Fiber Laser Marking Guidebook

GUIDE FOR
FIBER INDUSTRIAL
ETCHING & MARKING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
How a Fiber Laser Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Compatible Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Non-Compatible Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Types of Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Commonly Marked Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
How to Engrave with a Fiber Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Processing Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Reduce Cycle Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Be Creative For Better Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Beam Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
FAQS on Fiber Laser Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Suggested Material Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Annealing & Polishing of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Deep Metal Engraving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Passivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
General Plastic Marking Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Vector Scoring/Cutting Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Common Types of Stainless Steel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Common Types of Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Technical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Dual Source Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Defining Types of Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Glossary of Laser Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Glossary of Industry Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Get More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Fiber Laser Industrial Etching & Marking © 2017

2022Epilog
EpilogLaser
Laser 1
HOW FIBER LASERS WORK
The Short Answer:
The fiber laser source generates a laser beam by pumping intense
diode light into the end of fiber optic cables that have been doped with
ytterbium. The energy from the diode light is absorbed by the ytterbium
in the fiber optic cables. The ytterbium then releases the energy in the
form of photons that travel down the optic cables. The photons that
leave the optic cables create the laser beam. The wavelength of light
generated from a fiber laser is 1062 nm.
The Longer Answer:

The fiber laser source generates laser light by pumping intense diode
light into fiber optics cables that are doped with the rare-earth element,
ytterbium (Yb3+), which is referred to as the medium or gain medium. As
this diode light energy travels into the fiber optic cable, it energizes the
electrons in the ytterbium and the ytterbium electrons go from a ground
or stable state, to an excited state.
Essentially, all that is happening in this first step is that the electrons in
the medium are absorbing and storing the energy that’s coming from
the external energy source (diodes). In the fiber laser (and also most YAG
INTRODUCTION lasers these days and YVO lasers) the external energy source is a laser
diode.
The fiber laser has been a great tool for our customers because it meets The electrons in the medium don’t really want to store the external
an entirely new set of needs. The ability to etch and mark so many types energy they’ve absorbed, so they emit the extra energy by releasing a
of industrial products means that you have the challenging task of photon (a quantum packet of light). Once a photon has been emitted
determining how to best test the materials to show off how well the laser by one electron in the medium it stimulates other excited electrons to
will work for a particular application. also emit photons, creating a chain reaction where the absorption and
emission of energy is at a constant rate. The photons travel through the
To help you determine if a fiber laser system is right for your application, optic fibers and some are released through the end of the fibers as the
we’ve put together a short white paper which will: laser beam.
• Provide you with a list of the most common compatible and By continually pumping energy into a medium, that medium tries to
non-compatible materials for the fiber laser source. shed the excess energy by emitting photons. The type of medium is
• Help you determine the correct printing parameters when important because different mediums absorb different types of energy
etching different materials. (for instance, a CO2 gas medium is not going to absorb the energy from
• Give you a quick reference guide when thinking about applications a diode in a way that will make the CO2 gas lase). Different mediums
for the fiber laser system. also emit different wavelengths of photons, and hence, the different
properties of different wavelength lasers.
2 Fiber Laser Industrial Etching & Marking © 2023 Epilog Laser 3

COMPATIBLE MATERIALS NON-COMPATIBLE
Here is a list of the compatible materials that we have found work well
with the fiber laser system:
MATERIALS
Instead of providing a master list of non-compatible materials, we
• 17-4 PH stainless steel • Magnesium recommend experimenting using a broad range of settings and different
• 303 stainless • Metal-plated ceramics techniques to draw your own conclusions. Many “non-compatible”
• 4043 steel • Molybdenum materials will actually mark using the fiber wavelength of light and our
• 6061 Aluminum • Nickel plated 1215 mild steel endless range of adjustable settings. Whether the mark is desirable,
• ABS (black/white) • Nickel plated brass provides enough contrast, or is acceptable for the intended application
• Aluminum, 6061 • Nickel plated gold is all subjective.
• Aluminum, yellow chromate • Nickel plated Kovar
• Bayer 2807 Makrolon • Nickel plated steel Transparent polymers often won’t engrave using the fiber wavelength at
polycarbonate • Nylon standard polymer settings. The beam simply passes right through and
• Bayers bayblend FR110 • PEEK, white marks the table. It is possible to get a mark on transparent polymers
• Black/white ABS • Polybutylene Terephthalate using metal engraving settings, but the results are typically less than
• Black/white polycarbonate • Polycarbonate, (black/white) stellar. The polymer’s pigmentation also plays a role in whether or not it
• Brass • Polycarbonate resin 121-R, GE will mark.
• Brushed aluminum Plastics
• Carbon fiber • Polycarbonate, Bayer 2807 Black Delrin marks well, but white Delrin doesn’t mark as well.
• Carbon nanotube Makrolon
• Ceramics, metal-plated • Polysulphone Organic materials generally aren’t well-suited for the fiber laser system.
• Clear coat anodized • Rynite PET Wood, clear glass, clear acrylic, leather and fabrics all tend to be
aluminum • Santoprene transparent to the 1062nm wavelength.
• Cobalt chrome steel • Silicon carbide
• Colored Delrin (black/brown) • Silicon steel Suggestions for marking less than ideal materials include:
• Compacted powder iron with • Silicon wafers
iron phosphate coating • Stainless steel 303 • Oxidizers, paint fill and foils can help enhance the mark.
• Copper • Stainless steel 17-4 PH • Placing a metal plate under a transparent material will result in a
• DAP- Diallyl Phthalate • Steel 4043 mark. The fiber wavelength will pass through the material, mark the
• Delrin, colored (black/brown) • Steel, machine tool metal plate and reflect the beam back onto the bottom side of the
• GE Plastics polycarbonate • Various inconel metals transparent material.
resin 121-R (nickel-chromium super • Consider using the Cermark or Thermark line of marking compounds
• Glass filled PEEK alloys) as they can work with the fiber wavelength of light.
• Glass filled Teflon • White PEEK • In many cases, an alternative compatible material can be used.
• Hard coat anodized • Yellow chromate aluminum
aluminum • Zinc plated mild steel
• Inconel metals (various)
• Machine tool steel
If you have additional questions about these materials, please contact

the Applications Lab at [email protected].

TYPES OF MARKS COMMONLY MARKED
Terminology used when examining different types of marks:
PRODUCTS
Ablation: The process of ablation is the
removal from the surface of an object by How do customers most often use a fiber laser for their business? Many
vaporization. You’ll often hear of this enter the market with one application in mind for use with the laser, but
process associated with etching an quickly expand the laser’s usage into a variety of different applications.
anodized material.
Barcoding and Serializing
Annealing: This is the process of heating
A common use for the fiber laser is etching barcodes and serial numbers
steel to a high temperature, creating a
directly on parts and tools. The fiber laser provides a very high-quality
permanent oxide layer on the surface.
mark that is easily read by barcode scanners. You can choose between
The mark that results is a high-contrast
one-dimensional codes, UPC codes, data matrix or any other type
mark created without changing the
of code. When you are serializing parts, the laser is often used in
surface finish of the metal.
conjunction with a jig that holds multiple parts in the laser and an entire
table full of parts are serialized all in one engraving job without having
to utilize a dedicated operator to switch out parts.
Color Changing: With some plastics, the
laser radiation penetrates the plastic
and is absorbed by the color pigments of Placing Your Logo on Products
the plastic. The pigments are chemically
modified, resulting in a color change in When your company is providing a high-end product, etching your
the surface, without damaging the logo directly on the part guarantees that your brand will always be
surface. immediately identifiable by the customer. Printed labels can be taken off
the product, but your logo will be permanently marked on the product.
Engraving: The material is vaporized by

the laser beam. The result is often a cone- Customizing Products for Customers
shaped indentation due to the shape of
the laser beam. Not only can you brand your parts, but you can also customize your
product for your customer by etching their logo directly on products
that you manufacture for them. When you are able to create a high-end
Foaming: Most commonly seen with etched logo on the product for your customer, it provides a service that
plastics and sometimes stainless steel, your competitors may not be able to provide, and allows you up-sell to
foaming is when melting of the material add the logo to the product.
occurs, producing gas bubbles that get
trapped as the target material cools, These are only a few of the ways that customers are using fiber laser
producing an elevated result. systems, but there are many more ways to utilize the laser that go
beyond these categories as well.

HOW TO ENGRAVE WITH
A FIBER LASER
Software Interface
Laser systems feature two main software interfaces:
• Proprietary Software
• Open Architecture Print Driver
Benefits of Proprietary Software:
• Guaranteed to work with the laser system regardless of updates.

• Features that are specially designed for processes that are
associated with the laser.
Drawbacks of Proprietary Software:
• Tries to recreate functions that are better handled by professional software.

