Abstract:

This research paper conducts a comparative analysis of George Eliot's "The Mill on the Floss" and
Sara Naveed's "Undying Affinity" through the framework of liberal feminism. By examining the
portrayal of female protagonists, their agency, aspirations, and challenges within patriarchal
societies, this study aims to explore how these novels engage with feminist ideologies and themes.
Through textual analysis, thematic exploration, and critical interpretation, this paper offers insights
into the ways in which literature reflects and shapes feminist discourse.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Victorian England is often romanticized for its rich literature,

impressive architecture and technological advances. But the
patriarchal society, deeply embedded in the lives of men and women,
was largely under the cover of this development. The Victorian
period from 1837 to 1901 during the reign of Queen Victoria was
characterized by rigid gender roles, limited opportunities for women
and a hierarchical social structure that favored men

Victorian literature reflects and reinforces patriarchal norms and

values. Female characters were often portrayed as virtuous, self-
sacrificing heroines or fallen women suffering the consequences of
their supposed moral failure Male writers and thinkers a their
presence at the time helped to perpetuate patriarchal ideology and
shaped public opinion and attitudes through their works.

Despite the overwhelming influence of patriarchy, there were

dissenting voices and reform movements in Victorian society.
Feminist pioneers such as George Eliot, Mary Wollstonecraft,
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and Florence Nightingale challenged
traditional gender roles and advocated for women’s rights outside of
education, employment, and suffrage These efforts a this first laid
the groundwork for future generations of feminists and social
reformers.
The legacy of Victorian patriarchy continues to influence
contemporary debates about gender equality, family dynamics, and
social expectations. While progress has been made in dismantling
many blatantly discriminatory practices, insidious gender biases and
inequalities remain. Victorian England An examination of England's
patriarchal society is a reminder of how deeply ingrained social
norms can shape individual lives and collective consciousness.

Pakistan, like many other countries, has a deeply entrenched

patriarchal system that affects various aspects of life, and
determines gender roles, expectations and rights

Patriarchy in Pakistan is based on cultural and social norms that

tend to prioritize male power and authority, and limit women’s
autonomy and independence Patriarchy in Pakistan is confined to
rigid gender roles and expectations tough. Men are often viewed as
breadwinners and heads of households, responsible for making
decisions and feeding their [Link] values contribute to
gender-based violence and discrimination against women in
Pakistan. Practices such as honor killings, domestic violence and
forced marriages are still prevalent, perpetuating a culture of
dominance and submission

"Mill on the Floss" is a novel written by the famous Victorian writer

George Eliot, whose pen name was Mary Ann Evans. Published in
1860, it is considered one of Eliot's most important works and a
classic of English literature. Set in the fictional town of St Og in the
early 19th century, it explores issues of family, community, morality
and the struggle for individual identity within a framework of social
expectations
"Underwriting Affinity" is a contemporary romance novel by
Pakistani author Sara Naveen. The 2014 novel is popular for its
intriguing plot, vivid characters, exploring love, loss, identity and
social expectations Now set against the backdrop of Pakistan,
"Ending Affinity" follows close behind except personal struggle and
emotional turmoil society shaped by cultural norms and family
pressures.

1.2 Thesis Statement

A comparative analysis of The Mill on the Floss and

Undying Affinity highlights the ways in which female characters
navigate and confront societal restrictions, shedding light on the
importance of feminist ideologies in challenging gender norms

1.3 Questions

1. How does the struggle of both the female characters in the novels
The Mill on the Floss and Undying Affinity show successful attainment of
the rightful identity?

1.4 Research Objectives

● To analyze and compare the portrayal of female protagonists in

"The Mill on the Floss" and "Undying Affinity," focusing on their
autonomy, desires, and struggles for self-fulfillment.
● To explore the socio-cultural contexts depicted in both novels and
their implications for women's roles and opportunities.
● To examine the narrative techniques employed by George Eliot and
Sara Naveed in conveying feminist messages and perspectives.
 ● To assess the resonance and relevance of liberal feminist
principles in the narratives of "The Mill on the Floss" and "Undying
Affinity" in contemporary discourse.

1.5 Significance

This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on feminism in

literature by analyzing two distinct yet thematically interconnected works
through the lens of liberal feminism. By exploring the experiences of
female characters and the authors' engagement with feminist ideologies,
this study offers valuable insights into the representation of women's
agency, autonomy, and challenges across different cultural and historical
contexts

1.6 Delimitation

The present research dig into two powerful novels, "The Mill on the Floss"
and "Undying Affinity", that expertly showcase the evolution of feminist thought. The
study is limited to these two novels, but it presents a comprehensive view of
feminism that culminates in the emergence of liberal feminism. This research is an
invaluable resource for anyone looking to broaden their knowledge of feminism and
its history.

1.7 Rationale
The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of liberal
feminism, its evolution, and its relevance today. We will analyze two novels to gain
insight into how women's rights and struggles were portrayed in different time
periods. By comparing these literary works, we can explore the social, cultural, and
political factors that have influenced liberal feminism over time. This research aims to
shed light on the continuity or transformation of feminist ideologies and to highlight
the progress made and the challenges that still exist in achieving gender equality.
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Liberal feminism is an important element of feminist thought that

focuses on achieving gender equality through legal reform,
individual rights, and equal opportunities within existing social
structures emerged as part of the broader women’s suffrage
movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and has had a
profound influence on contemporary feminist discourse

Liberal feminism promotes a vision of gender equality based on

principles of individual rights, legal reform, education, and
empowerment. While it has been criticized for its focus on improving
existing systems rather than criticizing fundamental structural
inequalities, liberal feminism is an important and influential approach
to feminism the broader movement, contributing to ongoing efforts
for gender justice and social change.

