DEVELOPMENT-2

Measures of Development
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The gross domestic product or gross domestic
income (GDI) is one of the measures of national income and output for a given
country's economy. It is the total value of all final goods and services produced in
a particular economy within a country's border in a given year.
• National Income: The income earned by a country's people, including labour and
capital investment. It is the total value of all income in a nation (wages and
profits, interests, rents and pension payments) during a given period, (usually one
year).
• Per Capita Income: The total national income divided by the number
of people in the nation. This is what each citizen is to receive if the
yearly national income is divided equally among all.
 Human Development Index - HDI
• The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should
be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not
economic growth alone.
• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average
achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy
life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living.
• The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life
expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four
tiers of human development. It was created by Indian economist Amartya
Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub Ul Haq in 1990 and was published by
the United Nations Development Programme.
• The Human Development Index has been criticised on a number of
grounds.
• The major criticisms are:
o Failure to include any ecological considerations;
o Focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, not paying much
attention to development from a global perspective;
o On grounds of measurement error of the underlying statistics and formula
changes by the UNDP can lead to severe misclassifications of countries in the
categories of being a 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high‘ human
development country.
 Marginalisation
• Marginalisation is a complex phenomenon in the world and a critical
concern of national and international communities. Its widespread
occurrence is a consequence of several interrelated factors in socio-
economic development.
• Marginalization comprises those processes by which individuals and
groups are ignored or relegated to the sidelines of political debate,
social negotiation, and economic bargaining-and kept there.
Homelessness, age, language, employment status, skill, race, and
religion are some criteria historically used to marginalize.
Marginalized groups also are excluded from political and economic
arena of the society.
• In many Third World societies, people of the lower classes/castes are
pushed to the margins of society as a result of various historical and
developmental factors.
• Tribal communities in India have been alienated not only from the
development processes, but even from their own dwellings.
• As mainstream development processes tended to create social spaces
of inequality, Dalit and tribal communities face marginalisation
virtually in every sphere of social life.
 Participatory development
• Participatory development is a process through which stakeholders
can influence and share control over development initiatives, and
over the decisions and resources that affect themselves.
• Participating in formulating the fundamental goals as well as in
planning and carrying out an activity empowers stakeholders and
fosters a sense of ownership.
• These facilitate effective project implementation, conscientious
monitoring of activities, and sustainable outcomes.
• Stakeholders are "people, groups or institutions that may be affected
by, can significantly influence or are important to the achievement of
the stated purpose of a project”. They include government, civil
society, and the private sector at national, intermediate and local
levels.
• Stakeholder groups are:
➢General public: those who are directly or indirectly affected by the project
(women's groups, individuals and families, indigenous groups, religious
groups)
➢Government: civil servants in ministries, cabinets etc.
➢Representative assemblies: elected government bodies (parliament, national
and local assemblies, district and municipal assemblies, elected community
leaders).
➢Civil society organizations: networks, national and international NGOs,
grassroots organizations, trade unions, policy development and research
institutes, media, community based organizations.
➢Private sector: umbrella groups representing groups within the private sector,
professional associations, chambers of commerce.
➢Donor and international financial institutions: resource providers and
development partners.
 Participatory Rural Appraisal - PRA
• Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in
international development. The approach aims to incorporate the
knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and
management of development projects and programmes.
• PRA is a methodology of learning rural life and their environment
from the rural people. It requires researchers / field workers to act as
facilitators to help local people conduct their own analysis, plan and
take action accordingly. It is based on the principle that local people
are creative and capable and can do their own investigations, analysis,
and planning. The basic concept of PRA is to learn from rural people.
 Rapid Rural Appraisal - RRA
• RRA is a social science approach that emerged in the late 1970s. The
basic idea of RRA is to rather quickly collect, analyse and evaluate
information on rural conditions and local knowledge. This
information is generated in close co-operation with the local
population in rural areas.
• Therefore, the research methods had to be adjusted to local
conditions, i.e. they had to meet the communication needs of
illiterate people or people who are not used to communicating in
scientific terms.
 Participatory Action Research
• Participatory action research (PAR) is an approach to research in
communities that emphasizes participation and action. It seeks to
understand the world by trying to change it, collaboratively and
following reflection.
• PAR emphasizes collective inquiry and experimentation grounded in
experience and social history. Within a PAR process, "communities of
inquiry and action evolve and address questions and issues that are
significant for those who participate as co-researchers“.
 Local Economic Development - LED
• The purpose of local economic development (LED) is to build up the
economic capacity of a local area to improve its economic future and
the quality of life for all.
• It is a process by which public, business and non-governmental sector
partners work collectively to create better conditions for economic
growth and employment generation.