AMBO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE
OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONA SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
Title :-THE PREFERENCE OF FUSION REACTOR TO PRODUCE ENERGY

By

1/Tilahun Alem..............................................................................................ugr/35574/12

2/Matusala woilabo.......................................................................................ugr/36636/12

Senior project submitted to department of physics in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in physics.
ADVISOR: - Tafese. K(Dr.)

May, 2023

Ambo, Ethiopia
 Declaration
We declare that the senior project on the title the preference of fusion reactor to
produce energy is our own work and that all the sources that we have used or
quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by mean of complete legal
references.
 Acknowledgement
First we would like to thanks our God and our families for their support and assistance in
learning process during our under graduate study. Next we are grateful to the many efforts of all
our classmates and instructors of physics department ho are generously contributed their time
and effort to make this senior project as accurate and as useful as possible. Specially, we would
like to give great thanks to Mr. our instructor and advisor for better and valuable suggestions,
opinions and giving supplementary materials and general direction in right way by spending their
work times for the preparation of this senior project.
 Abbreviation/acronym

A atomic mass

N number of neutron

P number of proton

U uranium nucleus

T tritium hydrogen atom

D deuterium hydrogen atom

L lithium nuclei

MCF magnetic confinement fusion

ICF inertia confinement fusion

List of figure
 Abstract
This senior project contains the preference of fusion reactor to produce energy. Fusion reaction is
a type of nuclear reaction, which is naturally occurre in the star and sun, by the process of
increasing binding energy of the system and release energy by combining two light nuclei to
form heavier nuclei. Tritium and deuterium isotopes are the main contributors in the fusion
reactor. Even though, the technological problem of creating very high temperatures and densities
is a major challenge in the area of earth, based on the controlled fusion reactor research, it is
possible that using magnetic confinement and inertial confinement of nuclear fusion. The fusion
reactor is the ultimate energy power plant in the future due to its abundant energy source and
friendly with the environment as it uses less radioactive nuclear waste.

Table of content
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................7
1.1. Background of the study.....................................................................................................................7
1.2 Areas of the study................................................................................................................................8
1.3 Guide questions....................................................................................................................................8
1.4Objective of the study...........................................................................................................................8
1.5 significance of the study......................................................................................................................8
1.6 Scope of the study................................................................................................................................9
1.7 Limitations of the study.......................................................................................................................9
1.8 Definition of key terms......................................................................................................................9
2. Types of nuclear reactor and radioactive isotopes.....................................................................................9
2.1 Radioactive isotopes............................................................................................................................9
2.2 types of radiation would be emitted from radioactive decay...............................................................9
2.3 Types of nuclear reactor.....................................................................................................................11
3. Fission reactor..........................................................................................................................................11
3.1 Fission reaction..................................................................................................................................11
3.2 Process of chain reaction in fission reactor.......................................................................................12
3.3 The Disadvantages of Nuclear Fission..............................................................................................12
4. Fusion reactor...........................................................................................................................................13
4.1 Fusion reaction...................................................................................................................................13
4.2 The challenges of fusion reactor to develop fusion technology........................................................15
4.3 The conditions which are necessary for fusion reactor......................................................................15
4.4 Main types of fusion reactor..............................................................................................................15
4.5 Magnetic confinement of fusion reactor............................................................................................15
4.6 Inertia confinement of fusion reactor.................................................................................................17
4 .7 Availability and abundance of tritium and deuterium isotopes of hydrogen nuclei.........................18
4.8 energy power generation....................................................................................................................18
5. The preference of fusion reactor to produce energy................................................................................20
6. Summary and conclusion.........................................................................................................................22
6.1 Summary............................................................................................................................................22
6.2 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................22
Reference.....................................................................................................................................................24
 1. Introduction
1.1. Background of the study
This senior project contains the preference of fusion reactor to produce energy and briefly
explains why fusion reactor will be preferred in future generation when compared with the
fission reactor and other energy sources such as fossil fuels. Fusion and fission reactors are the
two main nuclear reactors. In nuclear reaction, unlike the ordinary chemical reactions, nuclei of
one atom can spontaneously change to another nucleus by undergoing a radioactive decay
process (fission). In 1919, Rutherford was the first to observe nuclear reactions, using naturally
occurring radioactive sources for the bombarding particles. During this radioactive decay process
alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay might be formed depending on the type of nucleus
and particle bombarded. Unstable radioactive nuclei emits particle and an ionizing radiation such
alpha radiation, beta radiation, photon radiation (x-rays and gamma rays)and neutron radiation
also observed by Becquerel and Marie curie (1859-1906)[1].