Liberal feminism has its origins in the doctrines of the French

Revolution that were dedicated to freedom and equality. Olympe de
Gouges was one of the earliest advocates of this kind of feminism in
France. She, too, wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the
Citizen in 1791. This came as a follow up to the 1789 Declaration of the
Rights of Man and the Citizen. The first article she presented stated,
“Women are born free and equal in rights with men.” Her statement
championed for legal and civil rights, proprietary rights, security, liberty,
divorce rights, and the abolition of slavery.

Mary Wollstonecraft made a valuable contribution to liberal

feminism in England. In her essay “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”
she argued that the education women received was not conducive to
developing critical thinking. (Wollstonecraft, 1792). This effort stood for
women’s rights especially in education and society. Wollstonecraft
envisioned dramatic reforms that would take a long time to implement.
However, her work had a tremendous impact on the women's rights
movements in the United Kingdom and the United States. A Vindication of
the Rights of Woman influenced many American women's rights
champions, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and
Margaret Fuller. In his essay The Subjection of Women John Stuart Mill
discussed in length about legal subordination of one sex to another and he
thought of it as one of the main hindrances to human improvement. He
believed in the principle of perfect equality. (Mill, 1869)

Marriage is a partnership for liberal feminists and many would like

men to assume a bigger role in parenting. They argue that for a truly
equality of man and woman to be attained it is necessary to eliminate
domestic violence and sexual harassment. Key goals of liberal feminism
are education equality, pay equity, elimination of sex-segregated jobs, and
bettering work conditions. Legislative changes are the workable
instruments of this kind of environment.

Pay equality and women choosing career paths in the fields that
are male-dominated are few of the major goals of liberal feminism. The
movement is ongoing, characterised by the various appearances of it and
the philosophical approaches to it. Women come to be public, they do
politics, they vocalise and promote their ideas and aspirations, and they
perform various functions. Patriarchal structures issue has gone global
and political and economic equality demands between both men and
women are becoming realistic.

Nevertheless, this stage of development is quite slow and is

hindered by a number of institutional restrictions. It highlights the issue of
attaining gender equality and the point that goals should be implemented
and advocated in various spheres of life. The movement also changes and
adjusts to these challenges in the same way as changes in the gender
roles dynamics and expectation of modern society.

Danardana (2019) defines liberal feminism as liberation of women

from men’s restriction which contains the freedom of the choices and
rational desires of women. Ashley Montagu believed that the main reason
for women subjugation and oppression is that most of the people think that
men are rationally superior and women are inferior-that’s why the rational
decisions must be made by men. Stanton’s abolitionist movement
classifies her as a liberal feminist. She craved an enormous revolution of
women’s rights and wrote on marriage, divorce, and maternity to expose
man’s cruel nature toward women. Schneir contends that Cady Stanton
sought to make a revolution of the equality of women with men in every
area of life. Schneir says; Stanton and her team initiated the Declaration of
Sentiments and Resolutions by pondering the Declaration of
Independence. They stated, "We hold these truths to be self-evident:
Schneir (1972: p.77) wrote that the most famous part of that document is
"that all men and women are created equal. The failed promise of a land
of freedom for all is suggested by the simultaneous sufferings of men,
women, and children in this and similar cultures; that the promise was to
whites and to men: those are the tragic victims of both the land and its
disenchantment. In such circumstances, men tend to dominate financial
concerns of the family, rendering the women dependent. His text reflects
critical perspective on societal norms, especially in the light of gender
equality and power dynamics related to economy. The Declaration of
Sentiments and Resolutions, led by Stanton, sought to attend to and
correct these problems. This document was based on the Declaration of
Independence and represented the beginning of a new era in regard to the
equality of not only men but also women. Was a courageous action in the
course of achieving a gender balance. Perkins Gilman’s critique also
emphasized another problem of the capitalist patriarchal society.
 In this system, the men, who have the economic resources, make
women be depend on them. This fad not only endangers the economic
independence of women, but also confines the functions of women to
certain sectors. The criticism provided by Gilman is a crucial part of how
economic and gender issues are interconnected and what this promotes in
female subjugation. As these historical views demonstrate, the struggle for
gender equality is very much a part of society’s structure. Stanton’s to link
the suffering of women with the foundations of American independence
was an astute and effective strategy. It attempted to show that the ideal of
women's rights was inherent in the American spirit since the beginning of
the nation.

Conversely, Gilman (1988) explored the more subtle aspects of this

struggle, suggesting that economic systems, based on patriarchal values,
perpetuate the oppression of women. The results of her review indicate
that containment of gender discrimination influences the organization of
social and legal order and also economic order. A woman’s hunger is fed
provided that they act within the men’s sphere (Gilman, 1998, p.111).
Gilman thought that women would gain rights if they were set free from
this financial dependence on men. For this, they should be given equal
opportunities in job and in salary. Liberal feminism was reconstructed in
various political contexts of the late nineties. Betty Friedan emerged as the
founder of National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966 with a liberal
modern model. It was an institution which embodied the liberal zeal of
feminism. NOW gave equal rights in civil, political, educational and health
areas as well as the opportunities (Humm, 1992, p.181).

