DAMPED
OSCILLATION
CONTENT:-
What is Damped Oscillation?
Damped Oscillation Differential
Equation.
Types of Damped Oscillator.
Damped Oscillation Examples.
Damped Oscillation Applications.
What is Damped Oscillation?
Oscillation is defined as the process of repeating variations of any
quantity or measure about its equilibrium value in time. Oscillation
can also be defined as a periodic variation of a matter between two
values or about its central value.
Damped Oscillation refers to the condition in which the
amplitude of an oscillating system gradually decreases over time due
to the dissipation of energy by non-conservative forces, such as
friction or air resistance. This phenomenon is observed in various
systems, such as mass oscillating on a spring or shock absorbers in a
car.
Damped Oscillation Differential
Equation.
Apply Newton’s Second Law
We Get :
F net=ma ,
F r=−Kx (1)
F b=−bv (2)
F net=¿ F r + F b
So F net=−Kx−bv (3)
ma+kx +bv =0 (4)
2
d x dx
a= dt
2 , v= dt
2
d x dx
m 2
+b + kx=0
dt
(5)
dt
divided by (5) m
2
d x b dx k
2
+ + x=0 (6)
dt m dt m
We Let:-
b k
m
=2 β , 2
w=
m
(7)
∵ x= Ae
∝t
(8)
dx
∴
dt
=A∝e
∝t
(9)
2
d x
∴ 2
2 ∝t
=A∝ e (10)
dt
Substitute into (10) using (7)
2
d x dy
2
2
+ 2 β +w x=0
dx
(11)
dt
Substitute into (11) using (8) , (9) , (10)
2 ∝t
A ∝ e +2 β A ∝e +w Ae =0
∝t 2 ∝t
(12)
take Ae
∝t
a common factor
∴ Ae ∝t [ ∝2+ 2 β ∝+ w2 ]=0 (13)
∴ Ae ∝t ≠ 0 since if it = 0 that mean there no amplitude and the
object does not move so
[ ∝2+ 2 β ∝+ w2 ]=0 (14)
By using general law:
−b ± √ b2−4 ac
α=
2a
Where a=1 b=2 β c=w 2
−2 β ± √ (2 β )2−4 w2
∴α=
2
∴ α =−β ± √ β 2−w 2 (15)
There are 2 solutions:
α 1=−β + √ β2 −w2 (16) α 2=−β− √ β 2−w 2 (17)
The general solution is given as
α 1t
X (t)= A1 e + A 2 e
α2 t
(18)
Substitute into (18) using (16) , (17)
∴ X ( t )= A1 e−β +√ β −w t + A2 e− β−√ β −w t (19)
2 2 2 2
Let :
1 iθ 1 −iθ
A 1= A e , A 2= A e
2 2
∵ w2 −β2 =ω2
∴ √−(β 2−w 2)= √−1∗√( β 2−w2)=¿ iω¿ (20)
Substitute into (19) using (20)
&& Take e
− βt
as a common factor
X (t)=e− βt [ A 1 eiωt + A2 e−iωt ] (21)
Substitute into (21) using A1 , A2
X (t)=e− βt
[ 1
2
1
A eiθ ∗A eiwt + A e−iθ∗A e−iwt
2 ] (22)
A − βt i (wt +θ) −i(wt +θ)
∴ X (t)=
2
e [e +e ] (23)
∅ =ωt+ θ ,
∵ e ∅ = cos ∅ +i sin ∅
i
∵e −i ∅
=cos ∅−isin ∅
∴ e ∅ +e
i −i ∅
=2 cos ∅ (24)
Substitute into (23) using (24)
∴ X (t )=e − βt
∗cos( wt +θ)
Where X (t) is the Displacement of Damped Oscillation.
We should calculate the Angular Frequency
∵ w2 −β2 =ω2
2
k b
∴ ω2= −( )
m 2m
√ ( )
2
k b
∴ ω= −
m 2m
Types of Damped Oscillator
Damped oscillators are classified into three main types based on
the damping ratio: overdamped, critically damped, and
underdamped.
Overdamped Oscillator
In this type, the system returns to equilibrium without oscillating.
The motion decays more slowly toward equilibrium than in a
critically damped system.
The oscillatory system, where the damping force experienced by the
system from the surroundings is larger than the restoring force of the
system such that (µ > ω0) is called Overdamped oscillation.
Critically Damped Oscillator
Here, the system returns to equilibrium as quickly as possible without
oscillating. Shock absorbers often exemplify this type in cars, where
oscillations decay rapidly. The oscillatory system, where the damping force
experienced by the system from the surroundings is well balanced by the
restoring force of the system such that (µ² = ω0) is called a critically damped
oscillation.
Underdamped Oscillator
This type oscillates at a frequency slightly different than the
underdamped case and gradually returns to equilibrium. An example
is a weight on a spring with some damping, where the motion slowly
comes to rest. The oscillatory system, where the damping force
experienced by the system from surrounding is less than the
restoring force of the system such that (µ << ω0) is called an
underdamped damped oscillation.
Damped Oscillation Examples
Mass on a Spring
Pendulum in a Viscous Medium
RLC Circuit
Shock Absorbers in a Car
Damped Oscillation Applications
Musical Instruments
Pendulum Clocks
Shock Absorbers for Vehicles
Engineering and Construction
Done By :-
- Omar Mourad Mahgoub الفرقة الرابعة – فيزياء منفرد الئحة قديمة
)) ((
- Ahmed Ayman Ahmed الفرقة الرابعة – فيزياء منفرد الئحة جديدة
)) ((
- Kareem Osama Ahmed الفرقة الثانية – كيمياء فيزياء الئحة جديدة
)) ((