Fission reaction: the splits of heavier nuclear into two lighter nuclei, the total binding energy
within the system increases, representing energy released from the nuclei. In this, the uranium
atom (target nucleus) is bombarded by the neutron particle and splits into two lighter nuclei
Thorium and helium nuclei. Due to uncontrollable chain reaction, it is difficult to manage and
control nuclear waste[2]. Fusion reaction: fuse two lighter atomic nuclei to form a heavier
nucleus. It is the process used in stars to produce energy and heavier elements. The sun also
formed by natural fusion reactor using nucleon synthesis to transform lighter elements into
heavier element plus energy. In the fusion reactor, the reaction normally takes place in plasma of
deuterium and tritium of hydrogen isotopes heated to millions of degrees. The current leading
designs are the magnetic confinement and inertia confinement (ICF) by laser [3].

1.2 Areas of the study

The senior project about the preference of fusion reactor is included in the subject matter or in
the field of nuclear physics. The nuclear physics is a science of physics which dealt with the
study of the nucleus of atoms, its structures, components, reactions it involves and related issues
with it.
1.3 Guide questions

1. Why fusion reactors are preferred for the future generation?

2. Are fusion reactors consistent to supply energy, even for the large number populations?

3 Do you think a problem might be faced during the construction of fusion reactor?

4 What do about the infant development of fusion reactors and even are not yet

Developed?

1.4 Objective of the study

The general objective of this senior project is:

• To understand the preference of fusion reactor to produce energy

The specific objective of the study:-

a) To understand the process of nuclear fusion and its advantages

b) To know the importance of hydrogen isotopes in the fusion reaction to produce energy

c) To understand the advantages and disadvantage of nuclear fission.

d) To understand the advantages and disadvantage of nuclear fusion

e) To compare the nuclear fusion to nuclear fission.

1.5 significance of the study

 It enables peoples who will read this senior project have a deeply information and

Knowledge about the fusion reaction and fusion reactor

 It can be used as a source of information and reference for next project workers.

 It can be used to tell why the fusion reactor is preferred for the future generation of Worldwide
peoples

1.6 Scope of the study

This senior project is emphasized in the part of nuclear reactors, about fusion reactors which will be more
benefited to generate energy for the future time with more less producing waste of radioactive material.
Therefore, the scope of this senior project is directed to the nuclear fusion reactors.

1.7 Limitations of the study

 Time constraint

 Lack of relevant information about the project

 Lake of material and technology for studying this project.

1.8 Definition of key terms

Fusion: a process in which the nuclei of an atoms are joined together to form heavier nucleus

Fission: a process in which the nucleus of the heavy atom is split apart.

Nuclei: the small, dense central part of the atom that is made up of protons and neutrons

Nuclear reactors: are a devices used to initiate and control nuclear chain reaction to produce nuclear
energy [1].

Plasma: an ionized gas that conducts electricity

Nuclear Power plant: building or group of buildings in which electricity of the nuclear energy for a large
area is produced

Tokamak: a device for a producing controlled nuclear fusion that involves the confining and heating of
gaseous plasma by means of an electric current and magnetic field [4]

Radioactive Isotope : any of several species of the same chemical element with different masses
whose nuclei are unstable and dissipate excess energy by spontaneously emitting radiation in
the form of alpha, beta, and gamma rays.
2. Types of nuclear reactor and radioactive isotopes

2.1 Radioactive isotopes

Radioactivity is the emission of particles and radiation spontaneously from nuclei. According to
Becquerel and Marie Curie (1859-1906) was defined as the process or phenomenon of the
spontaneous disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus and the subsequent emission of
radiation. Different types of radiation can be emitted by radioactive substance[5].

