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WHAT ARE DATABASES?
structured and organized collection of data that is stored and managed electronically
designed to efficiently store, retrieve, and manipulate data to meet the needs of various applications
consist of tables, each containing rows and columns, where data is stored in a systematic and structured
manner.
The data within a database can be related, allowing for efficient querying, reporting, and analysis
CEP29 CONST
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASES Database management systems (DBMS) are software applications that provide an interface for users and
applications to interact with the database, ensuring data integrity, security, and efficient data management.
S.Valle
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PURPOSE OF A DATABASE EVOLUTION OF DATABASES
Data Data Data Data 1950s 1960s-1970s
Storage Retrieval Integrity Relationships Early File Systems Network Databases
• Data was stored in flat files and managed through basic file • Network databases expanded on the hierarchical model by
systems. Each application typically had its own file structure, allowing more complex relationships between entities. CODASYL
leading to redundancy and inefficiency. (Conference on Data Systems Languages) developed the
CODASYL Data Model, which influenced network database
Data systems like IDMS (Integrated Database Management System).
Data Concurrency Analysis &
Security Control Scalability
Reporting Hierarchical Databases
Relational Databases
• The breakthrough came with Edgar F. Codd's relational model,
• As data management needs grew, hierarchical databases introduced in his paper "A Relational Model of Data for Large
emerged. These databases organized information in a tree-like Shared Data Banks" in 1970. This model proposed organizing data
structure, with parent-child relationships. The IMS (Information into tables with rows and columns, providing a clear and flexible
Management System) by IBM is an early example of a hierarchical structure. IBM's System R and later Oracle's Oracle Database were
database. among the first relational databases.
Data Backup Application 1960s 1970s
& Recovery Integration
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EVOLUTION OF DATABASES EVOLUTION OF DATABASES
1980s 1980s-1990s 2000s 2010s-Present
SQL Standardization Object-Oriented Databases NoSQL Databases Cloud Databases
•The Structured Query Language (SQL) was standardized, •Object-oriented databases emerged to handle more •As web applications and big data became more prevalent, •Cloud computing platforms introduced database-as-a-
allowing for a consistent and standardized way to interact complex data types and relationships. These databases the limitations of traditional relational databases became service (DBaaS), making it easier to deploy, manage, and
with relational databases. This contributed to the aimed to integrate the principles of object-oriented apparent. NoSQL databases, such as MongoDB and scale databases in the cloud. Major cloud providers, such as
widespread adoption of relational database management programming into database design. Examples include Cassandra, emerged to handle unstructured and semi- Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and
systems (RDBMS). ObjectStore and db4o. structured data, offering flexibility and scalability. Google Cloud Platform, offer a variety of database
services.
NewSQL and Distributed Databases Blockchain and Decentralized Databases
Client-Server Architecture Data Warehousing and Data Mining •NewSQL databases aimed to combine the benefits of •The rise of blockchain technology introduced decentralized
•The client-server architecture became popular, separating the •With the rise of large datasets, data warehousing solutions traditional relational databases with the scalability of NoSQL databases, emphasizing security, transparency, and
database server from the user interface. This architecture were developed to consolidate and manage vast amounts of solutions. Distributed databases, like Apache Hadoop and immutability. Blockchain platforms like Ethereum and
improved scalability, performance, and centralized data information. Data mining techniques were also introduced to Apache Spark, became popular for handling large-scale Hyperledger use distributed ledger technology for various
management. extract valuable insights from these data warehouses. data processing and analytics. applications beyond cryptocurrencies.
1980s-1990s 1990s 2010s 2010s-Present
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Significance of data management Significance of data management
in modern construction practices in modern construction practices
Information Centralization Collaboration & Communication Project Planning & Scheduling Budgeting & Cost Control
Construction projects have intricate schedules with Managing construction budgets and costs requires
Construction projects involve a vast amount of Effective communication is essential for successful numerous dependencies. Proper data detailed tracking of expenditures, invoices, and
data, including design documents, contracts, construction projects. A centralized database management ensures accurate and up-to-date financial transactions. A robust data management
schedules, budgets, and communication records. enables real-time collaboration among project project schedules, helping teams to plan activities, system allows for accurate budgeting, monitoring
Centralizing this information in a well-organized teams, allowing them to share updates, changes, allocate resources, and identify potential expenses, and implementing cost control measures
database facilitates easy access, retrieval, and and feedback efficiently. This improves bottlenecks. This contributes to better project to prevent overruns.
sharing among project stakeholders. coordination and reduces the likelihood of errors planning and execution.
due to miscommunication.