Madsen (2000) in her book “Feminist Theory and Literary Practice”

focuses on liberal feminism. She contends that liberal feminism is
individualistic compared to collectivity emphasized in movements such as
Marxist feminism. According to Madsen, this approach highlights the
significance of individual rights, economic fairness, and equal
opportunities (Madsen, 2000: (Chang, 2005, p. 35). The concept of
individualism is an idea of liberal feminism to reach equality in the
societies where women are discriminated. The principle of individualism in
liberal feminism is that each person advocates for his or her own rights
that do not violate anyone else’s rights. This philosophy that everybody
must consider the rights of some other person emphasizes the concept of
individual liberty and freedom. Zillah Eisenstein, as cited by Humm in
"Feminism: A reader/editor, who is one of the writers, claims that liberal
feminism deploys the requirements of individual self-determination,
freedom of choice, personal autonomy and equality before the law so as
to repudiate capitalist patriarchal society. The position taken by Eisenstein
provides an argument that liberal ideological principles help to address
much wider issues of capitalist patriarchy rather than just focusing on the
issues of welfare state Madsen and Eisenstein actually argue that liberal
feminism is the most effective tool against gender inequality and the
patriarchal system which holds a tight grip in capitalist economies, as it is
based on the principle of individualism. They argue that by concentrating
on the freedom and rights of individual people, the feminist movements
will be able to challenge the existing social norms that make women
slaves. This approach is aimed at giving the people, more so the women,
the power to ask for their rights and to contest the ongoing situation for a
fairer society.

The patriarchal culture of Victorian England built its system of

gender relations around attributes perceived to be uniquely male or
feminine. Men were perceived to be energetic and resourceful, whereas
women were connected with passivity and self-sacrifice. As a result, the
public sphere was deemed fit for masculine activities, while women were
relegated to domesticity. (Journal of Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakultesi
Dergisi, 2009, Vol 26, Issue 2, p1). Akça “et al” in their paper argues that
Eliot does not radically challenge the dominant patriarchal culture in The
Mill on the Floss
 Thus, the main character of the novel, Maggie, realizes that
females are treated differently since her childhood. That men can get
away with anything but women are judged and even scorned if they do not
live up to the roles society sets for them. In the novel, when Maggie
elopes with Stephen Guest, it reflects two different reactions of society.
The absence of any negative reactions from anyone to Stephen’s
untypical for that time behavior. The reason for his non-blaming is that he
is a man, and society is more tolerant to men. However, for Maggie, it is a
totally different story. People are surprised and frown upon her for leaving
with Stephen and returning without marrying him (YADAV, 2016). This
section shows the double standard for men and women in the society.

Maggie was hardworking activist for her rights and times’ problems.
She was an adversary of the feminist movement regarding the changes in
marriage and divorce laws, and she advocated social freedom for women
and the implementation of better education. The position of Maggie on
marriage during the 1840s and 1850s, reflected her assertion of equality
between men and women. Still, she was due to be born in an era of the
Victorian England gendered society that no one could ignore. Maggie
realized that women required more education and social changes to
develop their talents and live freely with a strong virtuous sense. Maggie’s
story represents a kind of “early feminist consciousness” as manifested in
George Eliot’s The Mill on the Floss (Ying, May, 2015).

In Ibsen’s play, two couples are used to illustrate the different

results of marriages with equality and male dominance. Krogstad and
Christine, however, have to overcome a series of obstacles in order to
become equals, and the solution for them is to start a family. However, in
the case of Torvald and Nora’s marriage, she is an inferior and is not
understood by her husband, their marriage ends in a failure after being
together for eight years,(counter) This is due to the absence of effective
communication and understanding (SULAIMAN, 2016).

Chapter 3. Methodology:
The research in question will utilize a qualitative design because it is deemed
appropriate for research that does not involve numerical or statistical data.
Additionally, the primary aim of the research is to describe and provide an
explanation of liberal feminism. Qualitative research is a type of social science
research that emphasizes collecting rich, detailed data that focuses on
understanding human behavior from the participant's perspective. This method
involves collecting data through methods such as interviews, focus groups, and text
analysis, with an aim to understand the "why" and "how" of decision making, not just
the "what," "where," and "when." To study the portrayal of feminist ideals in The Mill
on the Floss and Undying Affinity, researchers will employ the method of close
reading, which involves examining every word and phrase in a text for deeper
meaning. This method pays close attention to factors such as tone, setting, and
character development, which helps to understand the author's message and themes
in the novels. By focusing on the details of the novels, researchers can see how the
portrayal of women and feminist themes have changed over time, highlighting the
evolution of liberal feminism.

Textual analysis is another critical process involved in the research, which is

the process of making sense of data collected from texts. In this procedure,
researchers look for patterns, themes, and meanings in the text, examining
language, context, and narrative structure. The goal is to understand the underlying
messages and themes presented in the novels. For The Mill on the Floss and
Undying Affinity, textual analysis will involve comparing and contrasting themes
related to liberal feminism. Researchers will identify recurring ideas, character
portrayals, and narrative decisions that relate to feminist concepts. They will analyze
how these elements reflect the time period of each novel, which will help in
understanding the evolution of feminist thought from past to present. Overall, this
research will provide a robust understanding of the representation of liberal feminism
in different times, shedding light on the evolution of feminist thought over time.