2.2 types of radiation would be emitted from radioactive decay

4
I. Alpha rays: produce when the 2 He nuclei (He-4) is emitted. during this emission of spontaneous
decay, the nucleus loses two protons and two neutrons. Therefore, N decreases by two, z decreases by two
and a decreases by four The uranium-238 and Rabidum-226 are both alpha emitters during their decay.
Half life for U-238 is 4.47×109 years and for Ra-226 is 1.60×103 years

The Q value which indicates decreased binding energy of system and appears in the form of kinetic
energy of daughter nucleus and alpha particle is calculated according to Einstein mass to energy
conversion [6].
 Q= ( M P − M d − M a) c 2=MC 2 where, M P =mass of parent

M d =mass of daughter

M a=mass of alpha particle

II. Beta rays: in which the emitted rays are either electrons or positron. A positron is a particle similar to
the electron in all respects except that it has a charge of +e (this mean the positron (e+) is anti particle of
the electron (e-). during Beta minus decay, a neutron in the nucleus is transformed to a proton and an
electron while for Beta plus decay, proton transformed into a neutron and positron.
All this expression, linear momentum and angular momentum as well as mass and energy are not
conserved. To solve this problem, after great deal of experiment and theoretical study, Pauli proposed in
1930 that a3rd particle must be involved in the decay to account for the missing energy and momentum.
Enrico Fermi later named this particle the neutrino (little neutral one), which is electrically neutral and
has no rest energy. In 1956, by Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan, the neutrino was symbolized[7].

n=p + e − + v e (completed expression)

+¿¿
P =n+e + v e (completed expression)

Where, n= neutron, P=proton, v =neutrino and v-= anti neutrino

Neutrino and anti neutrino are very smaller than mass of electron, have no charge and 1/2 spin.

The beta decay for the carbon-14 and nitrogen-12 are

III. Gamma rays: in which the emitted rays are high energy photons. It is emitted during the nucleus
undergoes radioactive decay from excited quantum state to a lower state, perhaps to the ground state, by
emitting a photon. It is a second decay radioactive [Link] and positron can annihilate each other
to produce gamma ray photon with a combined energy of at least 1.02Mev[8].
+¿¿
e + e − =2γ , where γ is gamma radiation.

IV.X-rays: It consists of photons that originate from outside the nucleus and are typically lower in energy
than gamma radiation.

V. Newton radiation (n): In nuclear reactor the uranium nucleus or the plutonium nucleus are emitting
the neutron radiations when they are bombarded by the neutron particle during fission reactor. The
neutrons emitted from one fission event can strike the nucleus of an adjacent atom and cause another
fission event, inducing chain reaction. The production of nuclear power is based upon this principle .All
other sources of neutrons depend on reactions when a nucleus is bombarded With a certain type of
radiation (such as photon radiation or alpha radiation), and where the resulting effect on the nucleus is the
emission of the neutron[9]

2.3 Types of nuclear reactor

Nuclear reactors are large devices to initiate and control nuclear chain reaction to produce nuclear energy.
Nuclei can spontaneously change to another nucleus by undergoing radioactive decay process (fission
reaction).It is also possible to change the structures and properties of the nuclei by bombarding them with
energetic particles. Such changes are called nuclear reactions.

In1999, Rutherford was the first to observe nuclear reactions, using naturally occurring radioactive
sources for the bombarding particles. Since then, thousands of nuclear reactions have been observed
following the development of charged particle accelerators in the 1930detectors. Generally, there are two
mains of nuclear reactors: - fission reactor and fusion reactor which is an objective and aim of this senior
project.
3. Fission reactor

is a device used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction .Nuclear power plants
produce heat through a process called fission, which is used to make steam that spins a turbine to
create electricity. Nuclear reactors convert one third of heat produced into electricity. The remaining
heat is released to the environment, which could be harnessed to meet process heat demands.[10]

3.1 Fission reaction

Fission is a process in which the nucleus of heavy atom splits apart into two lighter nuclei, the total
binding energy within the system increases, representing energy released from the nuclei. This type of
reaction was observed and reported in1939 by Otto Hahn and Fritzstrass man. It was great scientific and
political interest at the time of world war II because of the development of the first nuclear weapon [8].

