geography

Natural vegetation
ODISHA MISCELLANEOUS
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CLIMATE IN ODISHA
There are three major seasons –
Summer (March-June)
Rainy Season (July-September)
the Winter (October-February)
Odisha has a tropical monsoon climate.
It is warm almost throughout the year with maximum temperature between 40-46° C
and in winter, it is intolerably cool, of 3-4 °C.
The coolest place in Odisha is the hill station of Daringbadi that is located at a height
of 3000 ft above sea level.
The maximum temperature of 50.1 degree Celsius was recorded in Titlagarh on June 5,
2003, which remains a record so far.
The average rainfall is 145 cm, as the result of south- west monsoon during July-
September.
The month of July is the wettest and the major rivers may get flooded.
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SHIMILIPAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE
These are intended to promote conservation of biodiversity
and also to promote alternate livelihood for man and preserve
cultural values.
Similipal Wild life sanctuary (1979) National
Park(1980) Biosphere reserve (1994) and a tiger
reserve(1973) in the Mayurbhanj district in the state of Odisha
covering 2,750 sq. km. Simlipal National Park derives its name
from the abundance of red silk cotton trees(Simili) growing in
the area.
The park is home to Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, gaur, and
chausingha.
This protected area is part of the UNESCO World Network of
Biosphere Reserves since 2009.
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Bhitarkanika National Park
Bhitarkanika National Park(16 .09. 1998) is a 145 sq.km
large national park in Kendrapara district in Odisha.
The area is also been designated as second Ramsar
site(19 August 2002) of the State after the Chilika Lake. It
is surrounded by Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary, which
spread over 672 sq.km.
It is inundated by the rivers Brahmani, Baitarani,
Dhamra, Pathsala.
It is the second largest mangrove ecosystem in India so
known as Little Sundarbans.
The national park is home to Saltwater crocodile, Indian
python, king cobra, black ibis, and many other species of
flora and fauna.
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BALUKHAND-KONARK SANCTUARY
Balukhand-Konark Sanctuary is established on the sandy
tract covered by plantation of casuarina and cashew trees,
along the coast between Puri and Konark. It is well served
by the marine drive road. The rivers Kushabhadra and
Nuanai cut through the sanctuary. Spotted deer abound in
the area but the star attraction is the rare Black-buck.
BAISIPALI SANCTUARY
To the south of Satkosia Gorge Sanctuary and located in
Nayagarh District, the Baisipalli Sanctuary is a quality Sal
forest with significant number of tigers, leopards and
elephants.
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BADRAMA SANCTUARY
Badrama Sanctuary, also known as "Usha Kothi", is
located in the District of Sambalpur.
The sanctuary mostly has hilly terrain and is continuous
with Khalasuni sanctuary to the south. Because of tigers
and elephants and proximity to Sambalpur and Rourkela
cities, this is one sanctuary in western Odisha with a lot of
potential.
CHANDAKA SANCTUARY
Chandaka Sanctuary, a strip of forest hardly 25kms in
length and 8kms in width, near the Bhubaneswar city
houses a population of 60+ elephants.
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DEBRIGARH SANCTUARY
Debrigarh Sanctuary has miscellaneous forest fringing the Hirakud
reservoir in Sambalpur and is an abode of Tiger, Leopard, Gaur,
Sambar, Spotted deer and Chow Singha.
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GAHIRMATHA MARINE SANCTUARY
Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary extends
along the coast from Nasi Islands in the
to Telanga Muhan (Mahanadi mouth) in
Kendrapara district. The sanctuary
extends 20km into the sea.
 It has been created to protect the
endangered olive ridley sea turtles,
dolphins and other marine flora and
fauna.
Gahirmatha coast, which is a part of
the sanctuary, is used by lakhs of Olive
Ridleys for mass-nesting.
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HADGARH SANCTUARY
Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary wildlife sanctuary situated Keonjhar district in
Odisha, India, covering an area of 191 sq.km was established in 1978. The
sanctuary lies in the catchment of Salandi river, a major tributary of the river
Baitarani.
The forests of Hadgarh constitute an important link for elephants between
Similipal and Kuldiha sanctuaries, within the Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve.
KARLAPAT SANCTUARY
Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary located in Kalahandi district
and a popular tourist attraction of Odisha in India.
This sanctuary is home to many wildlife species like tiger, leopard, sambar,
nilgai, barking deer, mouse deer.
KHALASUNI SANCTUARY
Khalasuni Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Sambalpur. Tiger, leopard, elephant
and gaur are among the variety of wild fauna seen in the sanctuary.