CHAPTER 4. Analysis of "The Mill on the Floss"

Through Liberal Feminism:
This section dives into the analysis of George Eliot's "The Mill on the Floss" from
a liberal feminist perspective. It examines the character of Maggie Tulliver, her
agency, desires, and struggles within a patriarchal society. Key themes such as
education, autonomy, and societal expectations are explored, along with Eliot's
narrative techniques that convey feminist messages.

Victorian females were groomed to uphold conventional notions of marriage and

wifehood. The girls were nurtured and schooled to be responsible wives and
mothers. There was a good reason why they chose this approach. They lacked
financial and educational resources, and needed ongoing protection and security.
Women sought social safety and stability through successful marriages. During
their upbringing, the girls received safety and security from their dad and older
brothers. After marriage, they sought protection from their spouses..(Güngör,
2005: 35)
Since childhood, she has seen gender discrimination in a society with separate
laws for men and women. She recalls how males were free to pursue their own
interests, but women faced ridicule for deviating from societal norms. In the tale,
Maggie elopes with Stephen, and Stephen Guest's unusual behaviour sets him
apart from traditional society. His behaviour has never elicited criticism or
condemnation from society. In other words, society does not blame him for his
wrongdoing since he is a guy, and hence his actions may be forgiven.
But when Maggie had a different story. Maggie's decision to elope with Stephen
Guest and return unmarried is met with shock and disapproval. Her brother, as
well as the rest of the world, rejects and marginalises her.
The following discourse between Tom Tulliver and Maggie Tulliver clearly
highlights the plight of a woman who is socially outcasted:

“Tom, she began, faintly, ‘I have come back to you-I have come back
home-for refuge-to tell you everything.” ‘

You will find no home with me, he answered, with tremulous rage. ‘You
have been curse to your best friends…I wash my hands of you forever.
You don’t belong to me.”

“Tom, " said Maggie, with more courage; "I am perhaps not so guilty as
you believe me to be. I never meant to give away my feelings. I struggled
against them. I was carried too far in the boat to come back on Tuesday. I
came back as soon as I could.” ‘I can’t believe in you any more’, said Tom
roughly, ‘you shall not come under my roof. It is enough….the sight of you
is hateful to me’(42).

Women were expected to do their motherly obligations without doing anything

wrong to avoid societal guilt. During the Victorian era, women prioritised raising
their daughters as future housewives, emphasising the importance of this
responsibility.
Other women held them accountable for their carelessness if they were unable to
properly raise their daughters: "Mid-Victorian moms frequently experience
suffering as a result of their attempts and shortcomings to fulfil the ideal of
motherhood."
(McKnight, 1997: 4).Mothers shaped their daughters' thoughts and souls, and
since they were the only ones at home responsible for raising the kids, no one
could hold them accountable. Whenever Mrs. Tulliver’s children do
something bad, she simply says: “They’ll think I’ve done summat wicked”
(Eliot, 1975: 36).

Mrs. Bessy Tulliver's niece Lucy has a similar complexion to the Dodsons, which
is why Mrs. Tulliver adores her as her own kid. Maggie looks like her father's
family, the Tullivers. Lucy, like Bessy, is a typical female character who followed
traditional training practices.
As a youngster, Lucy is much the opposite of Maggie. Lucy is shown as the bright
and perfect daughter, whereas Maggie is the dark and meek female who is
secluded and criticised by other older ladies. "It was like the contrast between a
rough, dark, overgrown puppy and a white kitten"
(Eliot, 1975: 76). The difference in their complexion and physical
appearances show the differences in their manners and attitudes.

.
The novel questions patriarchal culture that regards women as inferior. Females
are often stigmatised in society as being unproductive. Some assume that
women are solely suited for housework and lack the ability to perform creative
tasks. If they succeed in performing any delightful work, they are criticised and
mocked by the male population. In Chapter 1 of Book II, Maggie visits her
brother, Tom Tulliver, and stays for a few days. She becomes quite interested in
Tom's lessons. Tom's life has grown complex with Latin grammar and Elucid's
geometry. Maggie offers patronising comfort, citing her knowledge of Latin
grammar which she learned by her own effort. As a member of a male-dominated
culture, he dismisses her offer of assistance.

