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changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own
experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any
information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
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individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the
authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury
and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of
any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.

Previous editions copyrighted 2014, 2010, 2006, 2000, and 1996.

International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-38966-2

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Designer: Amy Buxton

Printed in China

8
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

9
Contributors
Jennifer Bellot, PhD, RN, MHSA, CNE, Associate Professor and
Director, DNP Program, Jefferson College of Nursing, Thomas
Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Jane M. Brokel, PhD, RN, Section Instructor, Online Nursing,

Simmons College, Adjunct Faculty, College of Nursing,
University of Iowa, President, NANDA International, Inc.,
Registered Nurse, Parish Nursing Cluster Parishes and Accurate
Home Care

Marie-Hélène Budworth, PhD, MS, BA, Associate Professor of

Human Resource Management, Director, School of Human
Resource Management, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Lynn Christensen, MSN, RN, Safety and Emergency

Management Officer, Inova Loudoun Hospital, Leesburg, Virginia

Sean P. Clarke, PhD, RN, FAAN, Professor and Associate Dean,

Undergraduate Program, Connell School of Nursing, Boston
College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts

Karen S. Cox, PD, RN, FACHE, FAAN, Executive Vice

President/Chief Operating Officer, V. Fred Burry, MD, and

10
Sandra Hobart Burry Chair in Nursing Advocacy and Leadership,
Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri

Kathleen B. Cox, PhD, RN, Associate Director, School of

Nursing, Radford University, Radford, Virginia

Laura Cullen, DNP, RN, FAAN, Evidence-Based Practice

Scientist, Office of Nursing Research, Evidence-Based Practice and
Quality, Department of Nursing Services and Patient Care,
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa

Cindy J. Dawson, MSN, RN, CORLN, Director, Clinical

Functions Ambulatory Nursing, University of Iowa Hospitals and
Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa

Elizabeth T. Dugan, PhD, RN, MBA, MSN, NEA-BC, Chief

Nursing Officer, Inova Loudoun Hospital, Leesburg, Virginia

Michele Farrington, BSN, RN, CPHON, Clinical Healthcare

Research Associate, Office of Nursing Research, Evidence-Based
Practice and Quality and Ambulatory Nursing, University of Iowa
Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa

Ellen Fink-Samnick, MSW, ACSW, LCSW, CCM,

CRP, Principal, EFS Supervision Strategies, LLC, Burke, Virginia

Betsy Frank, PhD, RN, ANEF, Professor Emerita, School of

Nursing, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana

Maryanne Garon, DNSc, RN, Professor and Nursing Leadership

Concentration Coordinator, California State University, Fullerton,
Fullerton, California

11
Gregory O. Ginn, BA, MEd, MBA, PhD, Adjunct Assistant
Professor, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University–Worldwide,
Daytona Beach, Florida

Kirsten Hanrahan, DNP, ARNP, Nurse Scientist, Office of

Nursing Research, Evidence-Based Practice and Quality,
Department of Nursing and Patient Care Services, University of
Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa

Mary G. Harper, PhD, RN-BC, Director of Nursing Professional

Development, Association for Nursing Professional Development,
Flagler Beach, Florida

Farinaz Havaei, PhD, PhD Candidate, School of Nursing,

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada

L. Jean Henry, PhD, Associate Professor, Public

Health/Community Health Promotion, College of Education and
Health Professions, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas

Julie A. Holt, RN, MSN, CENP, Vice President, Patient

Services, Chief Nurse Executive, The Christ Hospital Health
Network, Cincinnati, Ohio

Cheryl Hoying, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FACHE, FAAN, Senior Vice

President, Patient Services Division, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital
Medical Center, Associate Dean, College of Nursing, University
of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

Lianne Jeffs, PhD, RN, FAAN, St. Michael’s Hospital Volunteer

12
Association Chair in Nursing Research, Scientist, Keenan
Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge
Institute, Associate Professor, Lawrence Bloomberg Faculty of
Nursing and Institute of Health Policy Management and
Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

M. Lindell Joseph, PhD, RN, Associate Clinical Professor and

MSN/CNL Program Coordinator, College of Nursing, University of
Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Jayne Josephsen, EdD, MS, RN, CHPN, Associate Professor,

School of Nursing, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho

Susan R. Lacey, PhD, RN, FAAN, Professor, College of Nursing,

Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina

Trudy A. Laffoon, MA, RN-BC, Nurse Manager, Pain

Management and Medicine Specialty Clinics, University of Iowa
Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa

Michael Soon Lee, DBA, MBA, BA, President, EthnoConnect®,

Member, National Speakers Association, Dublin, California

Maura MacPhee, PhD, RN, Associate Professor, School of

Nursing, Associate Director, Undergraduate Nursing Program,
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada

Lynn S. Muller, JD, RN, CCM, BA-HCM, Partner, Muller &

Muller, Attorneys at Law, Adjunct Professor, School of Nursing,
Saint Peter’s University, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey

13
Nathan Neis, DNP, CPNP-AC, Nurse Practitioner, PICU/CICU
at Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Adrienne Olney, MS, Research Associate, Children’s Mercy

Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri

Anne Gallagher Peach, RN, MSN, NEA-BC, Partner, Future

Vision Group, Orlando, Florida

Luc R. Pelletier, MSN, APRN, PMHCNS-BC, FAAN, CPHQ,

FNAHQ, Senior Nursing Specialist, Sharp Mesa Vista
Hospital, Adjunct Professor, National University, San Diego,
California

Slimen Saliba, PhD, MBA, MA, BA, Senior Vice President of

Marketing, Adventist Health System–Florida Division, Orlando,
Florida

Teresa Kathleen Sparks, JD, MSN, BSN, RN, Faculty, MHCA

and BSN Programs, College of Health Sciences, University of
Arkansas, Fort Smith, Fort Smith, Arkansas

Abdullah S. Suhemat, BScN, MSN, Lawrence S. Bloomberg

Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada

Linda B. Talley, MS, BSN, RN, NE-BC, Vice President and Chief
Nursing Officer, Children’s National Health System, Washington,
DC

