D EUTSCHE NORM July 2001

Plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete

{
structures
Part 1: Design and construction 1045-1
ICS 91.100.30 This standard, together with
DIN 1045-2 to DIN 1045-4
Tragwerke aus Beton, Stahlbeton und Spannbeton – and DIN EN 206-1,
Teil 1: Bemessung und Konstruktion July 2001 editions,
supersedes DIN 1045,
July 1988 edition,
DIN 4219-2,
December 1979 edition,
DIN 4227-1,
July 1988 edition,
DIN 4227-2,
May 1984 edition,
and DIN 4227-4,
February 1986 edition.

In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO), a comma has been used throughout as the decimal marker.

Contents

Page Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 Safety concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2 Design resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.3 Ultimate limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 Concepts and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.3.2 Ductility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5.3.3 Partial safety factors for actions and
resistances at ultimate limit state . . . . . 21
3.2 Quantities and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3.4 Combinations of actions and design
3.3 SI units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.4 Serviceability limit states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5.4.2 Requirement classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.1 General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.2 Erection drawings for precast 6 Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.3 Drawings of formwork and falsework . . 20 6.2 Exposure classes and minimum
4.3 Design analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 concrete strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.4 Specification of works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.3 Concrete cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Continued on pages 2 to 122.

Translation by DIN-Sprachendienst.
In case of doubt, the German-language original should be consulted as the authoritative text.

© No part of this translation may be reproduced without the prior permission of Ref. No. DIN 1045-1 : 2001-07
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., Berlin. Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany, English price group 32 Sales No. 0132
has the exclusive right of sale for German Standards (DIN-Normen).
04.04
Page 2
DIN 1045-1 : 2001-07

7 Basis of structural analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 9.2 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

7.1 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 9.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.2 Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 9.2.2 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7.3 Idealizations and simplifications . . . . . . . . 28 9.2.3 Stress-strain curve for global analysis . . 59
7.3.1 Effective flange width, load dispersal 9.2.4 Stress-strain curve for section design . . 60
and effective span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 9.3 Prestressing steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.3.2 Other simplifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 9.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
9.3.2 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9.3.3 Stress-strain curve for design . . . . . . . . 61
8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.2 Linear-elastic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 10 Analyses for the ultimate limit state . . . 62
8.3 Linear-elastic analysis with 10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
redistribution of moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10.2 Bending, axial force and coexistent
8.4 Plastic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 bending and axial force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 10.3 Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.4.2 Simplified analysis of plastic rotation 10.3.1 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
for members predominately subjected
10.3.2 Design shear force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
to bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.3.3 Members not requiring design shear
8.5 Non-linear analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
10.3.4 Members requiring design shear
8.5.2 Basis of calculation for linear members reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
and one-way spanning slabs subjected
10.3.5 Shear between web and flange . . . . . . 66
to bending with or without coexistent
axial force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 10.3.6 Shear transfer in joints . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8.6 Linear members and walls in axial 10.3.7 Unreinforced members . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 10.4 Torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 10.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.6.2 Classification of structures and 10.4.2 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 10.4.3 Warping torsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.6.3 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 10.4.4 Unreinforced members . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.6.4 Imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 10.5 Punching shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.6.5 Model column method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 10.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8.6.6 Compression members with biaxial 10.5.2 Loaded areas and sections used in
eccentricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8.6.7 Plain concrete compression members . . 41 10.5.3 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.6.8 Lateral buckling of slender beams . . . . . 42 10.5.4 Slabs or foundations without
8.7 Prestressed structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 punching shear reinforcement . . . . . . . 76
8.7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 10.5.5 Slabs or foundations containing
8.7.2 Prestressing force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 punching shear reinforcement . . . . . . . 77
8.7.3 Loss of prestress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 10.5.6 Minimum bending moments . . . . . . . . . 78
8.7.4 Serviceability limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 10.6 Strut-and-tie models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.7.5 Ultimate limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 10.6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.7.6 Anchorage zones in pre-tensioned 10.6.2 Design of struts and ties . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 10.6.3 Design of nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
8.7.7 Anchorage zones of post-tensioned 10.7 Partial area loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
or unbonded members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 10.8 Fatigue analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
10.8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
9 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
10.8.2 Internal forces and stresses at ultimate
9.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
9.1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 10.8.3 Methods of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
9.1.2 Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
10.8.4 Simplified analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
9.1.3 Deformation characteristics . . . . . . . . . . 49
9.1.4 Creep and shrinkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 11 Analyses for the serviceability limit
9.1.5 Stress-strain curve for non-linear state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
methods of analysis and for strain 11.1 Limitation of stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 11.1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
9.1.6 Stress-strain curve for section design . . 55 11.1.2 Limitation of compressive stresses
9.1.7 Characteristic values of concrete . . . . . 57 in concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
 Page 3
DIN 1045-1 : 2001-07

