (CH2)3 CH3CH2 – CH (CH3)2 [1]

(iv) Why are alkanes called paraffins? [1]

(v) State Le chatelier’s principle. [1]
(vi) What is decarboxylation? Give an example. [1]
(vii) Arrange the following: HCl, HBr, Hl, HF in order of decreasing reactivity towards alkenes. [1]
32. Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc for each of the following reactions: [5]

a. 2NOCl (g) ⇌ 2NO (g) + Cl2 (g)

b. 2Cu(NO3)2 (s) ⇌ 2CuO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

c. CH3COOC2H5(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COOH (aq) + C2H5OH (aq)

d. Fe3+ (aq) + 3OH– (aq) ⇌ Fe(OH)3 (s)

e. I2 (s) + 5F2 ⇌ 2IF5

OR
i. Describe the effect of
a. addition of H2

b. addition of CH3OH

c. removal of CO
d. removal of CH3OH on the equilibrium of the reaction,

2H2(g) + CO(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)

ii. What happens to an equilibrium in a reversible reaction if a catalyst is added to it?

33. Answer: [5]
(i) i. Give IUPAC names of the following structures. [2.5]

i.

ii.

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 iii.

ii. Benzoic acid is an organic compound. Its crude sample can be purified by crystallization [2.5]
from hot water. What characteristic differences in the properties of benzoic acid and the
impurity make this process of purification suitable?
OR
i. Identify the pairs of compounds which are functional group isomers. [2.5]
I. C H3 − C H2 − C H2 − C H2 − OH

II. C H3 − C H2 − C H − C H3
|

OH

C H3

III. C H3 − C H − C H3
|

OH

IV. C H 3
− C H − C H2 − OH
|

C H3

V. C H 3
− C H2 − O − C H2 − C H3

VI. C H 3
− O − C H2 − C H2 − C H3

VII. C H3
− O − C H − C H3
|

C H3

ii. Explain, how is the electronegativity of carbon atoms related to their state of hybridization in [2.5]
an organic compound.

Page 6 of 12
 Solution
Section A
1.
(b) 0.03 g
Explanation: since 1000 mg = 1g
∴ 30 mg

= [(1/1000) × 30] g
= 0.03 g
2. (a) electric and magnetic fields
Explanation: When an electric field is applied to a stream of cathode rays, they get deflected towards the positive plate. On the
application of a magnetic field perpendicular to the path of the cathode rays, they get deflected in the direction expected of
negative particles.
3. (a) ΔU = -q
Explanation: ΔU = -q
4.
(b) equal to or greater than h/4π .
Explanation: The uncertainty principle says that we cannot measure the position (x) and the momentum (p) of a particle with
absolute precision. The more accurately we know one of these values, the less accurately we know the other. Multiplying
together the errors in the measurements of these values has to give a number greater than or equal to half of a constant called
"h-bar". This is equal to Planck's constant (usually written as h) divided by 2π .
h
Δx. Δp ≥
4π

5.
(d) zero
Explanation: For a cyclic process, the initial state is the same as that of the final state. As internal energy is a state function, its
value at the initial point is the same as that at the final point and enthalpy change is zero.
6.
(c) l
Explanation: Azimuthal quantum number. 'I' also known as orbital angular momentum or subsidiary quantum number. It
defines the three-dimensional shape of the orbital. For a given value of n,1 can have n values ranging from 0 to n-1, that is, for
a given value of n, the possible values of 1 are: 1 = 0, 1, 2, .......(n - 1).
7.
(c) Chromium being reduced

Explanation:

8. (a) - COOR (R = alkyl group right), - COCl, - CONH2 , - CN, - HC = O, > C = O, - OH, - H2
Explanation: COOR (R=alkyl group) > -COCl,> -CONH2 > -CN > -HC=O> >C=O> -OH, -NH2 is the decreasing order of
priority
ester > acyl halide > acyl amide > nitrile > aldehyde > ketones > alcohol > amine
9.
(c) BrCH2CH2CH2CH3 and CH 3 CH2 C ≡ CH

Explanation: 3 - Octyne can be synthesized as per the following stepwise conversion reactions:
Step 1. Formation of a Sodium alkynide, by the reaction of 1 -butyne with sodium amide
+
C H3 C H2 C ≡ C H + N aN H2 → C H3 C H2 C ≡ C N a + N H3

1-butyne sodium amide sodium butynide

Page 7 of 12
 Step 2. Reaction of the alkynide ( sodium butynide) with 1 - bromobutane
+
C H3 C H2 C ≡ C N a + C H3 C H2 C H2 C H2 Br → C H3 C H2 C ≡ C C H2 C H2 C H2 C H3 +N aBr

Sodium Butynide 1-bromobutane 3 - Octyne

10.
(d) I- > I > I+
Explanation: The size of the anion is greater than the size of the parent atom and the size of the cation. As the –ve charge of
anion increases ionic radii increases due to a decrease in the effective nuclear charge and vice versa.