‘You help me, you silly little thing!’ said Tom, “I should like to see you
doing one of my lessons, why, I learn Latin too! Girls never learn such
things. They’re too silly.’ (125)
Tom's instructor, Mr. Stanley, likewise undermines her academic
endeavours. He considers females to be dumb and fast in their actions,
implying inferiority. They don't understand everything, but they do pick up
on some of it. In the words of Mr. Stelling:
‘They can pick up a little of everything, I daresay,’ said Mr. Stelling.
‘They’ve a great deal of superficial cleverness; but they couldn’t go far into
anything. They’re quick and shallow…’(130)
At this remark, Tom laughs and says:
‘Ha, ha! Miss Maggie!’ said Tom, ‘You see it’s not such a fine thing to be
quick. You’ll never go far into anything, you know’.(131)
Women who lose their husbands without enough financial assistance face a
particularly difficult position. Mrs. Tulliver's only choice for survival following Mr.
Tulliver's death is to serve as Lucy's governess. Finding a vocation is extremely
tough for both a widow and a socially ostracised lady.
Maggie, the Protagonist, struggles to find a vocation after being rejected by her
family and friends. She chooses to bring her concerns to Dr. Kenn and tells him:
“The only thing I want is some occupation that will enable me to get my bread
and be independent”.(437).
Despite his best efforts, Mr. Kenn is unable to locate a position for Maggie at St.
Ogg's. The reasons are obvious: she is a female. Second, she is regarded as a
fallen lady. Finding employment for a female in a traditional environment might be
challenging. Finally, she's compelled to work as a governess for Mr. Kenn's
children.
George Eliot's work addresses gender repression and challenges male society's
dominance over women. In Chapter 5 of Book V, when Tom learns about Philip's
secret rendezvous, he becomes enraged and threatens to inform their father
unless she informs him about all that happened between them. After hearing the
situation, he rebukes her and forces her to vow not to meet Philip again. To quote
Tom’s words:
"Now, then Maggie, there are two courses for you to take; either you vow
solemnly to me, with your hand on my father’s Bible, that you will never
have another meeting with Philip Wakem, or you refuse, and I tell my
father everything…(302)."

The apparent ambiguity of the ending of George Eliot's Mill on the Floss reflects
the synthetic quality of Maggie's reunion with her brother Tom. Each suffers from
the conflicting claims of their mutual Dodson-Tulliver heritage, a conflict
representative of the historical antithesis of conservative and progressive which,
Eliot says, contributes to "the onward tendency of human things." Maggie
experiences this conflict internally and thereby progresses spiritually and
contributes to the spiritual life of those around her. Tom experiences the conflict
in financial and social terms; his progress and effect on the world are,
accordingly, more public. This difference in their natures divides them until, at the
moment of death, they negate and consequently transcend all that had divided
them in one "supreme moment" of love and vision. Death not only reunites the
siblings, it fulfills the antithetical impulses within Maggie and reintegrates both of
them into the community. (AN ANTAGONISM OF VALID CLAIMS": THE
DYNAMICS OF "THE MILL ON THE FLOSS"
SARA M. PUTZELL)
CHAPTER 5. Analysis of "Undying Affinity" Through Liberal
Feminism:
In this section, Sara Naveed's "Undying Affinity" is analyzed through the lens of
liberal feminism. The focus is on the portrayal of the female protagonist, her
agency, choices, and challenges in a modern Pakistani setting. Themes of
empowerment, identity, and cultural expectations are examined, highlighting
Naveed's engagement with feminist ideologies.
 A passionate campaigner for education and equal opportunities for
women in our society, Sara Naveed is convinced that men should play an
active role in creating a protected and nurturing environment within which
women can prosper, while at the same time encouraging them to fulfill
their roles in the community. In her novel written in 2017 titled undying
affinity, the protagonist Zarish epitomizes liberal feminism values. Her
parents provided her with everything she needed to succeed in life and
she expects these from her partner-to-be. Zarish never bends when it
comes to choices neither does she compromise on independence. If we
follow the example of Zarish embracing liberal feminist ideas then we can
work towards a better world that is fair to everyone

Zarish grew up in a sheltered and privileged background where

every wish she had was fulfilled. She, however, developed an attraction to
Haroon but as time went on, it became obvious that he was not
responsible enough and matured enough for him to be the partner we
wanted. To Zarish it was important that their man must be someone who
makes her feel like a woman and get to understand her needs. She
embraced the saying “opposites attract”, and she always sought after a
partner who would just be totally different from her. Unfortunately, Haroon
was exactly like her; living on today without regard of tomorrow. She knew
he would never change and that he was not the right person to build a
fulfilling life with.. (Naveed, 2017: p.6)

(Naveed, 2017: p.16) Zarish is a standout student at the university, and

Ahmar is always there to provide her with the support and encouragement she needs
to excel. Despite her disappointment in receiving lower marks on an assignment from
Ahmar, Zarish approaches him seeking constructive feedback on her work. Although
overcome with emotion, Ahmar reassures her that his comments are intended to help
her improve and grow. He advises her to view his feedback as an opportunity for
learning and encourages her to continue striving for excellence. With Ahmar's
guidance and support, Zarish is well on her way to achieving her academic goals and
reaching her full potential.

(Naveed, 2017: p. 53) Ahmar's emotional response to seeing Haroon and

Zarish together was one of jealousy, but he recognized that it was not his place to
interfere in their relationship. He felt remorse for introducing Zarish to his father and
welcoming her into their family. This experience demonstrates the importance of
respecting the autonomy of others and the potential consequences of our actions. In
situations where we are tempted to intervene, it is often best to exercise restraint and
let events unfold organically. (Naveed, 2017: p.93) 21 Ahmar is concerned
about Zarish's well-being and warns her to be cautious about her
friendship with Haroon. He explains that while he trusts Zarish, he knows
that Haroon may misinterpret her closeness with him. Ahmar wants Zarish
to be aware that Haroon may not have her best interests at heart and may
even cause her harm. By allowing her to befriend Haroon but also
advising her to be cautious, Ahmar shows his liberal and empathetic
character. It is important for Zarish to heed Ahmar's advice and stay safe,
while at the same time maintaining her friendship with Haroon.