11.1.3 Limitation of stresses in the 13.2.3 Shear reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 13.2.4 Torsion reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
11.1.4 Limitation of stresses in prestressing 13.2.5 Top reinforcement in members with
steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 large bar diameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
11.2 Crack control and check for 13.3 Solid slabs cast in-situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
decompression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 13.3.1 Minimum thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
11.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 13.3.2 Resistance to tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
11.2.2 Minimum reinforcement for limitation 13.3.3 Shear and punching shear
of crack width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
11.2.3 Control of cracking without detailed 13.4 Prefabricated floor systems . . . . . . . . . 113
analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
13.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
11.2.4 Calculation of crack width . . . . . . . . . 91
13.4.2 Load dispersal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
11.3 Limitation of deformations . . . . . . . . . . 92
13.4.3 Floor decks with in-situ topping . . . . 113
11.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
13.4.4 Plate action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
11.3.2 Simplified method to check control
of deformations in reinforced concrete 13.5 Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 13.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
13.5.2 Limitations on area of longitudinal
12 Detailing arrangements for reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
reinforcement and tendons . . . . . . . . . . 93 13.5.3 Shear reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
12.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 13.6 Deep beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
12.2 Spacing of bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 13.7 Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
12.3 Bending of steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 13.7.1 Reinforced concrete walls . . . . . . . . . 117
12.3.1 Mandrel diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 13.7.2 Wall-to-ceiling connections in precast
12.3.2 Rebending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.4 Bonding conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 13.7.3 Sandwich panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.5 Design bond stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 13.7.4 Unreinforced walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.6 Anchorage of longitudinal 13.8 Connection and support of precast
reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 13.8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.6.2 Anchorage length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 13.8.2 Compression joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.6.3 Shear reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 13.8.3 Rigid and high-strength
12.7 Anchorage of links and shear connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 13.8.4 Zones of support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
12.8 Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 13.9 Zones of load transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
12.8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 13.9.1 Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
12.8.2 Lap length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 13.9.2 Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
12.8.3 Shear reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 13.10 Forces associated with changes in
12.8.4 Layered reinforcing fabric . . . . . . . . . . 102 direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.9 Bundles of bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 13.11 Indirect support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.10 Tension members (tendons) . . . . . . . . 105 13.12 Limitation of damage due to
12.10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 accidental actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.10.2 Pre-tensioned members . . . . . . . . . . 105 13.12.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.10.3 Post-tensioned members . . . . . . . . . 105 13.12.2 Peripheral ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
12.10.4 Unbonded members . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 13.12.3 Internal ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
12.10.5 Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 13.12.4 Horizontal wall and column ties . . . . 122

13 Detailing arrangements for structural

members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Figures
13.1 Members predominately subjected to Figure 1: Application of equivalent geometrical
bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 imperfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
13.1.1 Maximum and minimum Figure 2: Effective flange width . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Figure 3: Approximate effective spans for
13.1.2 Top reinforcement in prestressed calculation of effective flange width . . . . . . . . 29
members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Figure 4: Effective web width of T-beams of
13.2 Beams and T-beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 variable depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
13.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Figure 5: Angle of spread of concentrated
13.2.2 Resistance to tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 axial loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29