Diane H. Thorgrimson, MHSA, BS, Executive Director,

Workforce Planning, Special Projects, and Productivity for Patient

14
Services, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC

Teresa M. Treiger, RN-BC, MA, CHCQM-CM/TOC,

CCM, Principal and Case Manager, Ascent Care Management,
LLC, Quincy, Massachusetts

Kathleen A. Vertino, DNP, PMHNP-BC, CARN-AP, Board-

Certified Nurse Practitioner, Psychiatry, Buffalo, New York

Carol A. Wong, PhD, RN, Associate Professor, Arthur Labatt

Family School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western
University, London, Ontario, Canada

15
Reviewers
Karen E. Alexander, PhD, RN, CNOR, Director, RN-BSN, and
Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Health and Applied
Sciences—Nursing, University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston,
Texas
Barbara B. Blozen, EdD, MA, RN, BC, CNL, Associate Professor,
Department of Nursing, New Jersey City University, Jersey City,
New Jersey
Lori Jo Bork, PhD, RN, MS, BSN, CCRN, Professor of Nursing,
Department of Nursing, Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell,
South Dakota
Karen Brown-Fackler, RN, EdD, NEA-BC, CNL, CNE, Associate
Professor of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Saginaw Valley State
University, University Center, Michigan
Beverly Waller Dabney, PhD, RN, CCM, Associate Professor of
Nursing, Department of Nursing, Southwestern Adventist
University, Keene, Texas
Rebecca M. Davidson, PhD, MSN, RN, Instructor of Nursing,
Caylor School of Nursing, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville,
Tennessee
Richard C. Meeks, DNP, RN, COI, Assistant Professor, School of
Nursing, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro,
Tennessee
Barbara J. Pinekenstein, DNP, RN-BC, CPHIMS, Clinical
Professor, Richard E. Sinaiko Professor in Health Care Leadership,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin

16
Darlene M. Rogers, MSN, BS, RN-BC, Clinical Instructor, Georgia
Baptist College of Nursing, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia

17
Preface
Strong leadership and care management are imperatives for
nursing. Highlighted by a series of reports from the prestigious
Institute of Medicine (IOM; now called the National Academies of
Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine
Division)—most recently The Future of Nursing: Leading Change,
Advancing Health—it is clear that nurses matter to health care
delivery systems. Yet the United States is in the midst of a
continuing and projected nurse shortage. Strong nurse leaders and
managers are important for clients (and their safety), delivery
systems (and their viability), and payers (and their solvency).
Pressures remain to balance cost and quality considerations in a
complex, chaotic, and turbulent health care environment.
Although society’s need for excellent nursing care remains the
nurse’s constant underlying reason for existence, nursing is in
reality much more than that. Because nurses offer cost-effective
expertise in solving problems related to the coordination and
delivery of health care to individuals and populations in society,
they have become a crucial linchpin in health care delivery and are
highly valued. Nurses are well prepared to lead clinical change
strategies and effectively manage the coordination and integration
of interdisciplinary teams, population needs, and systems of care
across the continuum. This has been especially important following
implementation of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care
Act (ACA), and nurses are needed to address care coordination and
integration across the health care delivery system.
It can be argued that nursing is a unique profession in which the
primary focus is caring—giving and managing the care that clients
need. Thus nurses are both health care providers and health care

18
coordinators; that is, they have both clinical and managerial role
components. Beginning with the first edition of Leadership &
Nursing Care Management, it has been this text’s philosophy that
these two components can be discussed separately but in fact
overlap. Because all nurses are involved in coordinating client care,
leadership and management principles are a part of the core
competencies they need to function in a complex health care
environment.
The turbulent swirl of change in this country’s health care
industry has become a paradigm shift that has provided both
challenges and opportunities for nursing. Nurses need a stronger
background in nursing leadership and care management to be
prepared for contemporary and future nursing practice. As nurses
mature in advanced practice roles and as the health care delivery
system restructures, nurses will become increasingly pivotal to cost-
effective health care delivery. Research is bearing this out.
Leadership and management are crucial skills and abilities for
complex and integrated community and regional networks that
employ and deploy nurses to provide health care services to clients
and communities.
Today’s nurses are expected to be able to lead and manage care
across the health care continuum—a radically different approach to
nursing from what has been the norm for hospital staff nursing
practice. In all settings, including both nurse-run and
interdisciplinary clinics, nursing leadership and management are
complementary skills that add value to solid clinical care and
patient- and client-oriented practice. Thus there is an urgent need to
advance nurses’ knowledge and skills in leadership and
management. In addition, nurses who are expected to make and
implement day-to-day management decisions need to know how
these precepts can be practically applied to the organization and
delivery of nursing care in a way that conserves scarce resources,
reduces costs, and maintains or improves quality of care. This is the
emphasis on adding value, innovation, and prevention
interventions.
The primary modality for health care in the United States has
moved away from acute care hospitalization. As prevention,
wellness, and alternative sites for care delivery become more

19
important, nursing’s already rich experiential tradition of practice
in these settings is emerging. This text reflects this contemporary
trend by blending the hospital and nonhospital perspectives with
an eye toward systems leadership and management.

Purpose and audience

The intent of this text is to provide both a broad introduction to the
field and a synthesis of the knowledge base and skills related to
both nursing leadership and nursing care management. It is an
evidence-based blend of practice and theory that breaks new
ground by explaining the intersection of nursing care with leading
people and managing organizations and systems. It highlights the
evidence base for care management. It combines traditional
management perspectives and theory with contemporary health
care trends and issues and consistently integrates leadership and
management concepts. These concepts are illustrated and made
relevant by practice-based examples.
The impetus for writing this text comes from teaching both
undergraduate and graduate students in nursing leadership and
management and from perceiving the need for a comprehensive,
practice-based textbook that blends and integrates leadership and
management into an understandable and applicable whole.
Therefore the main goal of Leadership & Nursing Care Management
is twofold: (1) to clearly differentiate traditional leadership and
management perspectives and (2) to relate them in an integrated
way with contemporary nursing trends and practice applications.
This textbook is designed to serve the needs of nurses and nursing
students who seek a foundation in the principles of leading and
coordinating nursing services in relation to client care, peers,
superiors, and subordinates.