(Naveed, 2017: p.221) Zarish had attended a wedding, and as a result,

returned home quite late in the night. Her family had granted her the liberty to explore
the city until late hours. However, when she failed to arrive at the expected time, her
father became increasingly worried about her well-being and decided to wait for her
in the living room. His actions were a testament to his deep-rooted concern for his
daughter's safety. (Naveed, 2017: p.225) Zarish’s father always cautioned
her about every unwanted circumstance and told her to take care of
herself and never be late. He asks her to be with Haroon to be protected
but she doesn't like Haroon, instead, she spends her time with Ahmar. I
know that. I am just asking you to be cautious. Stay away from the wrong
people because the universe is full of such beasts. You should always
remember our family’s values and traditions before making any mistake.
Do not forget that there are certain limits that should never be crossed.
(Naveed, 2017: p.227) Zarish was a person who demonstrated liberal and
outspoken behavior, which was evident in her actions. At the beginning of the novel,
when she traveled with the driver, she expressed her dissatisfaction with the car's air
conditioning system, which was not functioning properly. Her communication with the
driver was characterized by a raised voice and assertive language, indicating her
strong feelings on the matter.

(Naveed, 2017: p.2) Zarish hailed from a family that embraced liberal
values and did not impose religious beliefs on their family members. Her family
treated her with the care and consideration befitting a child, and did not impose dress
codes on her, opting instead to respect her personal choices. They espoused a
lifestyle of freedom and individual choice, allowing Zarish to dress as she pleased
and never imposing any restrictions on her fashion choices. Notably, her father did
not enforce any religious beliefs on his wife or daughter, and they enjoyed the
freedom to dress in a manner that reflected their personal preferences, without any
constraints.

Zia Munawwar was found to be non-compliant with several tenets of Islam.

He did not sufficiently enforce religious injunctions nor did he impose traditional
practices on members of the community. Notably, Zia Munawwar deemed a Muslim
who attended only Friday prayers to be practicing the faith well. (Naveed, 2017:
p.6) Zarish possesses an admirable level of self-confidence, but at times, her
behavior leans towards narcissism. She holds herself in high regard and views
herself as a remarkably beautiful individual. Zarish is confident in her ability to attract
others and believes that her charm is irresistible. Her conviction is such that she
opines that no man can resist her beauty and that she can effortlessly draw anyone
towards her. She expresses her pride in her looks, stating that her beauty is
undeniable and that she holds the power to effortlessly attract anyone towards her.

The author has depicted Zarish as a self-possessed, outspoken individual

who actively engages with society. The author highlights that Zarish is not a failure
and has the ability to achieve success in various aspects of life. Moreover, the author
notes that Zarish has the freedom to choose her life partner, indicating that she is a
confident and independent individual, who values her autonomy. (Naveed, 2017:
p.9).”It conveys the idea that every individual, regardless of gender, has the
potential and the right to pursue their aspirations and reach the highest level of
success. It emphasizes the courage and determination necessary to overcome
challenges and obstacles to achieve personal and professional growth.

Sara Naveed's novel demonstrates her excellent portrayal of the concept of

liberal feminism and the belief that women can actively participate in public life and
work alongside their male peers. The protagonist, Zarish, is a confident, outspoken,
and courageous woman who embodies these principles. In the beginning of the
novel, when she accidentally collides with Ahmar, she immediately seeks revenge by
requesting her friends to assist her. She subsequently speeds up her car and
splashes water on him, resulting in the staining of his clothing. This scene illustrates
how Naveed envisioned women as not only strong but also capable of being
assertive when necessary.

The author has adeptly portrayed Zarish as an individual who takes great
care when selecting her romantic partners. She maintains a meticulous approach
towards choosing the perfect match, believing that her ideal partner must possess a
combination of three attributes - physical attractiveness, wealth, and a fun-loving
disposition. However, despite Haroon possessing all three qualities, Zarish is unable
to develop any romantic attachment towards him. Upon close examination of Zarish's
character, one can discern her belief that a man's physical attractiveness and
engaging personality are both crucial traits. She also values a man's wealth as a
solution to various problems. Zarish is of the opinion that a man must have a fun-
loving nature to charm a woman's heart. Despite Haroon embodying all of these
traits, Zarish remains indifferent towards him. It appears that the time-honored adage
"opposites attract" does not hold true in her case. (Naveed, 2017: p.11)

Upon observing Haroon with other women, Zarish felt envious and resentful.
Nevertheless, she soon recognized that Haroon was entitled to live his life as he saw
fit. Zarish, being a liberal-minded individual, believed in respecting the autonomy of
others and refraining from meddling in their affairs. She believed that Haroon, being
a respectable and attractive individual, had every right to choose his own
companions. Therefore, she concluded that there was no reason for her to be upset
with Haroon. (Naveed, 2017: p.16).

Upon encountering Zarish for the second time at the university, Ahmar
initially failed to recognize her. However, he eventually recollected that she was the
individual who had accidentally spilled a substance on his clothes a few days prior.
Ahmar privately characterized her as a "rich, spoiled brat" -- a remark that appears to
reflect his views on liberal feminism. (Naveed, 2017: p.18) The author portrayed
the female character as a brat to highlight her participation in public life and social
activities.