• Updates and bug-fixes are company dependent.
• Have to learn new software to operate the laser and spend time
training new operators on how to run the software.
Benefits of Open Architecture Software:
• You are able to use the most commonly used software (AutoCAD,
Illustrator, CorelDRAW, BarTender, etc.)
• Best-of-breed softwares are designed with better, more reliable features. Sending a File to the Laser
• Training is relatively simple using common software applications.
• Easier to get support on the software from experts who understand • To send a file to the laser, in the design software of your choice,
how it operates. prepare the file just as if you were going to print it to paper. Print the
file to the Epilog Engraver.
Drawbacks of Open Architecture Software: • In the Laser Dashboard, select your material settings, line up your
artwork with the camera, and print the file to the laser.
• Updates to software needs to be tested for operation with the system.
• At the laser select your file and press the start button.
• Features are built into the print driver instead of the software itself.
• If you are engraving multiple items at one time, you can set up your
Epilog’s fiber laser systems utilize an open architecture software page size to the size of the engraving table and duplicate your file
interface that works through a Windows®-based print driver. This across the entire page. You can also use a custom cut jig to hold
allows users to create their laser files in a variety of software, such as multiple parts.
AutoCAD, and print the file directly to the laser. All system configurations
and settings are set in the print driver, including engraving resolution,
frequency, focus, speed, power and more. We find this provides users
with the easiest-to-use design capabilities combined with the design
versatility of a variety of software choices.

REDUCE CYCLE TIMES
High Wattage=High Speed:
For metal applications, use the highest wattage available. Epilog Laser
provides fiber laser systems with wattages ranging from 30 to 50 watts.
Lower the Resolution:

PROCESSING GUIDELINES How important is a high resolution image for your application?
Processing jobs at 400 dpi vs. 600 dpi can reduce cycle times by up
Processing fiber laser system applications isn’t rocket science; however to 30%, and processing at 300 dpi could mean half the cycle time.
there are several tips and tricks to help provide the best possible results.
Reduce White Space:
Tools:
Orientate the parts to minimize engraving dead space (area where head
A pair of calipers and a 7-10X loop. travels, but has nothing to engrave).
Checklist: Don’t Use the Rotary:

Start by reviewing the system requirements and devising a game plan. If an option, run cylindrical parts as flat stock. Orientate the artwork to
What process are you looking to replace using a fiber laser? Is there a be inline going across highest point of part.
depth requirement? Is there an ideal cycle time? Consider the industry;
how the part is used; the environment the part will be exposed to; and
possible post-mark processing before deciding on a particular mark. Horizontal Layout:
Horizontal text will engrave faster than vertical or curved text.
Base Settings:
Choose from the base settings we’ve provided in the manual for the most Start with a Higher Speed Setting:
similar material. Start with small text on an inconspicuous area of the part.
Unless necessary, start with a higher speed setting. 40-60% speed with
a frequency of 1-5% will likely yield the same results as 20-30% speed
Testing Multiple Marks: using 15-30% frequency.
As you test different settings, instead of moving the text/artwork

around in your graphic design software, use the center positioning Color Mapping:
feature for quicker testing.
Use the Color Mapping feature to save time by adjusting the order in
which the objects engrave/mark.
Reduce Browning of the Mark:
With any metal, bare or coated, too much power or too low of frequency Run Multiples:
will cause a color change (typically light brown at the surface). Minimize
the color change by reducing the power or increasing the frequency. Time studies using a mocked-up bed full of parts will confirm a reduction
of individual times.

BEAM DELIVERY
Flying-Optic Beam Delivery
Systems Available: Fusion Edge 12 / Fusion Pro 24 / Fusion Pro 36 / Fusion Pro 48
What is it? A flying-optic system utilizes a series of moving mirros in the

x- and y-axis directions to engrave over a large work area.
Benefits: You can laser mark a large part up to 48" x 36" x 12.25" (1219 x 914 x
311 mm) or fill the entire table with smaller parts and let the laser engrave
the entire table without a dedicated operator spending time changing
out parts.
Galvo Beam Delivery

Systems Available: Fusion Galvo G100
BE CREATIVE FOR What is it? A galvo system uses 2 rotatable mirrors moved by
galvanometer drives for extremely high speed engraving.
BETTER RESULTS
Benefits: You can engrave your pieces in a fraction of the time of a
flying-optic system, but are limited to a 6" x 6" (152 x 152 mm) work area.
The list of adjustable parameters is long, so get creative! Don’t settle on

just adjusting the speed/power/frequency.
Use Multiple Runs:

Run an etch pass, then use a second or third pass to clean up or polish
the mark.
Outline the Mark:

Use a vector anneal outline around the text to really make it stand out.
Adjust the Focus:

For curved parts, focus between the high and low point.
Dither to Reduce Discoloring:

When running sensitive materials that quickly discolor, consider using
the Dashboard dithering patterns (Jarvis/Stucki) or a 80% gray fill.

FAQS ON FIBER LASER Q: What is the max material height?
A:Flat Stock:
SYSTEMS 3" Lens

Fusion Edge 12 Fusion Pro 24 & 36 Fusion Pro 48 Fusion Galvo G100
6" 9" 11.25" F163: 10" F254: 6"
Q: What is the laser source of the fiber laser source?
A: The source is a fiber laser: a fiber optic cable that has been doped A: Standard Rotary:
with ytterbium, a rare earth element. Fusion Edge 12 Fusion Pro 24 & 36 Fusion Pro 48
3" Lens 3" 6" 8.25"
Q: Is it the same as a YAG (yttrium aluminum garnate) laser?
A: It produces the same wavelength of light and same marks. YAG lasers
A: 3-Jaw Chuck Rotary:
require cooling and more maintenance.
Fusion Edge 12 Fusion Pro 24 & 36 Fusion Pro 48 Fusion Galvo G100
Q: What is the wavelength of the fiber laser? 3" Lens 3" 6" 6" F163: 4"
A: 1062 nm.
Q: Is the wavelength of light dangerous? Q: How deep can it engrave into metal?
A: Yes, especially to the operator’s eyes and will pass through common A: All metals can be engraved into with some depth; however, some metals
Lexan or glass materials. The viewing window has been impregnated are more amenable to depth engraving. Softer aluminum material will
with an organic compound that absorbs the fiber energy. If running the engrave with depth with only a few passes. A 2" x 2" (51 x 51 mm) image into
systems with the safety interlocks defeated, the user MUST wear special hardened gun metal to a depth of 0.005” (0.127 mm), took over one hour to
safety glasses containing the same impregnated compound. accomplish.
Q: What is the power consumption? Q: How thick can the fiber laser cut?
A: The fiber laser systems pull the same wattage as our CO2 systems: A: We do not market the fiber laser as a cutting laser, however it can up to 0.012"
8-10 amps on a 110 volt, and 4-5 amps on a 220 volt circuit. (0.30 mm)
Q: Why does Epilog Laser use a pulsed fiber laser source instead of a CW Q: Will it mark black oxide or similar dark metal parts?
(continuous wave) in its flying optic systems? A: Yes, the black oxide color will be removed to expose the lighter native
A: We tested both types and found that pulsed lasers are much faster metal color.
and produce a better mark in metal than CW lasers. Pulsing allows
the laser energy to build up to many times the rated power before it’s Q: Can Cermark/Thermark be used?
released in big bursts. Like a jackhammer. CW lasers produce a steady A: Yes, but CO2 systems are a better fit with these metal marking
flow at the rated power. As you can imagine, the big, high-powered compounds.
bursts of the pulsed laser penetrate hard, dense, metals, much more
easily than the lower power, steady rate of a CW laser.
Q: What is the fiber laser beam spot size?

A: 0.00034" (.0086mm). The wavelength of light emitted is what mostly
contributes to the small spot size. A fiber laser emits a wavelength of 1062nm
(1.06microns), a C02 laser emits a wavelength of 10,600nm (10.6microns). A
direct correlation is that the C02 laser emits a wavelength ten times greater
than a fiber laser, thus the reason why the spot size of a C02 laser is ten times
greater than the fiber laser.