Organization and coverage

This sixth edition continues the format first used with the third
edition. The first two editions were Dr. Huber’s single-authored
texts. The edited book approach draws together the best thinking of

20
experts in the field—both nurses and non-nurses—to enrich and
deepen the presentation of core essential knowledge and skills.
Beginning with the first edition, a hallmark of Leadership & Nursing
Care Management has been its depth of coverage, its
comprehensiveness, and its strong evidence-based foundation. This
sixth edition continues the emphasis on explaining theory in an
easily understandable way to enhance comprehension.
The content of this sixth edition has been reorganized and
refreshed to integrate leadership and care management topics with
the nurse executive leadership competencies of the 2015 American
Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) while revamping,
refocusing, and synthesizing the content. AONE has identified the
evidence-based core competencies in the field, and the content of
this book has been aligned accordingly to reflect the knowledge
underlying quality management of nursing services. This will help
the reader develop the crucial skills and knowledge needed for core
competencies.
The organizational framework of this book groups the 27
chapters into the following five parts:
Part I: Leadership aligns with the AONE competency category of
the same name and provides an orientation to the basic principles
of both leadership and management. Part I contains chapters on
Leadership and Management Principles, Change and Innovation,
and Organizational Climate and Culture.
Part II: Professionalism aligns with the AONE competency
category of the same name and addresses the nurse’s role and
career development. The reader is prompted to examine the role of
the nurse leader and manager. Part II discusses the content areas of
Managerial Decision Making, Managing Time and Stress, and Legal
and Ethical Issues.
Part III: Communication and Relationship Building aligns with
the AONE competency category of the same name. Part III focuses
on Communication Leadership, Team Building and Working With
Effective Groups, Delegation in Nursing, Power and Conflict, and
Workplace Diversity. These are essential knowledge and skill areas
for nurse leaders and managers as they work with and through
others in care delivery.
Part IV: Knowledge of the Health Care Environment covers the

21
AONE competency category of the same name and features a broad
array of chapters. Part IV encompasses Organizational Structure,
Decentralization and Shared Governance, Strategic Management,
Professional Practice Models, Case and Population Health
Management, Evidence-Based Practice: Strategies for Nursing
Leaders, Quality and Safety, and Measuring and Managing
Outcomes. This discussion highlights the importance of
understanding the health care organizational structures within
which nursing care delivery must operate. This section includes
information on traditional organizational theory, professional
practice models, and the dynamics of decentralized and shared
governance.
Part V: Business Skills aligns with the AONE competency
category on business skills and principles and contains an extensive
grouping of chapters related to Prevention of Workplace Violence;
Confronting the Nursing Shortage; Staffing and Scheduling;
Budgeting, Productivity, and Costing Out Nursing; Performance
Appraisal; Emergency Management and Preparedness; Data
Management and Clinical Informatics; and Marketing. These
chapters discuss the opportunities and challenges for the nurse
leader-manager when dealing with the health care workforce. The
wide range of human resource responsibilities of nurse managers is
reviewed, and resources for further study are provided. The
significant share of scarce organization budgets consumed by the
human resources of an institution makes this area of management a
key challenge that requires intricate skills in leadership and
management. This section examines some of the important factors
that nurse leader-managers must consider in the nursing and health
care environment. Also in this section are chapters that build on
organizational theory and demonstrate the importance of
integrating organizations and systems with the current technology
and theory applications, including data management and
informatics, strategic management, and marketing.
The 27 chapters in this text are organized in a consistent format
that highlights the following features:

• Concept definitions

• Theoretical and research background

22
• Leadership and management implications

• Current issues and trends

• Case Studies and Critical Thinking Exercises

• Research Notes

This format is designed to bridge the gap between theory and

practice and to increase the relevance of nursing leadership and
management by demonstrating the way in which theory translates
into behaviors appropriate to contemporary leadership and nursing
care management.

Text features
This book contains several interesting and effective aids to readers’
comprehension, critical thinking, and application.

Critical thinking exercises

Found at the end of each chapter, this feature challenges readers to
inquire and reflect, analyze critically the knowledge presented, and
apply it to the situation.

Research notes
These summaries of current research studies are highlighted in
every chapter and introduce the reader to the liveliness and
applicability of the available literature in nursing leadership and
management.

Case studies
Found at the end of each chapter, these vignettes introduce the
reader to the “real world” of nursing leadership and management
and demonstrate the ways in which the chapter concepts operate in
specific situations. These vignettes show the creativity and energy
that characterize expert nurse administrators as they tackle issues in

23
practice.

Learning and teaching AIDS

For students
The Evolve Student Resources for this book include the following:

• NCLEX Review Questions, including rationales and page

references

For instructors
The Evolve Instructor Resources for this book include the
following:

• TEACH for Nurses lesson plans, based on textbook chapter

Learning Objectives, serve as ready-made, modifiable lesson
plans and a complete roadmap to link all parts of the educational
package. These concise and straightforward lesson plans can be
modified or combined to meet your particular scheduling and
teaching needs.

• Test Bank in ExamView format, featuring over 650 test items,

complete with correct answer, rationale, cognitive level, nursing
process step, appropriate NCLEX label, and corresponding
textbook page references. The ExamView program allows
instructors to create new tests; edit, add, and delete test
questions; sort questions by NCLEX category, cognitive level,
and nursing process step; and administer and grade tests online.

• PowerPoint Presentations with more than 650 customizable lecture

slides.

• Audience Response Questions for i-clicker and other systems with

two to three multiple-answer questions per chapter to stimulate
class discussion and assess student understanding of key
concepts.