Zarish was undoubtedly a rich and spoiled brat, but she was also a
responsible girl who felt remorseful for her behaviour towards Ahmar. She couldn't
face him in the university and wanted to apologise to their teacher. Ahmar was
furious with her actions and wanted to rebuke her, but he was surprised by her
behaviour in the university. Despite being angry with her earlier, he found her
behaviour amusing and appreciated her efforts to show that women could participate
in public life and social [Link], 2017: p.28).

During her commute to work, Zarish found herself contemplating a recent

incident involving her teacher, whose clothing she had accidentally soiled. She was
experiencing feelings of apprehension regarding the upcoming interaction. To
mitigate her anxiety, she engaged in positive self-talk, reminding herself to remain
poised and confident. Repeating the phrase "I must maintain my confidence and
composure," Zarish sought to bolster her emotional resilience and prepare herself
adequately for the forthcoming conversation. (Naveed, 2017: p.33) In her
published work, Naveed (2017) eloquently discusses the concept of liberal feminism
by examining the relationship between a male teacher and a female student. She
argues that in the 21st century, people are free to develop romantic relationships with
whomever they choose, regardless of societal norms. This point is exemplified
through the character of Zarish, who enters into a romantic relationship with her
finance teacher, Ahmar. Initially, when asked by her friends if she is involved with her
teacher, Zarish denies it. However, her friends encourage her to pursue the
relationship, citing the changing social norms of the 21st century and the acceptance
of unconventional relationships.

In an incident at the university, Murad fell down in front of Zarish. She acted
with quick thinking and promptly called an ambulance to transport him to the hospital.
This occurrence highlights the power and strength of women in society,
demonstrating their capability to play an essential role in social affairs and protect
men. Zarish exhibited confidence and bravery, qualities that are often overlooked in
women. Despite initial rebuke by Ahmar, Zarish's actions ultimately earned his
gratitude and appreciation for her efforts in saving his father's life. (Naveed, 2017:
pp.71-72) Zarish is a woman who embodies both liberal feminist ideals and
traditional household duties. She actively participates in public affairs while also
taking care of the household chores. She is also skilled in the kitchen and creates
beautiful dishes that showcase her culinary talents. This combination of qualities
enhances her beauty as a complete woman.

“Times have changed. These days, girls and boys go out together
(Naveed, 2017: p.80).” The statement highlights Naveed's (2017) liberal
perspective on society's evolution from traditional norms towards a more inclusive
and equitable way of life. Naveed's ideas emphasize that both men and women play
an active role in society, working side by side with equal opportunities and efforts
 In the novel "Undying Affinity" (2017), the character of Ahmar embodies the
concept of liberal feminism. When he sees Zarish and Haroon together, he is initially
angered but realizes that he has no right to control or interfere with Zarish's life. He
respects her autonomy and understands that women have the right to choose their
own friends and relationships without being judged or restricted. Ahmar's behavior is
a testament to the idea that true feminism is about promoting equality and freedom
for all genders. He could have easily succumbed to his jealousy and tried to stop
Zarish from being close to her male friend, but instead, he chose to be a supportive
and understanding partner. Ahmar's actions set an example for men and women
alike, reminding us that true empowerment comes from respecting each other's
choices and embracing diversity.

Zarish is a remarkable individual who possesses a unique blend of

qualities. She is not only a responsible and brave person but also a
talented dancer who showcases her skills at various competitions and
balls.(Naveed, 2017: p.124) Her participation in such events illustrates her
freedom to follow her passions without any restrictions from family or
society. This highlights the importance of empowering women to pursue
their dreams and lead fulfilling lives. Zarish is a caring, supportive,
motivating, and funny individual who can inspire and uplift anyone around
her. Her character represents a diverse range of personalities and traits,
making her a role model for many. According to the writer, "She was not
like other girls, there was something unusual about her." This speaks
volumes about her uniqueness and the impact she has on people's lives.
Zarish's belief in the power of relationships is evident in her quest for true
love. Her happiness lies in finding a partner who can share her dreams
and aspirations. Her story is a testament to the importance of nurturing
relationships and cherishing the people in our lives. Zarish's story is an
inspiration to all those who aspire to be their true selves and follow their
passions. She is a true representation of the freedom, empowerment, and
diversity that we should strive for in our society.

(Naveed, 2017: p.201) The character of Zarish in Naveed's (2017) work is

a strong example of the liberal tendencies that are necessary to break free from the
limitations and barriers of tradition and religion. Her romantic relationship with her
finance teacher, Ahmar, demonstrates this very point. By participating in the outside
world without any restrictions from her family or father, Zarish shows that she is not
afraid to challenge societal norms. Her first official date with Ahmar, which began at
9:30 am, is a testament to this. Despite not knowing where they were going, Zarish
was open to new experiences. Though it was only 9:30 pm when they returned, it felt
much later, indicating that they had a great time.