In the fission reaction fission able nucleus (the target nucleus) which is often Uranium-235. In the fission
reaction fissionable nucleus (the target nucleus X) which is often Uranium-235 absorbs a slowly moving
neutron (the incoming particle a) and the nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei (two nuclei y1and y2),
releasing energy and more neutrons (several particle).These neurons can then go on to be absorbed within
other nuclei, causing another fission. With no mean of control, the result is a chain reaction explosion.
With a proper control, the fission process is used in nuclear power generating stations. [10].

U + 1 neutron → 36 kr + 14156Ba + 3 neutrons + energy

235 92
92
3.2 Process of chain reaction in fission reactor
1. A neutron collides with a uranium nucleus. A uranium nucleus is large and unstable.

2. The uranium nucleus splits into two similar-sized smaller nuclei.

3. More neutrons are released. These processes are repeated continuously, forming a chain reaction. In a
nuclear reactor, the reaction is controlled so that energy is released at a steady rate. The energy released in
nuclear fission is far greater than the energy released in a chemical reaction, such as burning fuel. This
means that the power output of a nuclear power station is large. The lifetime of a nuclear power station is
about 20 years[11].

A schematic nuclear fission chain reaction.

1. Auranium-235 atom absorbs a neutron and fission into two new atoms (fission fragments), releasing
three new neutrons and some binding energy.

2. One of those neutrons is absorbed by an atom of uranium-238 and does not continue the reaction.
Another neutron is simply lost and does not collide with anything, also not continuing the reaction.
However, the one neutron does collide with an atom of uranium-235, which then fission and releases two
neutrons and some binding energy.

3. Both of those neutrons collide with uranium-235 atoms, each of which fission and releases between
one and three neutrons, which can then continue the reaction.

3.3 The Disadvantages of Nuclear Fission

1. Very Volatile
A big risk is involved in operating a nuclear power plant. The energy that
is generated can easily be harnessed to make devastating weapons, such
as the nuclear bomb.

The plants themselves also pose a great risk, if accidents occur, the
entire plant could explode, injuring and possibly even killing many
people.

Fig; the chain reaction of fission

2. Dangers for Workers

Nuclear fission produces radiation, which is deadly for humans and animals if absorbed in large doses.
The people that work in nuclear power plants are at great risk of developing serious health conditions, and
even from suffering radiation poisoning.
3. Initial Costs Are Staggering.
The amount of money that it takes to build a nuclear fission power plant is insane. This is because all of
the complex technologies that are needed and the extreme safety measures that must be built into the plant
to ensure the surrounding areas are safe. Nuclear Energy Explained: Risk or Opportunity.

4. Risks for Contamination

If the proper procedures are not taken to ensure that the nuclear waste is disposed of properly, than many
people could be put at great risk. There have been times where water supplies are contaminated and wide
spread illness has occurred.

5. Big Targets on Their Backs

Terrorists want to target places that would cause the most widespread damage. Nuclear fission power
plants are possibly the biggest targets for these attacks. Even a small bomb or explosion could cause
major problems with a nuclear power plant, and even cause the entire thing to explode.

4. Fusion reactor
Is advice used to initiate and control nuclear Ignition reaction to produce nuclear energy from fusion
reaction. fusion reactor, also called fusion power plant or thermonuclear reactor, a device
to produce electrical power from the energy released in a nuclear fusion reaction. The use of
nuclear fusion reactions for electricity generation remains theoretical [12]
4.1 Fusion reaction
In nuclear physics,

 Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one
or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). The difference in
mass between the products and reactants is manifested as the release of large amounts of energy.
This difference in mass arises due to the difference in atomic “binding energy" between the
atomic nuclei before and after the reaction.
Fig; the fusion nuclear reaction

 Fusion is the process that powers active or “main sequence" stars, or other high magnitude stars.
The fusion process that produces a nucleus lighter than iron-56 or nickel-62 will generally yield a
net energy release. These elements have the smallest mass per nucleon and the largest binding
energy per nucleon, respectively. Fusion of light elements toward these releases energy (an
exothermic process), while a fusion producing nuclei heavier than these elements, will result in
energy retained reaction endothermic process

Fig:-the Process of chain reaction in fusion reactor


2 3
•1 H∧1 H are both positively charged and repel each other through the Coulomb force

•If 21 H∧31 H ions manage to touch then the nuclear force takes over and turn,
2 3 2 1
1 H + 1 H → 2 He+0n+ energy

Reaction is endothermic.