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Significance of data management Significance of data management
in modern construction practices in modern construction practices
Document Control & Versioning Risk Management Regulatory Compliance Quality Assurance & Inspections
Construction projects generate a large volume of Construction projects are inherently risky, with Construction projects must adhere to numerous Ensuring the quality of construction work is vital
documents, including drawings, specifications, and various uncertainties that can impact timelines and regulations and compliance standards. Data for the longevity and safety of structures. Data
contracts. Data management systems help control costs. Data management aids in identifying, management systems can track compliance management facilitates the recording of
document versions, track revisions, and ensure that assessing, and managing risks by providing a requirements, document adherence to codes and inspections, test results, and quality control
all project participants are working with the latest structured way to track and analyze potential regulations, and ensure that projects meet the measures. This documentation is crucial for
and approved documents. issues. This proactive approach contributes to necessary legal and regulatory standards. verifying compliance with quality standards.
better risk mitigation strategies.
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Significance of data management Significance of data management
in modern construction practices in modern construction practices
Asset Management Performance Monitoring & Analytics
Historical Data for Future Projects
After construction is complete, proper data Data management systems enable the collection Data collected during construction projects serves
management supports asset management by of performance data during construction. as a valuable resource for future endeavors.
providing a comprehensive record of the installed Analyzing this data provides insights into project Historical data can inform better decision-making,
components, maintenance schedules, and warranty efficiency, resource utilization, and potential areas aid in estimating, and provide benchmarks for
information. This information is valuable for for improvement, contributing to continuous similar projects.
facility managers and owners. process optimization.
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Streamlining Project Information
The Role of
Databases in Centralization Data Consistency Efficient Retrieval
Construction • All project-related data
is stored in a single,
centralized database,
• Databases enforce
data consistency and
integrity, reducing the
• With structured
querying capabilities,
project stakeholders can
Management eliminating the need for
scattered physical files
or disparate digital
risk of errors or
discrepancies in project
information. This is
quickly retrieve specific
information from the
database. Whether it's
repositories. This particularly important project milestones,
centralization ensures when dealing with large financial data, or
that everyone involved and complex datasets. technical specifications,
in the project has access databases enable
to the latest and most efficient data retrieval.
accurate information.
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Facilitating Collaboration & Communication Enhancing Decision-Making Processes
Real-Time Updates Document Sharing Communication Tracking Data Analysis Performance Metrics Scenario Planning
• Databases provide a • Construction databases • Databases can log • Databases allow for the • Project performance • Databases support
platform for real-time facilitate the sharing of communication between analysis of project metrics, such as progress scenario planning by
collaboration, where documents, drawings, and project participants, data, enabling reports, financial providing a platform to
project team members can specifications among team including emails, meeting stakeholders to identify indicators, and risk model different project
access and update members. This supports minutes, and other trends, patterns, and assessments, can be scenarios. This helps
information concurrently. collaborative decision- correspondence. This
This reduces delays and making and prevents the tracking enhances potential issues. This stored and analyzed in project managers and
ensures that everyone is confusion that can arise transparency and analysis contributes to databases. This decision-makers assess
working with the most from using outdated accountability, ensuring more informed and information is the potential impact of
recent data. documents. that important data-driven decision- invaluable for assessing various decisions before
communication is making. project health and implementation.
documented and easily making strategic
accessible. decisions.
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Improving Project Documentation and Tracking
Version Control Change Management Progress Tracking
• Databases maintain • Changes to project • Databases store
version control for plans, designs, or information related to
project documents, specifications can be project progress,
preventing confusion tracked and allowing stakeholders to
and errors resulting documented in the track milestones,
from using outdated database. This ensures completion percentages,
versions. This ensures that all relevant parties and other key
that all stakeholders are informed of indicators. This
are working with the changes and can adapt information supports
latest approved their work accordingly. project tracking and
documents. reporting.
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