11. (a) -5.744 kJ mol-1

Explanation: ΔrG0 = -RTln Kc.

ΔG
0
= -2.303 × 8.314 × 300 × log10 = -5744.14 Jmol-1 = -5.74414 kJmol-1
12.
(d) 3
Explanation:

13.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: A is true but R is false.
14. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
15.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Energy of radiation is small if its wavelength is large
∵ E = (inverse relationship between E and λ ).
hc

16. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Concentration means how much amount of substance is present in a given volume of a solution. Now as amount
can be measured in terms of moles, so molarity means concentration of the solution. According to Mole concept: 1 Mole of
molecules = Gram molecular mass = 6.023 × 1023 molecules.
Section B
17. The acid is BF3 and the base is NH3. The Lewis theory of acids and bases explains it. The hybridization of B in BF3 is sp2 and the

hybridization of N in NH3 is sp3.

18. Among the given elements Na being alkali metal has only one electron in the valence shell, therefore has very low ΔiH1.

However, after the removal of one electron, it acquires nearest inert gas or neon gas configuration, i.e. Na+ (1s2, 2s2, 2p2).
Therefore, its ΔiH2 is expected to be very high. Consequently, the difference in first and second ionisation enthalpies would be
greatest in case of Na.
However, it may be noted here that in case of Mg, Si and P, although their ΔiH1 will be much higher than that of Na but their
Δi H2 be much lower than that of Na. As a result, the difference in their respectively, ΔiH1 and ΔiH2 would be much lower than
that of Na.
19. Here, we know 1 day = 24 hours (h)
1day 24h
or 24h
= 1 =
1day

then, 1h = 60 min
60min
or 1h
= 1 =
60min 1h

so, for converting 2 days to seconds,

i.e., 2 days ________ = ________ seconds
The unit factors can be multiplied in series in one step only as follows:
2 day × ×
24h

1day
×
60min

1h
60s

1min

Page 8 of 12
 = 2 × 24 × 60 × 60 s
= 172800 s
20. 2, 2-Dimethylpropane < 2-mehtylbutane < pentane.
OR
Alkynes on reduction with sodium in liquid ammonia form trans alkenes

Na/liq.NH3

H3 C - C ≡ C - CH3 + H2 −−−−−−→

Yes, but - 2 - ene is capable of showing geometrical isomerism i.e cis and trans But-2-ene.

21. i. 1s2
ii. 1s2 2s2 2p6
iii. 1s2 2s2 2p6
iv. 1s2 2s2 2p6
Section C
22. i. In AX​2 molecule with a linear geometry, the individual bond moments of A-X bonds will cancel being equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction. This will cause the overall dipole moment of the molecule to be 0.
ii. In AX4 molecule having tetrahedral geometry, the individual dipole moments of A-X bonds will cancel out being equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction. This will cause the overall dipole moment of the molecule to be zero.
iii. In AX2 molecule having angular geometry, the individual bond moments of A-X bonds will add up and thus the molecule will
have a net non-zero dipole moment.
iv. In AX4 molecule having square planar geometry the individual dipole moments of A-X bonds will cancel out being equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction. This will cause the overall dipole moment of the molecule to be zero.
23. Answer:
(i) Entropy is a measure of randomness of a system. The measure of the level of disorder in a closed but changing system, a
system in which energy can only be transferred in one direction from an ordered state to a disordered state. Higher the
entropy, higher the disorder and lower the availability of the system's energy to do useful work.
(ii) According to the question, enthalpy of fusion and enthalpy of vaporisation of sodium metal is 2.6 kJ mol-1 and 98.2 kJ

mol-1.
We know that, enthalpy of sublimation = Δ sub H
∘
= Δfus H
∘
+ Δvap H
∘

= 2.6 + 98.2
= 100.8 kJ mol-1
(iii)Every substance has energy stored in it in the form of heat content.
If the heat content of reactants (HR) is greater than that of products (HP ), heat is evolved.
If the heat content of reactants (HR) is less than that of products (HP ), heat is absorbed.
24. The change take place as follows:
Step - 1: 1 mol H2O (1, 100°C) ⟶ 1 mol (1, 0°C) Enthalpy change ΔH1
Step - 2: 1 mol H2O (1, 0°C) ⟶ 1 mol H2O( S, 0°C) Enthalpy change ΔH2
Total enthalpy change will be -
Δ H = ΔH1 + ΔH2