 Repulsion is overcome by increasing the speed or energy of D and T…in hot fusion plasma, the
D and T nuclei are hot enough to fuse.[11]

The opposite is true for the reverse process, nuclear fission. This means that the lighter elements, such as
hydrogen and helium, are in general more fusible; while the heavier elements, such as uranium and
plutonium, are more fissionable. The extreme astrophysical event of a supernova can produce enough
energy to fuse nuclei into elements heavier than iron. Following the discovery of quantum tunneling by
physicist Fried rich Hund, in 1929 Robert Atkinson and Fritz Houter mans used the measured masses of
light elements to predict that large amounts of energy could be released by fusing small nuclei. Building
upon the nuclear transmutation experiments by Ernest Rutherford, carried out several years earlier, the
laboratory fusion of hydrogen isotopes was first accomplished by Mark Oliphant in 1932. During the re
minder of that decade the steps of the main cycle of nuclear fusion in stars were worked out by Hans
Bethe. Research into fusion for military purposes began in the early 1940s as part of the Manhattan
Project. Fusion was accomplished in 1951 with the Green house Item nuclear test. Nuclear fusion on a
large scale in an explosion was first carried out on November 1, 1952, in the Ivy Mike hydrogen bomb
test.[11]

4.2 The challenges of fusion reactor to develop fusion technology.

High energy can be produced by fusing together the nuclei of light elements. This is the process which
provides the energy source in the sun and other stars. The idea of releasing large amounts of energy by
the controlled fusion of the nuclei of atoms such as deuterium and tritium is very attractive because
deuterium occurs naturally in seawater. Unfortunately, controlled fusion has turned out to be an
extraordinarily difficult process to achieve. For the reaction to proceed temperatures in excess of one
hundred million degrees must be obtained and high densities of deuterium and tritium must be achieved
and retained for a sufficient length of time. So far, it has not proved possible to sustain these requirements
simultaneously in a controlled way. A large number of major projects, including a European collaboration
which has built the Joint European Torus (JET) at Culham in Oxford shire, have gradually got closer to
reaching the combination of temperature, density and containment time required for success. Even if this
can be achieved eventually, the process must be capable of being developed in a form which will allow
power to be generated cost effectively and continuously over a long period. It is very unlikely that this
could be achieved until well into the twenty-first century. The challenges to develop power plant by
nuclear fusion reactor are:-

 Fusion can only occur at extremely high temperatures (1015 million K) making it difficult
to contain. t. v

 The energy required to make fusion work could be greater than the output of energy by
fusion itself.

 Current research and experimentation is going to cost billions of dollars, money that could
be invested in renewable green fuels.
  Cold fusion may be the only way to make fusion efficient, and cold fusion has yet
to been successfully developed. [6]

4.3 The conditions which are necessary for fusion reactor

 Need enough particles to fuse: n (densities of tritium and deuterium hydrogen atom)

 Need to keep the plasma together long enough for fusion reactions to occur:

 Need enough energy for the particles to fuse

So the product must be large enough to sustain fusion events at a sufficient level to produce net power .
[7]
4.4 Main types of fusion reactor
There are two main types of fusion reactor: Magnetic confinement and Inertia confinement.