In the scenario where Zarish arrives late for her date with Ahmar, her family
members become concerned, particularly her mother. However, Zarish's father, Zia
Munawwar, known for his liberal approach, attempts to calm Zarina's worries by
reassuring her that his daughter is a responsible individual and will return home
safely. It is worth noting that Zarish's family respects her decision-making autonomy,
allowing her to go out without any external influence. (Naveed, 2017: p.223)
Zarish, a young and liberal woman, recently opened up to Haroon about her close
relationship with Ahmar. However, Haroon was infuriated upon hearing this news and
became angry with Zarish. Despite this, Zarish remained calm and explained to
Haroon that her relationship with Ahmar was purely platonic and that they are just
good friends. Zarish believes that as a free woman, she has the right to make her
own choices and decisions about her friendships, regardless of gender. She values
her friendship with Haroon and wants to assure him that their friendship is just as
meaningful to her. Although Zarish has feelings for Ahmar, she is determined to keep
their relationship strictly platonic, as she values her friendship with him just as much
as with Haroon. Zarish hopes that Haroon will understand and respect her choices,
and that they can continue to be friends for a long time.(Naveed, 2017: p.255)

6. Comparative Analysis:
After conducting an in-depth analysis of the novels "The Mill on the Floss" and
"Undying Affinity", it is clear that the struggle for gender equality and women's rights
remains an ongoing challenge. However, the novels also point towards progress
made over the years, highlighting the journey of feminist movements.

Maggie's character represents the struggles of women in a restrictive society,

embodying self-sacrifice, submissiveness, and the unequal distribution of rights
between men and women. Conversely, Zarish exemplifies the remarkable progress
made in women's empowerment and autonomy, reflecting the growing societal
acceptance of women's rights and opportunities in the 21st century.

The feminist theory of liberal feminism seeks to achieve gender equality through
political and legal reforms, focusing on individual rights such as voting, property
ownership, and equal pay. While progress has been made in these areas, gender
bias and societal expectations continue to pose challenges.

Despite these challenges, the novels provide hope and direction for future advocacy
and action. They point towards potential areas of focus for continuing progress,
emphasizing the ongoing relevance of feminist issues. By working within existing
systems and advocating for equal rights and opportunities for women in all spheres of
life, we can continue to effect change and move towards a more equitable society.
7. Discussion and Interpretation:

Understanding feminist discourse in literature involves examining how

literary works engage with and reflect feminist ideologies, themes, and
perspectives. "The Mill on the Floss" by George Eliot and "Undying
Affinity" by Sara Naveed are two novels that offer valuable insights into
feminist discourse through their portrayal of female characters, their
agency, struggles, and the societal contexts in which they navigate their
lives. Let's delve into each work and explore their contributions to feminist
discourse in literature:

"The Mill on the Floss" by George Eliot:

George Eliot's novel, published in 1860, is a rich exploration of the life

of Maggie Tulliver, a complex and independent-minded young
woman growing up in 19th-century England. The novel delves into
themes such as gender roles, societal expectations, education, and
the limitations imposed on women by patriarchal norms.
Feminist Themes and Perspectives: "The Mill on the Floss" offers a
nuanced portrayal of feminist themes through the character of
Maggie Tulliver. Maggie defies traditional gender roles by asserting
her intellectual curiosity, desire for knowledge, and longing for
personal autonomy. She challenges societal expectations placed
upon women, particularly regarding marriage and domesticity, and
seeks to carve out her own path in life.
Agency and Self-Determination: Maggie's journey in the novel is
marked by her struggle for agency and self-determination in a
society that seeks to confine her to narrow roles. Her aspirations for
education, independence, and love highlight the tensions between
individual desires and societal constraints, making her a compelling
feminist protagonist.
Critique of Patriarchy: Through Maggie's experiences and
interactions with male characters, "The Mill on the Floss" offers a
critique of patriarchal structures and the ways in which they limit
women's opportunities and choices. The novel sheds light on the
oppressive nature of gender norms and the challenges faced by
women striving for autonomy and fulfillment.

"Undying Affinity" by Sara Naveed:

Sara Naveed's contemporary romance novel, published in 2014,

explores themes of love, identity, societal expectations, and the
complexities of relationships within a modern Pakistani context. The
novel centers around the lives of Hira Shah and Arshad Zain,
whose evolving relationship is shaped by cultural norms and
personal struggles.
Feminist Themes and Perspectives: "Undying Affinity" engages with
 feminist themes through its depiction of Hira Shah, a strong-willed
and independent woman navigating familial expectations and
societal pressures. Hira's determination to pursue her passion for
art, assert her autonomy, and challenge traditional gender roles
reflects feminist ideals of empowerment and self-expression.
Intersectionality and Cultural Context: The novel addresses issues
of intersectionality by exploring how Hira's identity as a woman
intersects with her cultural background, familial obligations, and
societal expectations. It highlights the complexities of gender roles
and the ways in which they intersect with other aspects of identity,
such as class and religion.
Agency and Empowerment: Hira's journey in "Undying Affinity" is
marked by her quest for agency and empowerment, as she
navigates personal challenges, relationships, and societal norms.
The novel portrays her resilience, determination, and capacity to
assert her own desires and choices, making her a relatable and
empowering feminist protagonist.

8. Conclusion:

"The Mill on the Floss" and "Undying Affinity" contribute to feminist

discourse in literature by offering nuanced portrayals of female characters
who navigate societal expectations, assert their agency, and challenge
patriarchal norms. Through their respective narratives, themes, and
perspectives, these novels contribute to ongoing discussions about
gender, identity, autonomy, and empowerment within diverse cultural and
historical contexts. They showcase the power of literature to illuminate and
interrogate complex issues related to gender equality and women's rights,
making them valuable contributions to feminist discourse in literature.
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