Δ H1 = - (18 × 4.2 × 100) J mol-1

= - 7560 J mol-1 = - 7.56 k J mol-1

Δ H2 = - 6.00 kJ mol-1
Therefore,

Page 9 of 12
 Δ H = - 7.56 kJ mol-1 + (-6.00 kJ mol-1)
= -13.56 kJ mol-1
There is negligible change in the volume during the change form liquid to solid state.
Therefore, pΔv = Δng RT = 0
Δ H = ΔU = - 13.56kJ mol-1
25. It is believed that the photosynthesis reaction occurs in two steps. In the first step, H2O decomposes to give H2 and O2 in the
presence of chlorophyll and the H2 produced reduces CO2, to C6H12O6 in the second step. During the second step, some H2O
molecules are also produced and therefore, the reaction occurs as:
a. i. 12H2O (I) ⟶ 12H2(g) + 6O2 (g)
ii. 6CO2(g) + 12H2(g) ⟶ C6H12O6 (s) + 6H2O(I)
iii. 6CO2(g) + 12H2O(I) ⟶ C6H12O6 (s) + 6H2O(I) + 6O2(g)

Therefore, it is more appropriate to write the reaction for photosynthesis as (III) because it means that 12 molecules of H2O
are used per molecule of carbohydrate and 6H2O molecules are produced per molecule of carbohydrate during the process.
b. O2 is written two times in the product which suggests that 0, is being obtained from the two reactants as:
O3 (g) ⟶ O2(g) + O (g)
H2 O2 (l)+O(g)⟶H2 O(l)+ O2 (g)

O3 (g)+ H2 O2 (l)⟶H2 O(l)+ O2 (g)+ O2 (g)

The path of the reaction can be studied by using H2O18 in reaction (a) or by using H2O18 or O318 in reaction (b).

26. v = (3.29 × 1015 Hz) ( 1

2
−
1

2
)
3 n

λ = 1285 nm = 1285 × 10-19 m = 1.285 × 10-16 m

8 −1

= 2.3346 × 1014s-1
(3× 10 ms )
v= c

λ
=
−6
(1.285× 10 m)

2.3346 × 1014 = 3.29 × 1015 [

1 1
− ]
2 2
3 n

2.3346 1 1 1 1

32.9
=
2
−
2
or 0.71 = 9
−
2
3 n n

2
=
1

9
- 0.071 = 0.111 - 0.071 = 0.04
n

n2 = 1

0.04
= 25 or n = 5
Paschen series lies in infrared region of the spectrum.
27. The Kr is the first Noble gas with atomic number 36 that contains electrons in d-orbit. The electronic configuration of Kr is: 1s2,
2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p6
Total number of d-electrons = 10
Total number of p-electrons = 18
Total number of s-electrons = 8
∴ Difference in total number of p and s electrons =18 - 8 = 10

Thus, the inert gas is krypton.

28. Given, Molarity of solution, M = 3 mol L-1
Mass of NaCl in 1 L solution = 3 × 58.5 = 175.5 g
Mass of 1 L solution = Volume × density of solution = 1000 mL × 1.25 g/mL = 1250 g (since density = 1.25 g mL-1 )
Mass of water solution = 1250 -175.5 = 1074.5 g = 1.0745 kg.
number of moles of solute 3mol
Now, Molality of solution = mass of solvent in kg
= 1.0745kg
= 2.79m .
Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
The phenomenon of the existence of two or more compounds possessing the same molecular formula but different properties is
known as isomerism. Such compounds are called isomers. Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structures
(manners in which atoms are linked) are classified as structural isomers. Structural isomers are classified as chain isomer, position
isomer, functional group isomer. Meristematic arises due to different alkyl chains on either side of the functional group in the
molecule and stereoisomerism and can be classified as geometrical and optical isomerism. Hyperconjugation is a general
stabilising interaction. It involves delocalisation of σ electrons of the C-H bond of an alkyl group directly attached to an atom of