24
Acknowledgments
This book is dedicated to my husband, Bob Huber. He made this
book a reality and was the text and graphics support behind it
through the fifth edition. For his love, caring, and support I am
eternally grateful. To my children, Brad Gardner and Lisa Witte,
and their spouses, Nonalee Gardner and John Witte, for their
enthusiasm and love. I am forever privileged that they are in my
life. I thank them for the gifts of Kathryn Anne Gardner (the
Princess), Anthony James Gardner (A.J.), Logan Thomas Witte, and
Olivia Morgan Witte. I love being Grandma to these wonderful
people. Also special are Chris Huber; Beth Nau and grandchildren
Brandon, Danielle, Creighton, Chloe, and the late Cameron Nau;
and Von and Kirk Danielson and Kory, Ryan, and Sean Danielson.
To my professional colleagues who inspired me and served as
examples of excellence in nursing, I am grateful that you are in my
life. To my nursing students, past and future, my thanks for being a
source of continual intellectual stimulation and challenge. To all of
you who have read and used this book, thank you. It is so very
humbling and heartwarming when you mention this to me as we
intersect on professional pathways. I am glad it is of use to you.
This book’s first two editions evolved under the tender care of
Thomas Eoyang, former editorial manager at W.B. Saunders
Company, whose guidance, support, and caring were invaluable.
To the editors in the Elsevier Nursing Division who worked so hard
to facilitate everything related to the sixth edition, and to the
excellent staff at Elsevier, a sincere thank you.

Diane L. Huber

25
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
and to what value, I propose for the intended College.” Upon a
moderate computation, may it please your Grace, I believe its
present annual income, is between four and five hundred pounds
sterling. The house is surrounded with eighteen hundred acres of
land; a plan of which, and likewise of the house itself, I herein
inclose, and humbly present for your Grace’s inspection. The
number of negroes young and old, employed on various parts of
these lands, in sawing timber, raising rice for exportation, and corn
with all other kinds of provision for the family, is about thirty. Besides
these, the College will be immediately possessed of two thousand
acres of land near Altamaha, which were granted me by the
Governor and Council, when I was last at Georgia; and a thousand
acres more, left, as I am informed, by the late reverend and worthy
Mr. Zubberbuler. So that, by laying out only a thousand pounds in
purchasing an additional number of negroes, and allowing another
thousand for repairing the house, and building the two intended
wings, the present annual income may very easily and speedily be
augmented to a thousand pounds per annum. Out of this standing
fund, may be paid the salaries of the Master, professors, tutors, &c.
and also small exhibitions be allowed for some orphan or other poor
students, who may have their tutorage and room-rent gratis, and act
as servitors to those who enter commoners. What these salaries and
exhibitions ought to be, may at a proper season be submitted to your
Grace’s future consideration. At present, I would only further
propose, that the negroe children belonging to the College, shall be
instructed, in their intervals of labour, by one of the poorer students,
as is done now by one of the scholars in the present Orphan-house.
And I do not see why an additional provision may not likewise be
made for educating and maintaining a number of Indian children,
which, I imagine, may easily be procured from the Creeks,
Choctaws, Cherokees, and the other neighbouring nations. Hence
the whole will be a free-gift to the colony of Georgia: a complex
extensive charity be established; and at the same time, not a single
person obliged, by any public act of assembly, to pay an involuntary
forced tax towards the support of a seminary, from which many of
the more distant and poorer Colonist’s children cannot possibly
receive any immediate advantage; and yet the whole Colony, by the
christian and liberal education of a great number of its individuals, be
universally benefited. Thus have I most readily, and I humbly hope,
gratefully complied with your Grace’s desire, which to me is as a
command. I am constrained to trespass on your Grace’s patience,
whilst I congratulate your Grace on the goodness of God, who,
amongst many other signal marks of his peculiar providence, hath
honoured your Grace, in making you an happy instrument of
establishing two Northern-American Colleges; the one at New-York,
and the other at Philadelphia: and if (as I pray may be the case) your
Grace should yet be made further instrumental in establishing a third
College in the yet more southern, but now flourishing colony of
Georgia, I trust it will be an additional gem in the crown, which I
earnestly pray that God, the righteous judge, may give your Grace in
that day. In his great name, I beg leave to subscribe myself, may it
please your Grace,

Your Grace’s most dutiful, obliged son and servant,

G. W.

Mr. Whitefield to the Archbishop.

Tottenham-Court, September 1, 1767.

May it please your Grace,

A S I am going out of town for a few weeks, I beg leave humbly to

enquire, whether my L―― P――t hath considered the draught
of the charter sent him by your Grace some weeks ago. The
Governor, Council, Assembly, and other inhabitants of Georgia, wait
with impatience to have this affair brought to a desired issue; and
therefore I humbly hope your Grace will excuse the freedom of the
request now made by, may it please your Grace,

Your Grace’s most dutiful, obliged son and servant,

G. W.
 The Archbishop to Mr. Whitefield,

Lambeth, September 18, 1767.

To the Reverend Mr. Whitefield.

T HE Archbishop of Canterbury sends Mr. Whitefield the enclosed

letter from the Lord President, which he received this day, and
which he desires may be returned to him.

Mr. Whitefield to the Archbishop.

Tottenham-Court, October 13, 1767.

May it please your Grace,

B Y a series of unaccountable incidents and mistakes, your

Grace’s letter, with that of the L―― P――t, did not reach me
till this afternoon. I have made bold to copy the letter; and in
obedience to your Grace’s command, herewith return the original. Its
contents shall be immediately and duly considered, and an answer
very speedily remitted to your Grace. In the mean time, with most
humble thanks for the zeal and punctuality shewn by your Grace in
the prosecution of this important affair, and earnestly begging an
interest in your Grace’s prayers, that I may be kept from erring on
the right hand, or the left, in this final discharge of my public trust, I
beg leave to subscribe myself, may it please your Grace,

Your Grace’s most obedient and dutiful son and servant,

G. W.

Mr. Whitefield to the Archbishop.

Tottenham-Court, October 16, 1767.