Material DPI 30 watt 50 watt
Aluminum (Anodized)
Etching/ 600 DPI Speed: 40 - 50% Speed: 50 - 60%
Marking Power: 100% Power: 100%
Frequency: 1% Frequency: 1%
Focus: +.06" to +07" Focus: +.06" to +07"
The contrast / brightness of marks achievable on the fiber laser are
excellent and can often be much brighter than marks from a C02
laser. Taking the fiber laser out of focus by +.06" - .09" broadens the
beam and produces a very bright mark on anodized coating. Lower
frequency and higher power settings help offset the change in focal
point. Different grades of anodized & core aluminum alloy will affect
how the final marks look.
Aluminum (Bare)
Frequency: 50 - 60% Frequency: 50 - 60%
Focus: -.01" to +.01" Focus: -.01" to +.01"
Engraving aluminum will result in various shades of gray, not black. Fine
tuning the settings can provide a bit more contrast but the range of
applicable marks is very narrow. If the application calls for a black etch,
consider using an oxidizer after engraving. Oxidizers are used most
commonly if the aluminum has a protective coating (urethane, clear
coat, clear anodized) covering the area that is not engraved. Deep metal
engraving on aluminum can be done using multiple passes. Consider
deep engraving and using a black epoxy/color fill. Although the marks on
aluminum are not black like they are on steel, we have no difficulty getting
2D, UID barcodes to scan and verify.
Brass
SUGGESTED MATERIAL
Frequency: 5 - 20% Frequency: 5 - 20%
SETTINGS Laserable Plastic

Focus: 0 Focus: 0

In the world of metals, the grade, type, hardness and chemical
Marking Power: 60-70% Power: 60-70%
compositions are endless. Metal alloys are engineered for specific
Frequency: 50% Frequency: 50%
applications and have their own strengths and weaknesses. With such
Focus: 0 Focus: 0
an unlimited selection, we’ve yet to come across a metal that proved to
be incompatible with the fiber laser systems.
Below are general guidelines for most common metals. Settings will
have to be adjusted based on wattage. For lower wattage fibers, use
less speed and lower frequency. For higher wattages, use less power
and higher frequency

Material DPI 30 watt 50 watt Material DPI 30 watt 50 watt
Stainless Steel Plated Metals
Annealing 600 DPI Speed: 7-12% Speed: 10 -15% Etching/ 600 - 1200 Speed: 20-30% Speed: 30-40%
Power: 100% Power: 100% Marking DPI Power: 100% Power: 100%
Frequency: 1% Frequency: 1% Frequency: 1-5% Frequency: 1 - 5%
Focus: +.08" to +.110" Focus: +.08" to +.110" Focus: -.09" to -.100" Focus: -.09" to -.100"
Etching/ 600 DPI Speed: 30 - 40% Speed: 40 - 50% +.09" to .100" +.09" to .100"
Marking Power: 100% Power: 100% Metals are often plated to assist with conductivity, to provide a protective
Frequency: 1-5% Frequency: 1-5% coating against rust and elements and for aesthetic purposes. Plating
Focus: -.01" to +.01" Focus: -.01" to +.01" thickness will depend on application and purpose. Most of the plated
Polishing 600 DPI Speed: 60 - 70% Speed: 70 - 80% metals processed through the applications lab are electronic components
Power: 35-40% Power: 35 - 40% (to enhance conductivity) and various fittings (protection against
Frequency: 50 - 60% Frequency: 50 - 60% environment & rust). The typical plating thickness varies from .001" up to
Focus: 0 Focus: 0 .005". Our recommended settings for general metal engraving works well for
ablating through the plating; exposing the base metal. Ablating the plating
Titanium will also provide high contrast. Using an oxidizer will enhance the look.
Annealing 600 DPI Speed: 7-12% Speed: 11-15%
Power: 100% Power: 100% Our recommended settings for polishing of metals are a good starting
Frequency: 1% Frequency: 1% point where ablating through the plating isn’t an option. This is likely
Focus: +.08" to +.110" Focus: +.08" to +.110" the most common plated metal application as exposing the raw metal
Etching/ 600 DPI Speed: 30 - 40% Speed: 40 - 50% underneath will break continuity and / or expose the bare metal to rust
Marking Power: 100% Power: 100% and other elements. Note that the contrast of polishing of plated metals
Frequency: 1-5% Frequency: 1-5% won’t be as consistent or contrasting as a direct ablation. Multiple
Focus: -.01" to +.01" Focus: -.01" to +.01" passes will help and end results will vary based on the metal used for
plating, thickness of plating & size of mark. Our recommended settings
Titanium and Ti alloys are highly amenable to marking at this wavelength. for annealing will often work for plated metals where the plating has a
Similar to aluminum, a black mark from the etching process is difficult to thicker wall and material used has high levels of carbon or metal oxides.
achieve. Various shades of gray can be made, from very dark gray to light
gray. Annealed marks can also be made on titanium materials using the Powder Coating
same processing parameter described for stainless steel. Depending on Etching/ 600 DPI Speed: 40 - 50% Speed: 50 - 60%
the Ti alloy, marks of various colors can be achieved by changing the Marking Power: 100% Power: 100%
frequency values for 1% up to 100%. It is common to see red, blue, green, Frequency: 100% Frequency: 100%
orange, yellows and purple marks, depending on the frequency selected. Focus: +.05" to .07" Focus: +.05" to .07"
Two to three passes are suggested (one pass to ablate the powder
coating, 2nd or 3rd pass to polish up the metal underneath). A little less
power, higher frequency and less focus adjustment will be required for the
2nd or 3rd pass, depending on the base metal. The idea is to ablate then
polish. An alternative to running two or more passes is to run one pass
and then use a common cleaner such as Simple Green or a citric-based
cleaner with short, stiff bristle brush to scrub out the residual material
remaining in the mark area. If using this technique, it may be necessary to
raise or lower the marking table from around 0.07" to 0.10".

ANNEALING & POLISHING For best results, print at 600 dpi. 1200 dpi should be considered for metals
that are more difficult to anneal, if there is inconsistent color change
at the recommended settings, or when cycle times aren’t a concern.
OF METALS The extra overlapping of pixels offered at 1200 dpi will assure a deeper,
darker mark.
Annealing Metals Polishing Metals

Annealing can be done on most metals that contain high levels of Polishing of metals is accomplished by quickly heating up the metal’s
carbon and metal oxides. These are generally, but not limited to, steel surface, changing its color, resulting in a mirror-like finish. Polishing can
alloys, iron, titanium, cobalt, molybdenum, and chrome-plated iron/ be done on just about any metal including, but not limited to, raw alloys,
steel. heat-treated metals, plated metals and precious metals.
To anneal, you must use a slow rate of speed to heat and change the For a high-contrast mark, polishing is best done on darker, matte finish
surface color of the material, but a higher wattage fiber laser system will metals. Cleaning the surface prior to processing is recommended as
help reduce the cycle times. oils, grease and other chemicals can affect the consistency and finish
of the final marks.
As mentioned in the recommended base settings, dialing in the settings

for a polished mark is the most difficult of the three most popular metal
marking techniques. Speed, power and frequency play the biggest role.
• Speed is generally set on the high side, 50-100%, depending on wattage.

• The power is set in the 30-60% range, depending on wattage.
• Frequency is also set on the higher side, typically around the 50-
100% range. A higher frequency setting equates to less power per
laser pulse. Too strong of a laser pulse and the laser beam starts
penetrating the metal instead of polishing, resulting in a dull or
browning effect.
• Focus should be set at zero. Printing resolution is in the range of 300
to 600 dpi but is mostly done at 400 or 600.
• Start by determining your base speed, frequency and resolution
setting. From there, select a power setting and start fine tuning by
To change the surface color without penetrating the metal, the laser adjusting the power in 1% increments or decrements.
beam’s focal point is crucial in achieving a dark mark. An annealed
mark is accomplished with the focal point up (closer to) .070" to .110" (1.778
to 2.794 mm) or down (further away) -.060" to -.090" (-1.524 to -2.286 mm) Precious Metals Note
from zero. Adjusting the speed, focus and frequency setting will vary the
contrast of mark generally resulting in shades of blue, purple and black. Any rare metal alloy is deemed precious. As mentioned earlier, we’ve yet
to come across a metal that could not be marked. This includes the rare
The frequency is the amount of laser power per pulse. The lower the “Grammium”, metal alloy used in casting a Grammy award. Regardless
frequency, the more burst of power is being applied. Because we’re of rarity or value, the fiber laser system can mark it.
intentionally applying a broader beam of laser light to achieve an
annealed mark, frequency is almost always set in the lower 1-5% range.