Page 10 of 12
 an unsaturated system or to an atom with an unshared p orbital. This type of overlap stabilises the carbocation because electron
density from the adjacent σ bond helps in dispersing the positive charge.
(i) Isopentane, pentane and Neopentane are chain isomers because they have a similar molecular formula but a different
carbon skeleton.
OR
The σ electrons of C-H bond of the alkyl group enter into partial conjugation with the attached unsaturated system or
with the unshared p orbital therefore hyperconjugation is permanent effect.
(ii) The molecular formula C3H8O represents positional isomers because they differ in the position of substituent functional
group(OH) on the carbon skeleton.
(iii)Methoxypropane and ethoxyethane are metamers because none of its side are similar to each other.
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
When anions and cations approach each other, the valence shell of anions are pulled towards the cation nucleus and thus, the
shape of the anion is deformed. The phenomenon of deformation of anion by a cation is known as polarization and the ability of
the cation to polarize the anion is called as polarizing power of cation. Due to polarization, sharing of electrons occurs between
two ions to some extent and the bond shows some covalent character.
The magnitude of polarization depends upon a number of factors.
(i) AlI3 halides show maximum polarization. The most covalent halide is AlI3.
Since lesser, the electronegativity difference, the more covalent is the aluminum halide.
(ii) AlCl3 is more covalent in nature.
(iii)LiCl will be extracted into the ether.
OR
CaI2 has a minimum melting point.
Section E
31. Attempt any five of the following:
(i) Branching of carbon atom chain decreases the boiling point of alkane.
(ii) Arenes are aromatic hydrocarbons
(iii)The IUPAC name of given compound is:

(iv)Paraffins means little affinity. Alkanes due to strong C-C and C-H bonds are relatively chemically inert.
(v) Le chatelier’s principle: If a system at equilibrium is subjected to change in the temperature, pressure or concentration
of the reactants or the products that govern the equilibrium, then the equilibrium shifts in that direction in which this
change is reduced or nullified.
(vi)The process by which carbon dioxide is removed from sodium acetate (or any sodium salt of acid) with the help of
sodalime is called decarboxylation.
CH3COONa+NaOHheat CH4+Na2CO3
⟶

(vii)HI > HBr > HCl > HF

2
[NO(g) ] [ Cl2 (g)]
32. a. The expression for the equilibrium constant is K c =
2
[NOCl(g)]
2 4
[CuO(g) ] [ NO 2 (g)] [ O2 (g)]
b. The expression for the equilibrium constant is K c =
2
= [NO 2 (g)]
4
[O2 (g)]
[Cu( NO 3 ) (s)]
2

[ CH3 COOH(aq)][ C2 H5 OH(aq)] [ CH3 COOH(aq)][ C2 H5 OH(aq)]

c. The expression for the equilibrium constant is K c =
[ CH3 COOC2 H5 (aq)][ H2 O(l)]
= [ CH3 COOC2 H5 (aq)]

[Fe(OH) (s)]
d. The expression for the equilibrium constant is K c =
3

− 3
= 1

− 3
3+ 3+
[Fe (aq)][OH (aq)] [Fe (aq)][OH (aq)]

2 2
[ IF5 (l)] [ IF5 (l)]
e. The expression for the equilibrium constant is K c =
5
=
5
[ 12 (s)] [ F2 (g)] [ F2 (g)]

OR

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 i. 2H2(g )+ CO(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)
According to Le-Chatelier’s principle,
a. addition of H2 (increase in concentration of reactants) shifts the equilibrium in forward direction (more product is formed).
b. addition of CH3OH (increase in concentration of product) shifts the equilibrium in backward direction.
c. removal of CO also shifts the equilibrium in backward direction.
d. removal of CH3OH shifts the equilibrium in forward direction.
ii. When catalyst is added, the state of equilibrium is not disturbed but equilibrium is attained quickly. This is because the
catalyst increases the rate of forward and backward reaction to the same extent.
33. Answer:
(i) i. i. 4-ethyl-3-propylhept-1-ene
ii. 3-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-1,2 cyclobutandiol
iii. Butan-2,3-diol
ii. Benzoic acid is sparingly soluble in water at room temperature but appreciably soluble at higher temperature. The
solution is concentrated to get a nearly saturated solution.
On cooling the solution, pure compound crystallises out.
OR
i. All the seven compounds given have the same molecular formula, so each alcohol is a functional group isomer of
each ether given and visa-versa. Functional group isomers are a type of structural isomers having the same molecular
formula but different functional groups. In the given structures, I, II, III, IV represent alcohols and V, VI, VII are
ethers. Hence, I and V, I and VI, I and VII, II and V, II and VI, II and VII, III and V, III and VI, etc.
ii. If C is sp hybridized then S character is 50%.
If C is sp2 hybridized then S character is 33%.
If C is sp3 hybridized then S character is 25%.
Electronegativity of carbon is directly proportional to ‘s’ character.
Hence, sp hybridized carbon has strong S character.
We know that, s electrons are more strongly attracted by nucleus than p-electrons as they lie closer to nucleus..
Thus, electronegativity of carbon increases with increase in ‘s’ character.

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