May it please your Grace,

A FTER earnest application to the Father of mercies for direction, I
have endeavoured as in his presence, duly to consider and
weigh the contents of the L―― P――t’s letter, which your Grace
was so condescending as to transmit for my perusal. His L――p
therein, is pleased to inform your Grace, “That he observes, that the
second draught of Mr. Whitefield’s charter, differs from that of New-
York; in not requiring the head of the College to be a member of the
church of England, which his Lordship thinks so material a
qualification, that for one, he should not be for dispensing with it. And
his L――p is also of opinion, that the public prayers should not be
extempore ones, but the liturgy of the church, or some part thereof,
or some other settled and established form.” Thus far his L――p.
And, as I profess myself to be a presbyter of the same communion
with his L――p, I cannot but applaud his L――p’s zeal for, and
watchfulness over, the honour of the established church. But if his
L――p would be so good as to take a particular view of the point of
light in which I stand, I cannot help flattering myself, but that his
L――p will be so far from thinking, that being a member of the
church of England is a qualification not to be dispensed with in the
head of the intended College; that on the contrary, it ought not so
much as to be mentioned, or insisted upon in the charter at all. For
not to trouble your Grace with a repetition of the reasons urged
against such a restraining clause, in my letter of June 17; I would
beg leave further to observe to your Grace, that by far the greatest
part of the Orphan-house collections and contributions came from
Dissenters, not only in New-England, New-York, Pensylvania, South-
Carolina, and Scotland, but in all probability here in England also.
Most of these places I have visited since the several audits of the
Orphan-house accompts, and acquainted with the design of turning it
into a College; and likewise the address of the Council and
Assembly of the province of Georgia, with his Excellency Governor
Wright’s answer, highly approving and recommending the design,
have been published. Being frequently asked, “Upon what bottom
the intended College was to be founded;” I not only most readily and
repeatedly answered, “Undoubtedly upon a broad bottom;” but
likewise, in most of the above-mentioned places, have solemnly
declared from the pulpit, that it should be upon a broad bottom, and
no other. This, I judged, I was sufficiently warranted to do, from the
known, long established, mild, and uncoercive genius of the English
government; also from your Grace’s moderation towards protestant
Dissenters; from the unconquerable attachment of the Americans to
toleration principles, as well as from the avowed habitual feelings
and sentiments of my own heart. This being the case, may it please
your Grace, I would humbly appeal to his L――p, whether I can
answer it to my God, my conscience, my king, my country, my
constituents, and Orphan-house benefactors and contributors, both
at home and abroad, to betray my trust, forfeit my word, act contrary
to my own convictions, and greatly retard and prejudice the growth
and progress of the intended institution, by narrowing its foundation,
and thereby letting it fall upon such a bottom, as I am persuaded will
give a general disgust, and most justly open the mouths of persons
of all denominations against me. This, as I acquainted your Grace, in
the same letter referred to above, is what I dare not do. And
therefore, as your Grace by your silence seems to be like-minded
with the L――d P――t; and as your Grace’s and his L――p’s
influence will undoubtedly extend itself to others of his Majesty’s
most Honourable Privy-Council, I would beg leave, after returning all
due acknowledgments, to inform your Grace, that I intend troubling
your Grace and his Lordship no more about this so long depending
concern. As it hath pleased the great Head of the church in some
degree to renew my bodily strength, I purpose now to renew my
feeble efforts, and turn the charity into a more generous, and
consequently into a more extensively useful channel. If I know any
thing of my own heart, I have no ambition to be looked upon at
present, or remembered for the future, as a founder of a college; but
I would fain, may it please your Grace, act the part of an honest
man, a disinterested minister of Jesus Christ, and a truly catholic,
moderate presbyter of the church of England. In this way, and in this
only, can I hope for a continued heart-felt enjoyment of that peace of
God, which passeth all understanding, whilst here on earth, and be
thereby prepared to stand with humble boldness before the awful,
impartial tribunal of the great Shepherd and Bishop of souls at the
great day. That your Grace may shine as a star of the first magnitude
in that day, is the sincere prayer of, may it please your Grace,
 Your Grace’s most dutiful obliged son and servant,

G. W.

Mr. Whitefield to the Archbishop.

Tottenham-Court, November 11, 1767.

May it please your Grace,

T HE bearer is my humble friend; one who hath been with me

several years, and been my companion in travel through the
continent of America. If your Grace would be so good as to send by
him the plans and papers relating to the Orphan-house, it would
much oblige, may it please your Grace,

Your Grace’s most dutiful humble servant,

G. W.

P. S. I know not whether your Grace or the Lord President hath

the copy of the New-Jersey College charter. I gave it to Mr. Secretary
Sharp, in order that your Grace and his Lordship might see it. Mr.
Sharp being dead, obliges me to trouble your Grace with this
particular: I should not otherwise have taken the freedom.

Mr. Whitefield to the Archbishop.

Tottenham-Court, February 12, 1768.

May it please your Grace,

A S not only the Governor, Council and Assembly of Georgia, have

been for a long season, and are now waiting for an account of
what hath been done in respect to the affair of the intended
Bethesda college, I find myself under a necessity of giving them and
the contributors, on this, as well as the other side of the water, a
plain narration of the steps I have been taking; and at the same time
I intend to lay before the public a draught of the future plan, which,
God willing, I am now determined to prosecute. And as the letters
which I have had the honour of writing to your Grace, contain most of
what I have to say on this subject, I suppose your Grace can have
no objection against my publishing those letters, together with the
answers returned, and the issue of the correspondence. To prevent
your Grace’s having further trouble, as I hear your Grace is at
present much indisposed, I shall look upon silence as an
approbation, at least as a tacit allowance of what is designed by,
may it please your Grace,

Your Grace’s most dutiful son and servant, in the King of

kings and Lord of lords,

G. W.

Thus, may it please your excellency, concluded my

correspondence with his Grace, and I humbly hope, the province of
Georgia, in the end, will be no loser by this negociation. For, God
willing, I now purpose to add a public academy, to the Orphan-
house, as the college ¹ of Philadelphia was constituted a public
academy, as well as charitable school, for some time before its
present college charter was granted by the honourable proprietors of
Pensylvania in the year 1755.