DEEP METAL ENGRAVING PASSIVATION
Deep metal engraving is a common application for the fiber laser Many times we’ve heard that companies interested in a fiber laser
system. In most instances, the required depth is to assure: system will perform passivation on laser-marked metal parts. Exactly
what is passivation? The following explanation should help in your
• The mark is permanent and will not wear in harsh environments overall understanding.
• And/or to meet a regulated specification (ATF).
Some applications, in particular those involving medical devices, require
a black mark that looks annealed, as opposed to an etched or engraved
When a Fiber Laser is a Great Alternative treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes
in properties such as strength and hardness. This laser process actually
• Metal identification plates/tags that historically have been done consists of growing a dense cohesive oxide coating on the surface
using an acid-etch process. Often times, these plates are then color filled. and melting is specifically not required; hence, annealing is technically
• Machine tool, die and injection molding shops have used a manual incorrect and misleading. IPG Photonics, the manufacturer of the fiber
stamping process or have had to run their expensive CNC equipment laser source, suggests the term “dark marking” is more appropriate.
to mark on their parts, molds, bits and tools.
• OEM suppliers who find that set-up costs, manufacturing of tools
and dies just aren’t feasible or cost-effective for their smaller What is Passivation?
customers requiring minimal production runs.
According to ASTM A 380, passivation is “the removal of exogenous iron
or iron compounds from the surface of a stainless steel by means of a
Guidelines for Deep Metal Engraving chemical dissolution, most typically by a treatment with an acid solution
that will remove the surface contamination but will not significantly
• Using a slow speed setting doesn’t necessarily equate to depth. affect the stainless steel itself.”
Longer laser dwell time typically results in more eruption of metal,
leaving a raised mark instead of deep penetration. In addition, it also describes passivation as “the chemical treatment of
• Use moderate speed (20-30%) and more passes to slowly chip away at a stainless steel with a mild oxidant, such as a nitric acid solution, for
the metal. the purpose of enhancing the spontaneous formation of the protective
• Deep metal engraving requires maximum wattage. 30 or 50-watt is passive film.”
recommended.
• Frequency is generally set between the 1-5% range. A lower frequency In layman’s terms, the passivation process removes “free iron”
range provides more bursts of laser power per pulse and is crucial to contamination left behind on the surface of the stainless steel as a
ablating the metal. result of machining and fabricating or laser marking processes.
We’ve found that focusing “into” the metal by .010" to .030" (.254 to .762 These contaminants are potential corrosion sites which, if not removed,
mm) helps in the removal of metal. No technical data is available on result in premature corrosion and ultimately result in deterioration of
whether refocusing after each pass is helpful or not.To better assist the component. In addition, the passivation process facilitates the
in removing metal cleanly, higher resolution (1200 dpi) with more formation of a very thin, transparent oxide film, which protects the
overlap of laser pulses tends to provide a cleaner, more defined etch. stainless steel from “selective” oxidation (corrosion). So in essence,
passivation is a cleaning process AND it creates a protective coating
Deep engraving will require multiple passes. Multiple passes can easily on the surface of the metal.
be done by changing the number of copies in the print dialogue box. As
with all materials including metals, the hardness or grade will ultimately
determine what settings and how many passes are needed to achieve
a certain depth. Use the guidelines above as starting points and
experiment for best results.

How is the Passivation Process Performed?
The process typically begins with a thorough cleaning cycle. It is
intended to remove oils, greases, forming compounds, lubricants,
coolants, cutting fluids, and other undesirable organic and metallic
residue left behind as a result of fabrication and machining processes.
After removal of the organic and metallic residues, the parts are placed
into the appropriate passivation solution. The most common passivation
solution is a nitric acid bath; however, citric acid is considered to be
a viable alternative as it is more environmentally-friendly and as such
is being used in lieu of nitric acid. The method of passivation will vary
depending on the metal type, passivation solution, and end-user requirements.
Passivation with a Fiber Laser System:

In order to assess passivation of metals marked with a fiber laser
system, we purchased three common types of stainless steel, marked
them using our suggested annealing settings for stainless steel,
and then subjected them to passivation as follows: 15% citric acid
bath at 150° F (65.5° C) with 40 kHz ultrasonic vibration for 20 minutes.
Note: Ranges of citric acid volume, temperature and ultrasonic bath

time is variable depending on the material type. Each material was run GENERAL PLASTIC
at 1200 dpi and 600 dpi and tested with one, two, three and four passes.
Multiple passes were performed to assess if additional marking created
a more dense/durable annealed mark.
MARKING GUIDELINES
The term “plastics” is commonly used to describe various grades and
Results of the Passivation for each Material: types of polymers. To keep things simple, we’ll refer to all polymers as
plastic. There are many plastics that are compatible with a fiber laser
system’s 1062 nm wavelength of light. We refer to these as “engineered
Material Best Setting
plastics” because many were designed to be laser-etched at some point
304 Stainless 1200 dpi, one pass produced the best mark resistant to during the manufacturing life cycle. These plastics are doped with an
Steel passivation. additive that results in a contrasting mark when the 1062nm wavelength
316 Stainless 1200 dpi, one pass produced the best black mark of light is applied.
Steel resitant to passivation. 600 dpi rendered a gold color
after passivation regardless of number of passes. There are many other plastics that work just as well as the engineered
ones. It’s amazing how many different plastics we receive for applications
430 Stainless All marks were lightened during passivation to a testing, most of the time their trade name and chemical composition
Steel gray color. The darkest mark is 1200 dpi, one pass. aren’t disclosed or are unknown. The guidelines below will help in your
quest to provide the best possible mark.
In summary, the ability of a fiber laser system laser systems to produce
marks that will remain after passivation will depend on the material Most plastics that tend to work on a fiber laser system are those that
type. Based on the limited tests we performed at Epilog, one pass, 1200 are mold-injected and are physically hard. Industries where injection
dpi marks will provide a better mark contrast after passivation. molded parts are common include automotive, aerospace, medical
device and general manufacturing, to name a few.

Some of the more common compatible plastics include PET, ABS,
polycarbonate and colored delrin. Some that are more difficult to mark
using this wavelength of light include polyethylene, polypropylene and
VECTOR SCORING/
nylon.
CUTTING GUIDELINES
Settings for Processing Plastics: Although not marketed as a cutting laser system, a fiber laser system is
capable of cutting thinner metals. The thickness ranges from .005" up to
• Moderate to fast speed, typically in the 50-80% range.
.012" (.127 to .304 mm), depending on hardness. Some of the metals and
• Moderate power, generally around the 30-60% range, depending
materials tested include, but are not limited to, steel, aluminum, titanium,
on wattage.
carbon fiber, ceramics, FR4/G10 circuit board material and solar wafers.
• Medium to high frequency (50-100%) is helpful for processing plastics
as it provides a steadier stream of laser power per pulse. Using a low
frequency would result in inconsistent contrast and possibly cause
foaming of the surface.
Guidelines for Vector Scoring/Cutting:
• Focus is generally left at zero. Adjusting the focus up or down in Use a strong exhaust to enhance the amount of suction the
.010" (0.254 mm) increments can provide slightly better contrast but vacuum table pulls. Thin metals often won’t lay flat and the
instead, consider adjusting the speed / power / frequency for same amount of heat being applied to the metal can cause the metal
effect. to warp even more. Cover the remaining vector grid area with
scrap material to further enhance the amount of vacuum pull.
Most plastics are processed at 600 dpi for high contrast and detail.
Cycle times are generally fast, so dropping the resolution would only The lower the frequency, the more strength in laser pulse.
affect print quality. Increasing resolution may prove helpful only on Use a lower frequency setting in the range of 1-20%.
those plastics that are difficult to mark.
For thicker materials, try using multiple passes at moderate
The majority of compatible plastics will provide a high-contrasting speeds versus a single, slower speed setting. Too much laser
mark using the above settings. Darker plastics will turn white or varying dwell time can cause the material to warp and discolor.
shades of gray. Lighter plastics will turn dark gray to black. Fine tune the
mark by increasing/decreasing power or frequency. Speed and focus Vector cutting applications on materials that have a metal base
can be left alone. sandwiched within other types of polymers or organic materials do
not tend to cut as well as raw metals. The end result is dependent on
Incompatible plastics will either be transparent to the 1062 nm how the other materials react to a fiber laser system’s wavelength
wavelength of light or will require the use of metal marking settings of light but the typical result is a weak attempt at cutting the
(low to medium speed, high power, and low frequency). The final mark metal core while burning the surrounding polymer/material.
for these plastics isn’t as appealing, consistent or contrasting as their
compatible counterparts.
Pigmentation of plastic can also dictate what settings are needed to

produce a nice mark. The core polymer may be compatible, but due to
chemicals used to add color, some colors may mark better than others.
Having to adjust the printing parameters for different colors of the same
compatible plastic is not uncommon.

COMMON TYPES OF Super-Corrosion-Resistant
Stainless Steel (Nitronic 60)
Nitrogen provides better
corrosion resistance than
Type 304 plus more strength
STAINLESS STEEL in temperature extremes.
Commonly used in chemical
industry. Nonmagnetic. Cannot
Source: McMaster Carr www.mcmaster.com/#stainless-steel/=aj6he2 be heat treated. Temperature
range not rated.
High-Strength Stainless Steel When heat treated, offers Super-Corrosion-Resistant Heat-treatable alloy with
(Type 13-8 PH) increased strength and good Stainless Steel (A286) corrosion resistance similar to
corrosion resistance, even under Type 316. Contains titanium for
stress. Precipitation-hardenable. increased strength. Maintains
Maintains corrosion resistance corrosion resistance up to 1500° F
up to 1100° F (593° C). Magnetic. (815° C).
Wear-Resistant High-Strength Commonly used in gears, cams, Wear-Resistant Multipurpose Most strain-hardenable
Stainless Steel (Type 15-5 PH) and aircraft parts. Combines Stainless Steel (Type 301) chromium-nickel stainless steel.
high strength and wear Better wear resistance, fatigue
resistance. Can be heat treated strength than Type 304. Retains
at low temperatures to increase strength while stretching like
mechanical properties. Maintains 1095 steel. Good weldability,
corrosion resistance up to 1100° F temperature resistance. May
(593° C). Magnetic. be slightly magnetic. Cannot be
Corrosion-Resistant High- High strength with better heat treated. Maximum corrosion
Strength Stainless Steel (Type 17-4 corrosion resistance than Type resistance temperature 1550° F
PH) 15-5 PH due to its slightly higher (843° C); minimum not rated.
chromium content. Also known as Multipurpose Stainless Steel Higher carbon content for slightly
Type 630. Can be strengthened (Type 302) higher strength than Type 304
by precipitation hardening at with same corrosion resistance.
low temperatures. Maintains Not heat treatable.
corrosion resistance up to 1100° F Multipurpose Stainless Steel Corrosion resistant. Meets Type
(593° C). Magnetic. (Type 302/304) 302 and Type 304 standards. Wire
Corrosion-Resistant High-Strength High strength. Good response meets ASTM A580; spring wire
Wear-Resistant Stainless Steel (Type to heat-treating. Moderate meets ASTM A313 (choose extra-
17-7 PH) corrosion resistance. bright when a fine surface finish
Ultra-Corrosion-Resistant Equivalent to Carpenter 20. is important).
Stainless Steel (Alloy 20) Commonly used in the chemical Easy-to-Machine Stainless Steel Sulfur and phosphorus increase
industry due to its resistance (Type 303) machinability. Low-carbon
to aggressive environments. chromium-nickel (austenitic).
Nonmagnetic. Not heat treatable. Good corrosion, temperature
resistance. May become slightly
magnetic when worked. Not heat
treatable. Maintains corrosion
resistance up to 1500° F (815° C).