4.5 Magnetic confinement of fusion reactor

The temperatures necessary to ignite plasma are between 100-

200°C. Obviously no solid material is able to confine a medium
with such high temperature. This dilemma is solved by the fact that
in the plasma, all the particles carry an electrical charge and can
thus be confined by a magnetic field. (The charged particles gyrate
around the magnetic field lines.) It transpires that a doughnut
shaped configuration of the magnetic field “cage” is appropriate for
this purpose, although the story is actually a little more
complicated: the
magnetic field lines not
only have to be
doughnut-shaped, they
also need to have a
helical twist. This
scheme is referred to as
magnetic confinement.
Different proposals were
made to produce helical-
wound doughnut-shaped
magnetic field cages.
(look the two different
configuration of Tokamak of the left side diagram.)
Fig; Magnetic confinement of fusion reactor

The most successful approach has been the automaker, first realized in Russia.

The magnetic field is the sum of the toroidal magnetic field produced by the coils shown and the
magnetic field produced by a current in the plasma. The problem associated with the automaker concept
is driving the current in the plasma. The most important concept applied today is to place another
magnetic coil in the centre of the auto maker toroidal (see diagram II: solenoid magnet) and to ramp the
current in this coil up or down. This will produce a varying magnetic field in the coil which in turn
induces a voltage in the plasma (the principle of induction). This voltage can only be sustained for a
limited time - one or two hours at the very most .[12]

 The plasma now feels a force from the magnetic field Ions and electrons follow the field lines

 Plasma is confined More organization

 A linear device, however, has end losses!

4.6 Inertia confinement of fusion reactor

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a type of fusion energy research that attempts to initiate nuclear
fusion reactions by heating and compressing a fuel target, typically in the form of a pellet that most often
contains a mixture of deuterium and tritium.

To compress and heat the fuel, energy is delivered to the outer layer of the target using high-energy
beams of laser light , electrons or ions , although for a variety of reasons, almost all ICF devices as of
2015 have used lasers.

The heated outer layer explodes outward, producing a reaction force against the remainder of The target,
accelerating it inwards, compressing the target. This process is designed to create shock waves that travel
inward through the target. A sufficiently powerful set of shock waves can compress and heat the fuel at
the center so much that fusion reactions occur Inertial confinement feasibility began in themid-1950s by
the inventor of modern television, [10]

Inertia confinement fusion history can be traced back to a seminal meeting Called by Edward Teller in
1957 on the topic of peaceful uses of atomic explosions. Among the many topics covered during the
event, some consideration was given to using a hydrogen bomb to heat a water-filled underground cavern.
The resulting steam would then be used to power convention a generators, and thereby provide electrical
power. Look the following Schematic of the stages of inertial confinement fusion using lasers.

[Link] blue arrows represent radiation Orange is blow off; purple is inwardly transported thermal energy.

2. Laser beams or laser-produced X-rays rapidly heat the surface of the fusion target, forming a
surrounding plasma envelope.
3. Fuel is compressed by the rocket-like blow off of the hot surface material.

3. During the final part of the capsule implosion, the fuel core reaches 20 times the density of lead and
ignites at 100,000,000˚C.

4. Thermonuclear burn spreads rapidly through the compressed fuel, yielding many times the input
energy.[9]

Fig;Inertia confinement of fusion reactor.

4.7 Availability and abundance of tritium and deuterium isotopes of hydrogen

nuclei
Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope. In terrestrial hydrogen sources, such as sea water, deuterium makes up
one part in 6700. Given the above annual consumption rates it can be shown that fusion could continue to
supply energy for many millions of years. The oceans have a total mass of 1.4 * 1021 kg and therefore
contain 4.6 * 1016 kg of deuterium; moreover, there is already a mature technology for extracting the
deuterium. One of the main applications is the production of heavy water for heavy water-moderated
fission reactors. Existing plants can produce up to 250 t/a of heavy water which means a production of 50
t/a of deuterium. This would be enough to supply deuterium for 500 fusion plants each with 1 GWe
capacity. Obviously deuterium supply places no burden on the extensive use of fusion. What about
tritium? As we have mentioned above, tritium, also a hydrogen isotope, will be bred from lithium using
the high flux of fusion neutrons. Lithium is found in nature in two different isotopes .6Li (7.4 %) and 7Li
(92.6 %) [13].