¹ This college was originally built, above twenty-eight years

ago, for a charity school and preaching place for me, and
ministers of various denominations, on the bottom of the
doctrinal articles of the church of England. The trustees,
as a public and standing acknowledgment of this, have
inserted a clause in their Grant, for leave for a part of the
building still to be allowed for that purpose. Accordingly I
preached a sermon in it, for the benefit of their charity
children, when I was last at Philadelphia, before a very
large auditory, and Dr. Smith, the present Provost, read
prayers.

In pursuing a like plan, the present Georgia Orphan-house

estate, which for near these three years hath been in a state of
suspense, may be vigorously and properly improved, and thereby an
ample and lasting provision made for the future maintenance and
education of many poor, indigent, and orphan, as well as more
opulent students. Proper masters likewise may now be sent over to
instruct, and prepare for academical honours the many youths, who
are at this time both in Georgia and the adjacent provinces, waiting
for admission. In the mean time, a proper trust may be formed to act
after my decease, or even before, with this proviso, that no
opportunity shall be omitted of making fresh application for a college
charter, upon a broad bottom, whenever those in power shall think it
for the glory of God, and the interest of their king and country to
grant the same. And thus, may it please your Excellency, my beloved
Bethesda will not only be continued as a house of mercy for poor
orphans, but be confirmed as a seat and nursery of sound learning,
and religious education, I trust, to the latest posterity. That this may
be the happy case, as I am persuaded is the desire of your
Excellency, his Majesty’s Honourable Council, and house of
representatives, in the province of Georgia, so it shall still be, to my
latest breath, as it hath been for many years, the earnest endeavour
and incessant prayer of,

May it please your Excellency, Your Excellency’s, &c.

G. W.

Commons House of Assembly, Monday,

January 29, 1770.

M R. Speaker reported, that he with the house having waited on

the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, in consequence of his invitation,
at the Orphan-house academy, heard him preach a very suitable and
pious sermon on the occasion; and with great pleasure observed the
promising appearance of improvement towards the good purposes
intended, and the decency and propriety of behaviour of the several
residents there; and were sensibly affected, when they saw the
happy success which has attended Mr. Whitefield’s indefatigable
zeal for promoting the welfare of the province in general, and the
Orphan-house in particular.

Ordered, That this report be printed in the Gazette.

John Simpson, Clerk.

Extract from the Georgia Gazette.

Savannah, January 31, 1770.

L AST Sunday his Excellency the Governor, Council and Assembly,

having been invited by the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield,
attended at divine service in the chapel of the Orphan-house
academy, where prayers were read by the reverend Mr. Ellington,
and a very suitable sermon was preached by the reverend Mr.
Whitefield from Zechariah ivth chapter 9th. and part of the 10th
verses; “The hands of Zerubbabel have laid the foundation of this
house, his hands shall also finish it; and thou shalt know, that the
Lord of hosts hath sent me unto you; for who hath despised the day
of small things?” to the general satisfaction of the auditory; in which
he took occasion to mention the many discouragements he met with,
well known to many there, in carrying on this institution for upwards
of thirty years past, and the present promising prospect of its future
and more extensive usefulness. After divine service, the company
were very politely entertained with a handsome and plentiful dinner;
and were greatly pleased to see the useful improvements made in
the house, the two additional wings for apartments for students, one-
hundred and fifty feet each in length, and other lesser buildings, in so
much forwardness, and the whole executed with taste and in a
masterly manner; and being sensible of the truly generous and
disinterested benefactions derived to the province through his
means, they expressed their gratitude in the most respectful terms.
 Orphan-House, in Georgia, Dʳ. Orphan-House, in Georgia, Cʳ.
Sterling, Sterling,
l. s. d. l. s. d.
To cash received from By cash paid sundries
the 15th December, by particular
1738, to the 1st Jan. accompts
1745‒6, by public examined, from the
Collections, private 4982 12 8 15th December,
Benefactions, and 1738, to the 1st
5511 17 9¼
annual subscriptions, Jan. 1745‒6, for
per accompt buildings, cultivation
of lands, infirmary,
To ballance super- provisions, wearing
expended, Jan. 1, 529 05 1¼ apparel, and other
1745‒6. incident expences
£. 5511 17 9¼

SAVANNAH in GEORGIA.

S. L.
T HIS day personally appeared before us Henry Parker and
William Spencer, bailiffs of Savannah aforesaid, the
Reverend Mr. George Whitefield, and James Habersham,
Merchant of Savannah aforesaid, who, being duly sworn, say, That
the accompts relating to the Orphan-house, now exhibited before us,
of which the above is an abstract, amounting on the debit side
(namely, for collections and subscriptions received) to the sum of
four thousand nine hundred eighty-two pounds twelve shillings and
eight pence, sterling, and on the credit side, (namely, for
disbursements paid) to the sum of five thousand five hundred eleven
pounds seventeen shillings and ninepence farthing, sterling, do, to
the best of their knowledge, contain a just and true account of all the
monies collected by, or given to them, or any other, for the use and
benefit of the said house; and that the disbursements, amounting to
the sum aforesaid, have been faithfully applied to and for the use of
the same. And the Reverend Mr. Whitefield further declareth, that he
hath not converted or applied any part thereof to his own private use
and property, neither hath charged the said house with any of his
travelling, or any other private expences whatsoever.
 George Whitefield,
James Habersham.

SAVANNAH in GEORGIA.