Multipurpose Stainless Steel Most widely used stainless steel.
(Type 304) Good weldability and formability.
Maintains corrosion resistance
up to 1500° F (815° C). May become
slightly magnetic when worked.
Not heat treatable.
Multipurpose Stainless Steel This dual certified 304/304L
(Type 304/304L) stainless steel is a reduced
carbon version of Type 304
stainless steel.
High-Temperature Stainless Steel Excellent temperature resistance.
(Type 309) Similar composition to Type
304. Used in heat exchangers
and furnace parts. Low carbon
chromium-nickel (austenitic).
Maintains corrosion resistance
up to 1470° F (800° C). When
worked, may become slightly
magnetic. Not heat treatable.
Super-Corrosion-Resistant Higher molybdenum content
Stainless Steel (Type 316) provides better corrosion
resistance than Type 304.
Low carbon chromium-nickel
(austenitic). Good weldability
and temperature resistance.
May become slightly magnetic.
Not heat treatable. Maintains Wear-Resistant Stainless Steel Chromium alloy (martensitic).
corrosion resistance up to 800° F (Type 410) Can be heat treated for extra
(427° C). hardness and improved wear
Super-Corrosion-Resistant This dual certified 316/316L resistance. Not recommended for
Stainless Steel (Type 316/316L) stainless steel is a reduced highly corrosive environments.
carbon version of Type 316 Not recommended for welding.
stainless steel. Maintains corrosion resistance
Easy-to-Weld Stainless Steel Low carbon chromium-nickel up to 1200° F (650° C).
(Type 321) (austenitic). Titanium provides Mold-Quality Wear-Resistant Excellent polishability and
superior weldability. Only strain Stainless Steel (Type 420) high hardness. Ideal for
harden (cold form - may become manufacturing plastic molds.
slightly magnetic). Cannot be Also used for knives, shafts,
heat treated. Maximum corrosion and surgical instruments.
resistance temperature 1600° F Heat treatable and magnetic.
(871° C); minimum not rated. Maintains corrosion resistance
up to 1150° F (621° C).

Corrosion- and Wear-Resistant
Stainless Steel (Type 420V)
Use in place of tool steels, such
as D2, when extra corrosion COMMON TYPES
resistance is important. Better
wear resistance than other
stainless steels due to the
OF ALUMINUM
addition of vanadium and
carbon. Made of powdered Source: McMaster Carr www.mcmaster.com/#aluminum/=aj74i4
metal for increased corrosion
resistance. Maintains corrosion Precision-Cast Multipurpose Stress-relieved cast alloy.
resistance up to 400° F (204° C). Aluminum (Mic 6 Alloy) Outstanding machinability and
Magnetic. stability. Not heat treatable.
Economy-Grade Stainless Steel Chromium-based (ferritic) alloy. Mold-Quality Aluminum (QC-10 Outstanding thermal
(Type 430) Good formability. Magnetic. Alloy) conductivity along with high
Cannot be heat treated (strain- strength and surface hardness
hardening has little effect). makes this heat-treatable alloy
Room temperature alloy. Not perfect for use in production
recommended for temperature injection molds and blow molds.
extremes or outdoor use. Chosen
more for aesthetic purposes. General Purpose Aluminum Foil Primarily unalloyed. Has a
(Alloy 1000 Series) minimum content of 99%
Tough Wear-Resistant Stainless This high-carbon, high-chromium aluminum. Suitable for use in the
Steel (Type 440A) martensitic stainless steel offers food industry, unless noted.
greater hardness than Type 420
and greater toughness than Type Basic Aluminum (Alloy 1100) Commercially pure, 99%
440C while still providing good aluminum alloy. An excellent
corrosion resistance. Maintains conductor of heat and electricity.
corrosion resistance up to Offers excellent corrosion
795° F (424° C). Often used for resistance and is easily welded
cutlery, valve parts, and surgical and brazed. Ideal for chemical
instruments. equipment, heat exchanger fins,
and sheet metal work. Not heat
Ultra-Hard Wear-Resistant Ideal for use in bearings, valve treatable.
Stainless Steel (Type 440C) parts, and knife blades. This
high-carbon stainless steel offers Easy-to-Form Aluminum (Alloy Similar to Alloy 1100. This alloy
good wear resistance and is one 1145) offers comparable ease of
of the hardest stainless steels formability with an increased
when heat treated. Maintains concentration of aluminum
corrosion resistance up to 800° F (99.45%).
(427° C). Magnetic. Basic Aluminum (Alloy 1235) Similar to Alloy 1100, this nearly
High-Strength Corrosion- Duplex (austenitic-ferritic) pure aluminum alloy is ideal as
Resistant Stainless Steel (Type stainless steel with high strength EMI/RFI shielding in electronic
2205) and good resistance to corrosion applications,
caused by stress. Maintains Metric Easy-to-Machine Excellent machinability. Ideal
corrosion resistance up to 600° Aluminum (Alloy 2007) choice for components that
F (316° C). Commonly used for require extensive machining,
heat exchangers and oil and gas including tube fittings, hose
industry equipment. Magnetic. parts, and screw machine parts.
Not heat treatable.

Improved-Strength Basic Good weldability, formability, and
Aluminum (Alloy 3003) corrosion resistance. Similar to
Alloy 1100 but with higher strength
due to addition of manganese.
Use in chemical and food
processing equipment, tanks,
heat exchangers, and sheet metal
work. Not heat treatable.
Corrosion-Resistant Aluminum Most corrosion resistant of
Foil (Alloy 3105) the aluminum alloys. Excellent
formability and welding
characteristics.
High-Strength Super-Corrosion- The strongest of the marine-
Resistant Aluminum (Alloy 5083) grade alloys. Offers high strength
in addition to excellent corrosion
resistance and good weldability.
Typically used in saltwater
applications. Not heat treatable.
Nonmagnetic.
Super-Corrosion-Resistant Marine-grade aluminum alloy.
Aluminum (Alloy 5086) Excellent corrosion resistance
and good formability. Ideal for
saltwater applications. Not heat
treatable.
High-Strength Multipurpose Heat treatable alloy. Corrosion
Aluminum (Alloy 6013) resistance and thermal
conductivity of Alloy 6061 with
improved strength, hardness, and
Easy-to-Machine Aluminum (Alloy Best machinability of all machinability.
2011) aluminum alloys. Most widely
Corrosion-Resistant Easy-to- Exceptionally machinable, heat
selected for screw machine
Machine Aluminum (Alloy 6020) treatable alloy is free cutting,
parts, tube fittings, hose parts,
offering excellent surface finish.
and components that require
extensive machining. Metric Multipurpose Aluminum European equivalent to Alloy
(Alloy 6060) 6061. Good machinability,
Weldable Easy-to-Machine Machinability approaching
high strength and corrosion
Aluminum (Alloy 2017) that of Alloy 2011, along with
resistance. Use for light structural
weldability. Like all 2000 alloys,
and architectural applications.
addition of copper reduces
Heat treatable.
corrosion resistance.
High-Strength Aluminum (Alloy Superior strength and good
2024) machinability. Most widely used
aircraft alloy. Addition of copper
improves strength, but decreases
corrosion resistance.