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KOTAGARH SANCTUARY
Kotgarh Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Kandhamal
district of Odisha state in India.
 It holds great attraction for naturalists and ecotourists
because of leopard, tiger, elephant, gaur, sambar, spotted
deer and wolf.
KULDHIA SANCTUARY
The Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the Balasore
district of Odisha and Known for its leopard, elephant,
gaur, sambar and giant squirrel.
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NALABAN SANCTUARY
The Nalaban Sanctuary is a part of the Chilika lake
and expanse over the districts of Puri, Ganjam and
Khurda. The lagoon, where it is easy to observe the
Irrawaddy Dolphin, is famous for attracting 94 species
of migratory birds, and is a "Ramsar site".
NANDANKANAN SANCTUARY
Right outside the fringe of Bhubaneswar City,
Nandankanan Sanctuary of 467ha area has a natural
lake in the middle and a Zoo and a Botanical Garden
on two sides of the lake. Spotted deer, wild boar,
langurs, rhesus macaques, porcupine, jungle cats,
mongoose, monitor, nesting birds .
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SATKOSIA GORGE SANCTUARY
Satkoshia Gorge Sanctuary owes its name to the
narrow stretch of River Mahanadi that is "sat-kosh" or
seven miles long near Tikarpada, 60km south of
Angul. Here Mahanadi has cut across the Eastern
Ghats and is known for the gharials, mugger crocodile
and rare freshwater turtles.
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SUNABEDA SANCTUARY
Sunabeda Sanctuary is situated in Nuapada district.
Sunabeda forms a part of the tourist route linking
Nrushinghanath, Harishakar, Patal Ganga, Patora Reservoir
and Jogeswar Temple.
Sanctuary is a part of an interstate habitat for Elephant,
tiger and wild buffalo.
KAPILASH SANCTUARY
Kapilash Sanctuary in Dhenkanal district lies in central
Odisha. The sanctuary is an attraction to ecotourists because
of its floral and faunal diversity. Kapilash attracts tourist due
to the Shiva temple, Deer Park and Science Park.
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MINERAL RESOURCES IN ODISHA
Odisha has the second largest deposits of minerals in the country after
Jharkhand.
Recently diamond is discovered in the Dharambandha area of Nuapada district
by the State Directorate of Geology.
Odisha has a lion’s share of the Country’s mineral reserves. The chromite, nickel,
bauxite, iron ore and coal resources of the state respectively stand at a staggering
83, 92, 55, 38 and 26 percent of India’s total reserves.
The major industries include Rourkela Steel Plant, Alumina Refinery and Smelter
of Nalco at Dammanjodi and Angul and Mineral sand separation unit at
Chhatrapur by IRE.
Coal based thermal power plants have been set up at Talcher, Kanihan and
Banaharpali. NALCO, RSP, ICCL, INDAL etc. have also set up captive thermal power
plants and many more are in the pipeline.
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Iron Ore
Keonjhar:Joda, Barbil, Talandiha, Gandhamardan, Kiriburu, Thakurani Pahad,
Mayurbhanj :Badampahad, Suleipat, Goru Mahisani
Sundergarh:Barasuan, Koida, Tensa, Khandadhar, Malangatoli, Bolani
Jajpur: Daitari, Tomaka
Coal
Angul:Talcher; Sambalpur:Rampur; Sundergarh:Himagiri
Bauxite
Kalahandi & Bolangiri: Khariar, Karlapat
Bargada & Bolangiri: Gandhamardan Hills
Koraput:Damanjodi, Panchpatmali hills , Malkangiri: Potangi, Chandagiri hills
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Copper mines are found in Kesarpur in

Mayurbhanj district and Adash in Deogarh
district. Total copper ore reserve
estimated to be 3.09 Million tonnes from
these mines.
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RESERVOIRS IN ODISHA:
HIRAKUD
A mere 16 km north of Sambalpur town
stands the Hirakud Dam on the river
Mahanadi – the longest earthern dam in the
world. Hirakud is an engineering marvel as
well as a stunning site. From horizon to
horizon, the reservoir forms the largest
artificial lake in Asia with an area of 746 sq.
Km and 25.8 km long.
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RESERVOIRS IN ODISHA:
INDRAVATI
Upper Indravati Project, the largest multipurpose
projects of Odisha in terms of its Power and Irrigation
benefits is located in the districts of Kalahandi and
Nowarangpur of Odisha State. It envisages trans basin
diversion of water of river Indravati (Godavari Basin)
to river Hati (Mahanadi Basin).
JALAPUT DAM
Jalaput hydroelectric dam is built on the Machkund
River at the border line between Andhra Pradesh and
Odisha. Jalaput Dam and Reservoir is surrounded by
dense forest and more than 100 tribal villages in the
koraput district.