T HIS day personally appeared before us, Henry Parker, and

William Spencer, bailiffs of Savannah aforesaid, William
Woodrooffe, William Ewen, and William Russel of Savannah
aforesaid, who being duly sworn say, That they have carefully and
strictly examined all and singular the accompts relating to the
Orphan-house in Georgia, contained in forty-one pages, in a book
entitled, Receipts and disbursements for the Orphan-house in
Georgia, with the original bills, receipts, and other vouchers, from the
fifteenth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand
seven hundred and thirty eight, to the first day of January, in the year
of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and forty-five; and that the
monies received on account of the said Orphan-house, amounted to
the sum of four thousand nine hundred eighty-two pounds twelve
shillings and eight-pence, sterling, as above; and that it doth not
appear, that the Reverend Mr. Whitefield hath converted any part
thereof to his own private use and property, or charged the said
house with any of his travelling, or other private expences; but, on
the contrary, hath contributed to the said house many valuable
benefactions; and that the monies disbursed on account of the said
house, amounted to the sum of five thousand five hundred eleven
pounds seventeen shillings and ninepence farthing, sterling, as
above, which we, in justice to the Reverend Mr. Whitefield, and the
managers of the said house, do hereby declare, appear to us to be
faithfully and justly applied to and for the use and benefit of the said
house only.

William Woodrooffe,
William Ewen,
William Russel.

Sworn this 16th day of April, 1746, before us, bailiffs of

Savannah; in justification whereof we have hereunto fixed our hands,
and the common seal.
 Henry Parker,
William Spencer.

General Accompt of Monies expended and received for the

Use of the Orphan-house in Georgia, from January 7th,
1738‒9, to February 9th, 1765.

Dʳ. Cʳ.
l. s. d. l. s. d.
1746, April 16.
To sundries
1746, April 16. By sundry
expended 5511 17 9¼ 4982 12 8
receipts per audit
as per audit
this day
1752, Feb. 25.
2026 13 7½ 1752, Feb. 25. By ditto 1386 8 7½
To ditto
1755, Feb. 19.
1966 18 2 1755, Feb. 19. By ditto 1289 2 3
To ditto
1765, Feb. 9.
3349 15 10 1765, Feb. 9. By ditto 3132 16 0¼
To ditto
10,790 19 6¾
By the Rev. Mr. Whitefield’s
benefactions, being the
sums expended more
than received, as
appears from the several
former audits, now
carefully examined,
viz. Folio 65 — 1169
10 1¼
Ditto 81 — 400
2064 5 10
5 4¾
Ditto 98 — 494
10 4
12,855 5 4¾ 12,855 5 4¾

Georgia ss.
BEFORE me, the Honourable Noble Jones, Esq.
senior, one of the assistant justices for the province
aforesaid, personally appeared the Reverend Mr. George
Whitefield and Thomas Dixon of the province aforesaid, who being
duly sworn, declare that the accompts relating to the Orphan-house,
from folio 82, to folio 98, in this book, amounting on the debit side to
three thousand three hundred and forty-nine pounds fifteen shillings
and ten pence, sterling, and on the credit side to three thousand one
hundred and thirty-two pounds sixteen shillings and one farthing,
sterling, contain, to the best of their knowledge, a just and true
account of all the monies collected by, or given to them, or any other,
for the use or benefit of the said house; and that the disbursements
amounting to the sum aforesaid, have been faithfully applied to and
for the use of the same.

Signed, George Whitefield,

Thos. Dixon.

February 9, 1765.

Sworn this 9th day of February, 1765, before me; in justification

whereof I have caused the seal of the general court to be affixed.

Signed N. Jones. Sealed.

Georgia ss.
B EFORE me, the Honourable Noble Jones, Esq.
senior, personally appeared James Edward Powell
and Grey Elliot, Esqrs. members of his Majesty’s
honourable council for the province aforesaid, who being duly sworn,
declare that they have carefully examined the accompts containing
the receipts and disbursements, for the use of the Orphan-house in
the said province, and that comparing them with the several
vouchers, they find the same not only just and true in every respect,
but kept in such a clear and regular manner, as does honour to the
managers of that house; and that on a careful examination of the
several former audits, it appears that the sum of two thousand and
sixty-four pounds, five shillings and ten pence, has at several times
been given by the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield for the use of the
said house; and that in the whole the sum of twelve thousand eight
hundred fifty-five pounds five shillings and four pence three farthings,
has been laid out for the same house since 7th January, 1738‒9, to
this day:—Also that it doth not appear that any charge has ever been
made by the said Reverend Mr. Whitefield, either for travelling
charges or any other expences whatever, and that no charge of
salary has been made for any person whatever, employed or
concerned in the management of the said house. February 9th,
1765.

Signed, James Edward Powell,

Grey Elliot.

Sworn this 9th day of February, 1765, before me; in justification

whereof, I have caused the seal of the general court to be affixed.

Signed N. Jones. Sealed.

 Dʳ. Cʳ.
General Accompt of monies
expended for the Orphan-house, Monies received for the use of the
taken from the authentic book, same, taken from the authentic book,
from Dec. 1738, to February 1770. from Dec. 1738, to February 1770.
l. s. d. l. s. d.
1746 April 16. To By Benefactions and
Sundries, per 5511 17 9¼ Collections, in 4471 0 6¼
audit, this day, England
1752 Feb. 25 Dᵒ
2026 13 7½ Dᵒ ―― Scotland 978 2 5½
――
1755 Feb. 19 Dᵒ
1966 18 2 Dᵒ ―― Georgia 275 5 7¼
――
1765 Feb. 9 Dᵒ Dᵒ ―― Charles-
3349 15 10 567 1 9¾
―― Town
1770 Feb. 2 Dᵒ
2548 17 0½ Dᵒ ―― Beaufort 16 10 7
――
Dᵒ ―― Boston,
New-York, 1809 6 10½
Philad. &c.
Dᵒ ―― Lisbon 3 12 0
8120 19 10½
By cash, received for
payment of boarders
cocoons, rice, lumber, 3983 19 3
♦indigo, provisions,
&c.
By the Reverend Mr.
Whitefield’s
benefactions, being
the sums expended,
3299 3 3¾
more than received,
as appears by the
several audits,
carefully examined,
15404 2 5¼ 15404 2 5¼

♦ “indico” replaced with “indigo”

Georgia
B EFORE the Honourable Noble Jones, Esq. senior
assistant Justice for the province aforesaid, personally
appeared, the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield and Thomas
Dixon, of the province aforesaid, who being duly sworn, declare that
the accompts relating to the Orphan-house, from folio 101 to folio
109 in this book, amounting, on the debit side, to two thousand five
hundred forty-eight pounds seventeen shillings and one half-penny,
sterling, and on the credit side, to one thousand three hundred
thirteen pounds nineteen shillings and sixpence three farthings,
sterling, contain, to the best of their knowledge, a just and true
account of all the monies collected by, or given to them, or any
others, for the use or benefit of the said house; and that the
disbursements, amounting to the sum aforesaid, have been faithfully
applied to and for the use of the same.