Multipurpose Aluminum (Alloy
6061)
Most widely used aluminum alloy
due to combination of strength, TECHNICAL
good corrosion resistance, and
Ultra-Corrosion-Resistant
machinability.
Superb corrosion resistance.
SPECIFICATIONS
Architectural Aluminum (Alloy 6063) Perfect for outdoor applications.
Ultra-Corrosion-Resistant Offers better corrosion resistance
High-Strength Aluminum (Alloy than Alloy 7075 when under Fiber/Dual Laser System Technical Specifications
7050) stress. Commonly used in aircraft Maximum Fusion Edge 12 Fiber: 24" x 12" (610 x 305 mm)
applications. Heat treatable and Engraving Fusion Pro 24 Fiber/Dual: 24" x 24" (610 x 610 mm)
nonmagnetic. Area Fusion Pro 36 Dual: 36" x 24" (914 x 610 mm)
Ultra-Strength Aluminum Extremely high-strength due Fusion Pro 48 Dual: 48" x 36" (1219 x 914 mm)
(Alloy 7068) in part to a high zinc content. Fusion Galvo G100: F163: 4"x4" (101x101mm)
Significantly stronger and harder F254: 6"x6" (152x152mm)
than Alloy 7075 with comparable Max Fusion Edge 12 Fiber: 7" (178 mm)
corrosion resistance. Used Material Fusion Pro 24 Fiber/Dual: 9" (228 mm)
for vehicle parts and other Thickness Fusion Pro 36 Dual: 9" (228 mm)
applications requiring extremely Fusion Pro 48 Dual: 12.25" (311 mm)
high strength. Heat treatable. Fusion Galvo G100: F163: 10" (254mm)
Corrosion-Resistant High- Exceptionally strong but still F254: 6" (152mm)
Strength Aluminum (Alloy 7075) lightweight, this aircraft alloy has Laser Source Fusion Edge 12 Fiber: 30 watt Fiber
better corrosion resistance than Wattages Fusion Pro 24 Fiber/Dual: Fiber: 30 watt
Alloy 2024 due to the addition Dual: 60 watt CO2/30 watt Fiber or
of zinc. Use for aircraft frames, 100 watt CO2/50 watt Fiber
keys, gears, and other high-stress Fusion Pro 36 Dual: 80 watt CO2 / 30 watt Fiber or
parts. 100 watt CO2/50 watt Fiber
Porous Mold-Quality Aluminum Can be used to filter air, gases, Fusion Pro 48 Dual: 120 watt CO2 / 50 watt Fiber
and thin liquids. Perfect for
creating molds used in vacuum Fiber Laser source is air cooled, includes collimator.
forming and thermoforming. 1065 nm. Beam quality: M2 <1.1.
Porous to let air and moisture
through, preventing bubbles Fusion Galvo G100: 30 watt Pulsed, 30 Watt MOPA, or
and blemishes in material when 60 Watt MOPA Fiber laser
forming. Not heat treatable. Intelligent Store multiple files up to 1 GB. Engrave any file size
Aluminum/Thermoplastic LDPE core with painted finish. Memory Buffer
Composite Provides rigidity of sheet metal Operating Optimized raster, vector and combined modes
with lightness of aluminum. Modes
Motion High-speed, continuous-loop, brushless DC servo
Control motors on the x-axis using rotary encoding technology
System for precise positioning (Gavlo G100 N/A)

X-axis
Fiber/Dual Laser System Technical Specifications
Ground and polished stainless steel, teflon-coated,
DUAL SOURCE
Bearings self-lubricating bearings. (Fusion Edge 12) (Dual blocks
on x-axis for greater rigidity on Fusion Pro 24, Fusion
Pro 36, and Fusion Pro 48) (Gavlo G100 N/A)
OPPORTUNITIES
Belts Advanced B-style double-wide Kevlar precision drive belts. Epilog also manufactures dual source systems with CO2 and fiber lasers
(Gavlo G100 N/A) in the same cabinet (available in the Fusion Pro 32 and 48 models). The
Resolution User controlled from 75 to 1200 DPI CO2 laser source is compatible with a different set of materials than the
fiber laser source, including:
Speed 120 IPS (3.05 m/s) (Fusion Edge 12) or 165 IPS (4.2 m/s)
and Power (Fusion Pro 24, Fusion Pro 36, and Fusion Pro 48) with 5G
Control acceleration. Computer-controlled in .001 increments Engrave Cut
(engraving up to 100%. Color mapping feature links Speed, Power, Wood x x
depth) Frequency, and Raster/Vector mode (Gavlo G100 N/A)
Acrylic x x
Print USB, Wireless, 10Base-T Ethernet connections.
Interface Windows 7/8/10/11 compatible. Glass x
Size Fusion Edge 12 Fiber: 39.5" x 26.5" x 17.9" (1003 x 673 x 455mm) Coated metals x
(W x D x H) Fusion Pro 24 Fiber/Dual: 41.52" x 32.81" x 38.04" (1055 x 834 x 967mm) Ceramics x
Fusion Pro 36 Dual: 53.52" x 32.81" x 40.54" (1359 x 833 x 1029 mm)
Delrin x x
Fusion Pro 48 Dual: 70.6" x 51.3" x 42.75" (1794 x 1304 x 1086 mm)
Pedestal removed: 34"h (863 mm) Cloth x x
Fusion Galvo G100: 28" x 23" x 31" (door closed) Leather x x
28" x 23" x 37" (door open)
711 x 584 x 787 mm / 940 mm Marble x
Weight Fusion Edge 12 Fiber: 138 lbs (63 kg) Matboard x x
Fusion Pro 24 Fiber/Dual: 240 lbs (108 kg) Melamine x x
Fusion Pro 36 Dual: 27 5lbs (124 kg)
Fusion Pro 48 Dual: 650 lbs (295 kg) Paper x x
Fusion Galvo G100: 131 lbs (59.5kg) Mylar x x
Electrical Auto-switching power supply 110-240volts, 50 or 60Hz, Pressboard x x
single phase Rubber x x
Ventilation Fusion Edge 12 Fiber, Fusion Pro 24 Fiber/Dual, Fusion Wood veneer x x
Systems Pro 36 Dual: One output port, 4" (102mm) in diameter.
350-400CFM (595-680m3/hr) Fiberglass x x
Fusion Pro 48 Dual: Two upper output ports. One lower Painted metals x
port. Total 735CFM. All ports 4" (102mm) diameter Tile x
Fusion Galvo G100: One output port, 4" (102 mm) in
diameter. 450 CFM (765m3/hr) Plastic x x
Cork x x
External exhaust to outside or internal filtration unit
Corian x x
required on all units.
Anodized aluminum x
Classification Class 2 Laser Product - 1 mW CW MAXIMUM 600-700 nm.
Twill x x

Dual-Source System Right for your Business?
Looking for Versatility:
A dual-source system is a good choice for businesses that will primarily
be working with one type of material, such as metal etching, but would
also like to have the ability to engrave acrylic or similar materials that
the other laser source can handle.
Multiple Material Products:

It also works well for businesses that are etching products that have
parts that each different source is compatible with, such as a wood
and metal bottle opener where you want to engrave both materials in
a single job.
Limited Budget:
Many companies also purchase a dual-source system when they want
to increase their laser’s versatility buy have a limited budget.
Limited Space:
If you are looking for a laser that can fit into a small working space that
can handle the most materials possible, a single dual-source system is
a good choice for your business.
Two Laser Systems a Better Choice?

One drawback of dual-source systems is that whenever you are using
one laser source, the other is unusable. For a small additional investment
you can have both a CO2 and fiber laser system so you are able to utilize
either laser source technology at any time.

DEFINING TYPES OF LASERS What is a Laser?
A laser is one of many highly-varied devices that amplify and then emit
by John Doran - November 2010
light by means of a quantum-mechanical principle called “stimulated
emission of radiation.”
What is Light? Lasers generally emit light of a single wavelength, or a narrow band of
wavelengths. Furthermore, their output is typically emitted in a narrow,
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. It is usually characterized intense beam - this is what makes them the energy source of choice
by its wavelength, which is typically measured in nanometers (that is, in for cutting and engraving. A lens is used to focus the beam onto a tiny
billionths of a meter, or 1 x 10-9 meters. 25,400,000 nanometers equals 1" spot for application to the work-piece. All other things (beam diameter,
(25.4 mm). etc.) being equal, the size of this spot varies in direct proportion with the
wavelength of the laser.
Here is the “electromagnetic spectrum,” which relates different forms of
electromagnetic radiation to their wavelengths: Here is a list of lasers commonly employed in materials processing
equipment, together with their wavelengths and properties:
Increasing Frequency (ν)

Semiconductor Diode:
1024 1022 1020 1018 1016 1014 1012 1010 108 106 104 102 100 v (Hz)
Wavelength: 405 nm (violet, visible)
γ rays X rays UV IR Microwave FM AM Long radio waves
445 nm (blue, visible)
Radio waves 510 nm (green, visible)
635 nm – 670 nm (red, visible)
1016 10-14 10-12 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106 108 λ (m) 760 nm – 1625 nm (infrared, invisible)
Increasing Wavelength (λ)
Visible spectrum Power: <1 mW to hundreds of watts
Diode lasers are the smallest, most efficient, least expensive lasers.
The red diodes are widely used for applications such as pointing and
alignment. Most laser materials processing systems use them for a “red
400 500 600 700 dot” pointer function.
Increasing Wavelength (λ) in nm
The infrared diodes are used for fiber-optic communication and as an
excitation source for solid-state lasers such as the Nd:YAG and the Yb
fiber laser.
For purposes of understanding lasers, we generally think of light as Arrays of infrared diodes may produce many hundreds of watts, but the
electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths ranging from around 10 optical beam quality is typically not good enough for direct materials
nm (the bottom of the ultraviolet, or UV, portion of the spectrum) up to processing. But as single-diode output power levels increase, we are
about 1,000,000 nm (or 1 mm, the top of the infrared, or IR portion). likely to see the development of fiber-coupled diode lasers capable of
being used directly for engraving and cutting.
Note that light visible to the human eye comprises only a tiny portion of
this range, from approximately 390 nm (deep violet) to 750 nm (dark red).