4.8 Energy power generation

These are relevant since the second reaction is endothermic only neutrons with energy higher than the
threshold can initiate this process. In most blanket concepts the reaction with 63 Li dominates, but in order
7
to reach a breeding ratio exceeding unity the 3 Licontent might be essential. Lithium can be found in:-salt
brine, in concentrations ranging from 0.015 %

0.2 % minerals: spodumene, petalite, eucrypotite, amblygonite, lepidolite. The concentration varies
between 0.6 % and 2.1 %. Sea water; the concentration in sea water is 0.173 mg/l (Li+).

 In steady-state, the energy from the fusion reactions is radiated to the first wall and blanket.

 Tritium is not available naturally but can be readily bred with lithium.
  The 14.1MeV neutron is absorbed into a blanket containing lithium in order to breed tritium.

 The hot blanket and first wall is cooled; the thermal energy Is extracted from the coolant for
power generation.[14]

5. The preference of fusion reactor to produce energy

 Fusion reactors are important and preferable for the following reasons:-

1. Nuclear fusion doesn’t create harmful waste.

Nuclear fission creates nuclear waste that must be stored properly to keep people safe. This
shouldn’t be confused with nuclear fusion, which only has the creation of helium as a byproduct.
Helium is non-toxic, safe, and won’t create the same environmental damage that the burning of
fossil fuels creates.

2. There is an infinite amount of fuel for nuclear fusion.

The main ingredient of nuclear fusion, which is deuterium, is distilled from ocean water. Every
other component of the process is either easily found or easily made. The end result is an infinite
amount of fuel that can be used to create energy resources for the entire [Link]
damage that the burning of fossil fuels creates[14].
3. It is a low risk form of energy.

Not only is nuclear fusion easy to control, it’s much safer than almost any other major form of
energy creation that is used in the world today. A Fusion reactor would produce negligible
quantities of high-level waste. not harmful product are produced in the fusion fuel cycle. The
neutron from D-T fusion will cause some activation as it interacts with material walls. But
structural materials can be used which minimize the production of radioactive isotopes and their
environmental consequences. Advanced designs for fusion reactors permit recycling of materials or
shallow burial about 100 years after shutdown.

4. Global warming can still be negated without energy loss.

Helium is not one of the greenhouse gases that are believed to be contributing to changing weather
cycles. This means the planet can continue to heal and we don’t have to sacrifice energy levels to
make that happen. fusion plant doesn't release radioactive waste which might be released from fission
on reactor ,there is no threat of an uncontrolled energy release .The amount of fuel in the reactor at any
time is sufficient to burn for only ~ 10 s. Fuel is continuously supplied and can be shut off by a simple
valve, much like the way fuel is supplied to a gas burner. In addition, fusion reactions are easily
extinguished by injection of heavier impurity gases or a “poison pellet”. A “melt-down” cannot occur!
Fusion reactors are passively safe [14].

5. It produce higher energy than fission.

 Fusing atoms together in a controlled way releases nearly four million times more energy than a
chemical reaction such as the burning of coal, oil or gas and four times as much as nuclear fission
reactions (at equal mass). so it is an ultimate [Link] Fission, the energy release is about 1 MeV
per Nucleon. In D-T Fusion, the energy release is about 3.5 MeV per Nucleon. By comparison, fossil
fuels are grossly inefficient, less than 1 eV per Nucleon!.

This efficiency translates to correspondingly smaller requirements for the fuel supply system and
waste disposal: To generate 1000 MW in one day requires 9000 tons of coal and generates 30,000
tons of CO 2(plus other noxious gases, e.g., SO 2and NO 2) [12]
6. A Fusion Reactor Would Have Abundant Fuel Supply

 The first fusion reactor would probably burn two isotopes of Hydrogen, Deuterium and Tritium,
which differ from Hydrogen in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. D + T ⇒ He + neutron +
17.6 MeV.

 Said another way, there are more than 1013 tons of Deuterium in the surface waters of the earth.
This is truly an inexhaustible fuel supply!

 Tritium is radioactive (β-emitter) and decays with a half-life of about 12 years. Therefore it does
not occur naturally and must be bred in the fusion reactor, for example through the nuclear
reaction (Natural Lithium is ~ 92.5% 7Li).