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KOLAB
15 km from Koraput, the river Kolab makes a
spectacular jump at Bagra to form a reservoir
called the “Upper Kolab Irrigation Project”. An
ideal place for an outing, it is also a panacea for
city dwellers.
MANDIRA
Mandira dam is located near Kansbahal in
Sundergarh district, Odisha, India. It is built across
Sankh River located 16 km upstream from
Mandira. The water from the dam is used for
Rourkela Steel Plant. Construction of the dam
began after 1957.
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PATORA DAM
Patora dam is constructed across Jonk River and
one of the famous location in Nuapada district along
with near by places Nrusinghanath Temple,
Harishankar Temple and Bull Yogeswar temple.

BALIMELA
The Balimela Reservoir is located in Malkangiri
district, Odisha, India on the river Sileru which is
tributary of Godavari River. It offers magnificent
scenic beauty.
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RENGALI
It is constructed in 1985 across Brahmani River. Located
70 km from Angul, situated in the midst of nature’s
beauty, is a popular picnic spot for locals and visitors
alike. A barrage is constructed downstream of Rengali
dam.
SALIA DAM
At a distance about 14 km to the west of the Banapur
of Khordha, the Salia Dam has been constructed amidst a
picturesque site. The dam has been constructed in the
catchment area which is about 69,000 across connecting
two hills on both sides and serves as a minor irrigation
project.
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SORADA GHAI
About 80 km from Berhampur, Sorada reservoir is situated
amidst uncommon scenic charm. Popularly known as Sorada
Ghai, it blends itself beautifully into an enchanting picnic spot.
DERAS
Located in Khurda district, Deras is a dam with an artificial
reservoir. It is situated in the Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary on the
outskirt of Bhubaneswar.
HADAGARH
Hadagarh Dam is located in sub-locality, locality, Kendujhar
District. Its proximity to four adjacent districts has advantages of
communication. The dam is on river Salandi & its rich with dense
vegetation.
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TRIBES OF ODISHA
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TRIBES OF ODISHA
In India, there is an admixture of 437 tribes, and the numbers of
tribes of Odisha are 62. According to 1991 enumeration, in Odisha,
the total vitality of tribal people is relatively seven million which
establishes 22.21% of the total population of the whole state.
Odisha holds the 3rd position after Madhya Pradesh and
Maharashtra according to tribal population.
Habitation
The hilly and forested areas are a big considerable portion of the
tribal habitat. Mostly the tribal villages are found in the areas which
are far away from carnal plains mostly close to rivers. Most of the
villages are traditional in nature and smaller in size.
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Kondh Tribe
The Kondhs are one of the well-known tribes and one of
the largest tribal communities in Orissa which has a
population of around 1 million, they are famous in history
for their Merial Sacrifice (human sacrifice). The Kondhs
very much believe to be from the Proto-Australoid
national group.
Their language is Kui. The Kondhs are accomplished land
dwellers exhibiting great flexibility to the forest
environment. Their playground is dense sal forests.
Their hunting instruments are of primitive races with
bows and axes. They are mostly established in large
numbers in Kandhmal (formely Phulbani), Bolangir,
Koraput, and Ganjam districts of Orissa.
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Saora Tribe
The Saora or Sora is the tribe from Southern Odisha.
The Saoras are second-most outstanding tribal
communities in the Rayagada district of Odisha. They
are also present in some specific places of Koraput and
Gajapati districts.
They sometimes are called Lanjia Saoras because of
their dress pattern of wearing a loincloth hanging from
behind which could be mistakenly known as a tail by a
stranger. Their highest concentration could be found in
the Puttasingi area.
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Juang Tribe
Juang is a jungle tribe of Odisha. They are found in only two of the tributary
states, namely Dhenkanal and Keonjhar. The population is estimated to about
10,000.
Their language belongs to the Munda family. They have no traditions, and they
broke all connections with Hos or the Santal and claim to be the true aborigines.
They are skilled in making baskets, which is in demand in nearby caste villages.
The Juangs sometimes exchange their baskets for food and money with the village
traders.
They increased contact with the Hindu villages and also took up the worship of
Hindu Goddess Lakshmi. They slowly got mixed into the Hindu Caste system as a
basket making caste group.
The recognized PVTGs (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups) in Odisha are:
Birhor,Bondo,Chuktia,Bhunjia,Didayi,Juang,Kharia,DongriaKhond,Kutia,Khond,L
anjia,Saora,Lodha,Mankidia,Paudi Bhuyan,Saora.
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