Helium-Neon (HeNe) Nd:YAG’s interaction with non-metals is rather poorer than with CO2, so
it is generally useful only on metals. Further, the optical quality of these
Wavelength: 630 nm (red, visible) crystalline lasers is often significantly worse than that of gas lasers; the
Power: 0.1 mW to tens of mW shorter wavelength may not necessarily result in the expected smaller
focused spot size.
The HeNe laser is a gas laser, “excited” or energized by a DC electrical
discharge. It was one of the first lasers to be invented, and was widely Non-linear crystals may be used to frequency-double the output of the
used in surveying and construction equipment, supermarket bar-code Nd:YAG laser into the green, where it interacts with certain materials
scanners, and as a red-dot pointer in older laser materials processing (silicon, for example) more effectively. Both the infrared and frequency-
equipment. doubled lasers may also be “Q-switched,” a technique that results in
the output being a series of short, high-peak-power pulses rather than
In recent years the visible diode laser, with its smaller size and continuous-wave.
significantly lower cost, has rendered the HeNe laser obsolete for all but
a few specialized applications. Ytterbium Fiber (Yb)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Wavelength: 1055 nm to 1070 nm (near infrared, invisible)
Power: <10W to thousands of watts
Wavelength: 10,600 nm (far infrared, invisible)
Power: <10 W to tens of kilowatts The Yb fiber laser, recently developed, is a solid-state laser like the
Nd:YAG. Instead of a crystal, it employs a coil of rare-earth-impregnated
The CO2 laser is also a gas laser, typically excited by DC or with a radio- optical fiber excited from one end by arrays of high-power laser diodes.
frequency (RF) electrical discharge. Its wavelength, completely invisible
to the human eye, is in the band that includes radiant heat. The Yb fiber laser wavelength is almost identical to that of Nd:YAG, but
the output beam is of significantly better quality. Also as with Nd:YAG
At present, this is probably the least expensive engraving and cutting the output may be either continuous, or a series of high-peak-power
laser (dollars per watt). Optical quality is high, and the far-infrared pulses.
wavelength interacts very well with most organic and non-metallic
materials. At present, the Yb fiber laser is significantly more expensive, watt for
watt, than the CO2 laser, and like Nd:YAG it is well-suited only for use
Bright metals behave like mirrors at the CO2 laser wavelength, and so on metals. However, as technology advances, costs will drop and the
very high power (typically hundreds to thousands of watts) is required to available power will increase to unprecedented levels - many tens of
cut or engrave them. kilowatts!
Neodymium-YAG (Nd:YAG) Excimer

Wavelength: 1064 nm (near infrared, invisible) (base wavelength) Wavelength: 157 nm to 350 nm (ultraviolet, invisible)
532 nm (green, visible) (frequency doubled) Power: <1W to 100W (average)
Power: <10 W to hundreds of watts Pulse Energy: millijoules to >1J
Nd:YAG is a solid-state laser, which emits from a rare-earth-impregnated Excimer, or “exiplex,” lasers are expensive, specialized pulsed lasers
mineral crystal excited by shorter-wavelength light produced either by employed in certain industrial engraving, scribing, and cutting
an arc-lamp or by an array of semiconductor diode lasers. applications where its ultraviolet output wavelength is an advantage.
It is also used for laser eye surgery, such as the LASIK procedure.
Its wavelength is almost exactly one-tenth that of the CO2 laser. Metals
are much less reflective at 1064 nm, and so only a few watts are needed
to allow surface engraving. Cutting typically requires many tens of watts.

GLOSSARY OF LASER Deposition Using a laser to melt a coating to the surface of
a target material, leaving a raised contrasting
mark. Application of Cermark LMM material is
TERMINOLOGY Diode Pack
an example of this process.
An array of diode lasers mounted together and
focused into a solid-state laser crystal. Diode-
Ablation A laser process where one layer of material is removed pumped lasers have one or more diode packs
to expose a second, dissimilar material. For example, which will eventually need to be replaced as the
marking on anodized aluminum works this way. diodes degrade.
Absorption The process whereby electrons in an atom absorb Diode Pumped A laser which uses a diode laser as the pumping
energy, thus increasing their energy state to a method. Diode Pumped Solid State (DPSS) lasers
higher and unstable state. The YAG crystal “absorbs” are a variation of the well known ruby, Nd:YAG,
energy from the flash lamp or diode which raises or other type of optically pumped crystal based
the electrons in the crystal to a higher state, laser where a high power IR laser diode or array
which then emits photons in the form of a laser beam. of laser diodes provides the excitation instead of
Annealing A laser process where the laser is used to heat a flashlamp or other intense light source.
steel or titanium to near the melting point, to induce Engraving/ A laser process where the laser is used to remove
a color change to black in the upper .001" to .003" of Etching material from a homogenous target, leaving a
the material. Does not remove material, leaving trench or hole. For example, laser marking on
a perfectly smooth surface when done properly. integrated circuits is usually a very shallow engraving.
Beam Expander A telescopic lens system designed to increase Foaming A laser process where the laser heats the surface of
the diameter of a laser beam which allows the a plastic material to the boiling point, trapping air
focusing lens to produce a finer point. bubbles in the material as it cools. Creates a textured
CDRH Center for Devices and Radiological Health. mark, usually with some color contrast. We see this
Government agency responsible for laser safety with engraving on Lexan using a fiber laser system.
classifications. Fiber Laser Technology using a long fiber optic cable doped
Collimated A method whereby a laser beam is tightly focused with a rare earth element as the lasing medium.
and photons do not diverge from the intended Noted for very compact nature of laser. Available
beam path. On the fiber laser, the collimator is as CW or pulsed.
located at the end of the fiber optic cable. F-Theta Lens The “field flattening” lens which accounts for different
CO2 Carbon dioxide gas mixture used in gas lasers. distances from the galvos to various points on the
Common term to describe non-solid state laser surface of the target, maintaining an even focus.
source. CO2 gas contains a proprietary mixture of Flashlamp Extremely high power flashbulb used as pumping
CO2 gas, Argon, Helium and other components. method in some YAG lasers. Flashlamp pumping
Color Change A process where a laser induces a photo reaction in is old technology and has been replaced in most
plastic to change the color of the plastic. Highly marking applications with diode-pumping.
dependent on the type of plastic and laser used. Galvanometer A very high precision motor with a limited axis
Laser-specific pigments are available for many of rotation. Used to turn mirrors and guide laser
types of plastics to help this process. A very beam. Referred to as “galvo.”
common example of this process is laser-marked
ear tags for cattle and other livestock. Gas Laser Laser employing gaseous lasing medium, CO2
lasers are an example.
Continuous Wave A laser that is not pulsed. This provides a very even, if
Mode (CW) lower power, beam. Useful only in a few applications. Ground State The natural stable energy level of an atom or molecule.
LASER Acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation”