George Whitefield,
Thomas Dixon.

February 2, 1770.

Sworn this 2d day of February, 1770, before

me; in justification whereof I have caused
the seal of the general court to be affixed.

N. Jones. Seal.

5th and last audit, 1770.

Georgia.
B EFORE the Honourable Noble Jones, Esq. senior
assistant Justice, &c. personally appeared, James
Edward Powell and Grey Elliot, Esquires, members of his
Majesty’s council for the province aforesaid, who being duly sworn,
declare that they have carefully inspected and examined the
accompts, containing the receipts and disbursements, for the use of
the Orphan-house in the said province. And find the sums expended
for the use of the same, from the 9th February 1765, to this day,
amount to two thousand five hundred forty-eight pounds seventeen
shillings and one half-penny, sterling; and the sums received, to one
thousand three hundred thirteen pounds nineteen shillings and
sixpence three farthings, sterling; and that the whole of the sums
expended on account of the institution, amount to fifteen thousand
four hundred and four pounds two shillings and five-pence farthing,
sterling, and the whole receipts, to the sum of twelve thousand one
hundred four pounds nineteen shillings and one penny half-penny,
sterling; and the benefactions of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield
thereunto, have, at different times, amounted to the sum of three
thousand two hundred ninety-nine pounds three shillings and three-
pence three farthings, sterling, as clearly appears by a general
account thereof stated by us. And that in this our last, as well as
each preceding audit, no charge whatever has been made by the
Rev. Mr. Whitefield, either for travelling charges or otherwise, nor
any other charge for the salary of any person whatever, employed or
concerned in the management of the said Orphan-house; and that
clear and distinct vouchers for the whole amount of the sums
expended, have been laid before us, except for four articles,
amounting together to forty pounds one shilling and one penny,
being monies expended and paid by the said Mr. Whitefield on
several occasions, the particulars of which were laid before us, but
no receipt had been by him taken for the same.

James Edward Powell,

Grey Elliot.

February 2, 1770.

Sworn this 2d day of February, 1770, before

me; in justification whereof, I have caused
the seal of the general court to be affixed.

N. Jones. Seal.
Schedule of all the Lands possessed by, and belonging to the late
Reverend George Whitefield, in Georgia.

Lands granted by his Majesty to the late Reverend George

Whitefield, in trust for the Orphan-house, or for the endowment of
a College in Georgia.

A TRACT of 500 acres, called Bethesda, on which the Orphan-

house and additional buildings are erected.

Another of 419 acres, called Nazareth.

Another of 400 acres, called Ephrata, on which are the principal

planting improvements.

1319 acres.

These lands are granted in trust to the deceased, for the use of
the Orphan-house, and adjoin each other: the grants are dated 13th
of April, 1761.

Another of 500 acres, called Huntingdon, and adjoins on one

corner to Ephrata.—This grant is dated 13th of
 April, 1761.

These 3 tracts, amounting to 2000 acres are

Another of 1000 contiguous, and are granted to the deceased in
Another of 500 trust for the endowment of a college. The grants
Another of 500 are dated 6th of August, 1765.
2000

Another of 1000 acres, left by the Reverend Bartholomew

Zouberbuhler, deceased, late minister of
Savannah, by Will, for the endowment of a
college, but conditionally.

The habendum of the three grants, amounting to 1319 acres of

land, for the use of the Orphan-house, run in the following words: “To
have and to hold the said tract of four hundred acres of land, and all
and singular other the premises hereby granted, with the
appurtenances, unto the said George Whitefield, his heirs and
assigns for ever, in free and common soccage:—In trust
nevertheless for the use and benefit of the Orphan-House,—he the
said George Whitefield, his heirs or assigns, yielding and paying,
&c.”

And the three grants, together amounting to 2000 acres of land,

for the endowment of a college, are thus expressed: “To have and to
hold the said tract of one thousand acres of land, and all and
singular other the premises hereby granted, with the appurtenances,
unto the said George Whitefield, his heirs and assigns for ever, in
free and common soccage: In trust for the endowment of a college in
our said province,—he the said George Whitefield, his heirs and
assigns, yielding and paying, &c.”

So that it plainly appears, these lands cannot be aliened or

appropriated to any other use, than the purposes for which they were
granted.
 Extract from an account of the state of the family at the
Orphan-house in April 1770.

Whites.
Managers
and 9
carpenters
Boys 15
Girl 1
Negroes.
Of which 16 are young, and fit for any labor; 7 are old, but
Men 24
capable of some service, and 1 so old as to be useless.
8 of these are capable of the usual labor, 2 are old and assist
Women 11 in the business of the house, and 1 almost incapable of
any service.
Of whom, those that are capable are employed about
Children 15 something useful, as far as their strength and abilities will
permit.
75

By an authentic account of the state of the family at the Orphan-

house, from the year 1739 to 1770,

have been clothed, educated, maintained and suitably

140 Boys provided for.
43 Girls
183 Total.

N. B. The Spanish war; the fluctuating state of the colony for

years; the long suspense in which Mr. Whitefield was kept by
government at home, as to his intended plan of improvement at the
Orphan-house; and other particulars which are noticed, and may be
observed in his letters, prevented the accession of a greater number
of orphans; but to the honour and usefulness of the institution, it
ought to be remarked, that many poor children, besides what are
numbered in this list, were occasionally received, educated, and
maintained at the Orphan-house.