C++ Basics
(Part 1)
Srivaths P
Why you should prefer C++
(For Competitive Programming)
• Efficiency and Speed
• Most popular language for CP
• In-built Data Structures and Algorithms (STL)
Goal
To understand:
• Constants and datatypes
• Input/Output
• Different types of operators
• Conditional statements
We will be able to write simple programs by the end using
conditional statements and arithmetic operators (eg. A-F
grade assigner)
Simplest C++ program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello world!" << endl;
}
Constants in C++
• Integer constants: 4 | 62 | -90
• Decimal constants: 3.14 | 12.0 | 0.33333
• Character constants: 'f' | '5' | '~' | '\n'
• String literal: “Hello :D” | “MyP@ssw0rd123!”
Output in C++
To output a value, we use the cout operator as
follows: cout << value;
To print multiple values in the same line:
cout << value1 << value2 << value3;
To start printing in a new line: endl or ‘\n’
Arithmetic operators in C++
Arithmetic Operators:
1) + Addition
2) - Subtraction
3) * Multiplication
4) / Division (Quotient)
5) % Modulo (Remainder)
NOTE: C++ follows the BODMAS rule
Variables
Variables are containers that stores specific types
of data. They can be modified with the
assignment operator “=”
Syntax: datatype variable_name = value;
Variables
Variable names cannot:
• Have spaces (use underscore instead)
• Start with a digit
• Be reserved by the compiler (Keywords not allowed)
• Already taken by another variable (in the same scope)
NOTE: Keywords/Variables are case sensitive
Datatypes
Datatypes are used to set the “type” of a
variable. For example, int is used to declare
integer variables.
Two types of datatypes:
• Primitive datatypes
• Derived datatypes
Common Primitive datatypes
1. int (long long int, unsigned int, etc.)
2. char
3. bool
4. float (double, long double)
5. Special type: void
Common Derived datatypes
1. string
2. vector
3. map
4. set
5. priority_queue
Arithmetic Assignment Operators
1. +=
2. -=
3. *=
4. /=
5. %=
Unary Operators
Operators that only need one value/operand
are called unary operators.
1. +
2. -
3. ++
4. --
Input in C++
To input a value, we use the cin operator as
follows: cin >> value;
To print multiple values in the same line:
cin >> value1 >> value2 >> value3;
NOTE: Each input value must be separated by a
space or a new line.
Check your understanding - 1
1. How will you declare a character equal to
exclamatory mark?
2. Take two values a, b as input, and output
three values: a+b and a*b and a/b
a/b should be a decimal, not an integer
Conditions and
Relational Operators
Conditions return a boolean value depending on whether
the expression is true or false.
Conditional operators:
==, !=
Relational operators:
<, >, <=, >=
Logical operators
Logical operators perform operations on boolean values or
expressions that result in Boolean values.
1. “(expr1) && (expr2)” checks whether BOTH are true.
2. “(expr1) || (expr2)” checks whether EITHER one is true.
3. “!(expr)” returns the OPPOSITE of the result of “expr”
The operators are called AND, OR, NOT operators respectively
Conditional statements
Conditional statements execute a different block of code
depending on the boolean value of a condition.
Syntax: if (condition) {
// something
} else if (another_condition) {
// something
} else {
// something
}
Scope
A scope is a region of the program.
Every pair of curly braces creates a new
scope.
The variables inside the scope cannot be
used outside the scope.
Check Your Understanding 2
1. Given someone’s age, tell whether they are a child, adult,
or a senior citizen.
0-17 : Child
18-64 : Adult
65+ : Senior Citizen
2. Take input of 3 numbers x, y, z and output the maximum
using if statements
Exercise
Write a program to take the marks of a student as an input,
and output the grade.
0-35 : F
35-50 : E
50-60 : D
60-70 : C
70-85 : B
85-100 : A
If the input is not in the range [0-100], then output it is invalid.
Resources
• https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming (learning C++ in general)
• https://www.programiz.com/cpp-programming/operators (all operators)
• https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_conditions.asp (operators, if-statements)
• https://forms.gle/p2DtZzQuQ2xmutae8
Please fill the feedback form!
https://forms.gle/p2DtZzQuQ2xmutae8
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