Laser Beam A laser beam is a coherent beam of photons, all Radiation Electromagnetic emissions; in lasers it is in the form
of the same wavelength and traveling along a of light, either ultraviolet, visible, or infrared. TV
tightly controlled axis. waves, Radio waves, and X-rays are all examples
Lasing Medium Material holding atoms which become excited of electromagnetic radiation. Note that the term
and decay into photons. This can be Gas, radiation does NOT imply radioactivity.
Solid-state, diode, or chemical. Scanhead A subsystem of most laser markers which holds a pair
Micrometers 1/1,000,000 meter. Symbolized as: µm. This is the of galvanometer motors and their associated mirrors,
typical measurement for wavelength in as well as the f-theta lens. This is the (usually) black box
electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic at the end of most laser marking systems.
radiation is also measured in nanometers, nm, Sealed Discharge A Gas laser where the gaseous medium is contained
which is .001 of a micrometer. Nd:YAG wavelength Tube in a sealed optical chamber and doesn't need an
is 1.064 µm and 1064 nm. external source of gas to recharge the lasing medium.
Nd:YAG Neodymium doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet This is the most common kind of marking CO2 laser.
crystal used in “YAG” solid state lasers. Semiconductor A laser employing a semiconductor diode as the
Nd:YVO4 Neodymium doped Ytterbium Vanadate crystal used Laser lasing medium. Also called a Diode laser. Laser
in “Vanadate” solid state lasers. Same wavelengths pointers are semiconductor lasers.
as YAG, but with different pulse characteristics. Solid State Laser Uses a solid crystalline material as the lasing medium
Optical Cavity Term used to describe the area in which the working and is usually optically pumped – can be pulsed or
laser beam is created. Typically this includes the continuous wave (CW). Nd:YAG, for example.
lasing medium, a pair of mirrors at either end of Spot Size The area of the laser beam when properly
the cavity, and in some cases the Q-switch. This is focused on the target material.
the area where the cascading emission of photons
happens and builds up energy. Many different Stimulated The cascade process where excited atoms are
designs of optical cavities are available which Emission stimulated by photons from other atoms to decay,
provide different performance characteristics. releasing more photons, and carrying on building
up an ever larger number of particles traveling in the
Polishing A laser effect where the laser beam heats the same axis.
surface of a material and as it cools; it takes a
different finish than the surrounding material. Yttrium A chemical element in the periodic table that has
Creates marks which can look holographic. Most the symbol Y and atomic number 39. A silvery
common on matte-finish metal parts. metallic transition metal, yttrium is common in rare-
earth minerals and two of its compounds are used
Pumping Method Means of applying energy to excite atoms in lasing to make the red color phosphors in cathode ray
medium (YAG crystal as an example) in preparation tube displays, such as those used for televisions.
for decay and release of photons. Flash-lamp and
diode pumped are the two most common Ytterbium A chemical element in the periodic table that has
the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. A soft silvery
Q-Switch A mechanical or more commonly an electro-optical metallic element, ytterbium is a rare earth metal of
switch meant to pulse a laser beam in a YAG or the lanthanide series and is found in the minerals
Vanadate laser. Pulsing generates much higher peak gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. The element is
powers to increase the effective power of the laser. A sometimes associated with yttrium or other related
Q-switched laser is a type of (or modification to) a elements and is used in certain steels. Natural
pulsed laser which shortens it output pulse width, ytterbium is a mix of seven stable isotopes.
boosts peak output power, and improves the
consistency of the output from pulse to pulse. However,
there will likely be a reduction in total energy in the
output when a laser is operated in Q-switch mode.

Austenitic Non-magnetic stainless steel. This material
Stainless Steel cannot be hardened through heat treatment.
Case Hardening Any process of hardening a ferrous alloy so that the
case or surface is harder than the core or interior.
Carbon Steel A steel that owes its specific properties chiefly
to the presence of carbon, without substantial
amounts of other alloying elements. It is also
referred to as ordinary steel, straight carbon
steel, or plain carbon steel.
Chamfer A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise
sharp corner that is typically about a 45° angle. A
relieved angular cutting edge at a tooth corner.
CNC Computer Numeric Control: Controlled by a computer.
Cold Rolled A metal finishing process that subjects strip or sheet
steel to a cold-reduction mill. Steel that has been
subjected to the cold rolling process is considerably
thinner and stronger than hot-rolled sheet.
Cold Rolled Steel Steel that was reduced to final thickness in the
cold state by a rolling mill that creates a smooth
surface with slight skin hardness.
EDM Electrostatic Discharge Machine: Rapid series of
GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRY
electrical sparks to vaporize and remove metal.
End Mill Type of milling cutter, a cutting tool used in industrial
milling applications. It is distinguished from the drill
TERMINOLOGY bit, in its application, geometry, and manufacture.

While a drill bit can only cut in the axial direction, a
milling bit can generally cut in all directions, though
Alloys Base metal with metal or non-metal constituents some cannot cut axially. Endmills are used in milling
melted together into a new molecular structure. applications such as profile milling, tracer milling,
face milling and plunging.
ASTM American Standard of Testing and Materials. A
non-profit organization that provides a forum for Horizontal Uses a horizontal spindle. With a horizontal spindle,
producers, users, ultimate consumers, and those Machining Center tools stick out the side of the tool holder and cut
having a general interest (representatives of across the side of a part (work piece). Horizontal
government and academia) to meet on machining centers are far more expensive than
common ground and write standards for equivalent capacity vertical machines, but have
materials, products, systems, and services. several advantages. Usually the tool holder of a
horizontal machine is more rigid. Also, when machining
ASTM Standards A series of documents, approved and published by the side of a part, metal chips fall out of the area
ASTM, that include specifications or requirements, being cut, leaving an uncluttered cutting area.
practices, guides, test methods, etc., covering various
materials, products, systems or services. In the steel Ferrous Materials Metals or alloys containing iron: e.g. stainless
industry, the steel related ASTM standards are used by steel, carbon steel, pig iron.
both the producers and users to ensure that a steel Kerf Space created after cutting through a material.
product or service meets all intended requirements.
See ASTM - American Society for Testing & Materials.

M Code Used to signal an action from a miscellaneous group
of commands. Change cutting tools, turn on or turn GET MORE INFORMATION
off the coolant, spindle, or work piece clamps, etc.
Material Testing: If you have a material you would like us to test with
Machine Tool Powered mechanical device, typically to fabricate the fiber laser, you can contact our Applications Lab at applications@
metal components of machines by machining. epiloglaser.com or call +1 303-277-1188.
Martensitic Select group of 400 or 500 Series stainless steels that
Stainless Steel are magnetic and hardenable by heat treating. Setup a Demonstration: We have distributors located worldwide that
Oxidation A common form of chemical reaction which is the can work with you to setup a demonstration. Call +1 303-277-1188 and we
combining of oxygen with various elements and will direct you to the distributor for your area.
compounds. The corrosion of metals is a form of
oxidation, rust on iron for example is iron oxide. Request a Brochure and Sample Kit: Visit www.epiloglaser.com/request.
htm and fill out the form to receive a full product line brochure and
Rapid Prototyping A number of rapidly evolving techniques for sample kit and a dvd demonstration that shows how the laser works.
making prototypes and models quickly thus
allowing designers to check their designs and If you have any other questions we can assist you with, please give us a
make any necessary changes before investing in call at +1 303-277-1188.
expensive tooling. A CAD model of the part is required
and the model is usually built layer by layer.
Rockwell Hardness A scale based on the material indentation hardness.
Salt Spray Test An accelerated corrosion test in which the metal
specimens usually coated steel are exposed to a
fine mist of salt water solution either continuously
or intermittently. Spray is usually 5% NaCl.
Stainless Steel Various terrific alloys exhibiting high oxidation
resistance through the alloying with chromium and
nickel. Corrosion resistant steel of a wide variety,
but always containing a high percentage of
chromium. Stainless steels are highly resistant to
corrosion attack by organic acids, weak mineral
acids, atmospheric oxidation, etc.
Tolerance Limit The permissible deviation from the desired value.
Tool Steel Any high carbon or alloy steel capable of being
suitable tempered for use in the manufacture of tools.
Vertical Uses a vertical spindle. With a vertical spindle, tools
Machining stick straight down from the tool holder, and often
Center cut across the top of a part. One disadvantage of
vertical machining is that when tools cut across the
top of a part, the metal shavings, called “chips,” often
pile up around the tool and interfere with the cutting
action. However, vertical machining centers are more
common, primarily because they are less expensive
than equivalent capacity horizontal machines.

888.437.4564 | epiloglaser.com | 16371 Table Mtn. Pkwy., Golden, CO, 80403
1123

Fiber Laser Marking Guidebook

Uploaded by

Fiber Laser Marking Guidebook

Uploaded by

GUIDE FOR

Fiber Laser Industrial Etching & Marking © 2017

The Longer Answer:

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If you have additional questions about these materials, please contact

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Engraving: The material is vaporized by

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Benefits of Proprietary Software:

• Guaranteed to work with the laser system regardless of updates.

Drawbacks of Proprietary Software:

• Tries to recreate functions that are better handled by professional software.

Benefits of Open Architecture Software:

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Lower the Resolution:

Checklist: Don’t Use the Rotary:

As you test different settings, instead of moving the text/artwork

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What is it? A flying-optic system utilizes a series of moving mirros in the

Galvo Beam Delivery

The list of adjustable parameters is long, so get creative! Don’t settle on

Use Multiple Runs:

Outline the Mark:

Adjust the Focus:

Dither to Reduce Discoloring:

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SYSTEMS 3" Lens

Q: What is the fiber laser beam spot size?

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SETTINGS Laserable Plastic

Etching/ 600 DPI Speed: 50 - 60% Speed: 60 - 70%

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Annealing Metals Polishing Metals

As mentioned in the recommended base settings, dialing in the settings

• Speed is generally set on the high side, 50-100%, depending on wattage.

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Passivation with a Fiber Laser System:

Note: Ranges of citric acid volume, temperature and ultrasonic bath

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Pigmentation of plastic can also dictate what settings are needed to

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Multiple Material Products:

Two Laser Systems a Better Choice?

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Increasing Frequency (ν)

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Neodymium-YAG (Nd:YAG) Excimer

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TERMINOLOGY bit, in its application, geometry, and manufacture.

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