LABORATORY MANUAL

FOR
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Amity University, Dubai Campus

Dubai International Academic City (DIAC)
Dubai, UAE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXP NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE
. NO.
NO.
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
EXPERIMENT 1: KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW AND KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

AIM: To prove Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchoff’s current law(KCL)

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Electrical and electronics trainer kit, patch chords, digital
multimeters

THEORY:

KVL states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages in a closed linear circuit is zero.

KCL states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering a junction is equal to the algebraic
sum of the currents leaving the same junction.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 1.1: Circuit diagram for KVL

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 Figure 1.2: Circuit diagram for KCL

PROCEDURE:

For KVL

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram

2. Switch on the power supply and adjust the voltage to 10V
3. Measure the voltages across R1 and R2 using digital multimeter
4. Record the observations in the observation table below
5. Vary the supply voltage to 12V and 15V and repeat steps 3 and 4

For KCL

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram

2. Switch on the power supply and adjust the voltage to 10V
3. Measure the total current I and the currents through R1 and R2 using digital
multimeter
4. Record the observations in the observation table below
5. Vary the supply voltage to 12V and 15V and repeat steps 3 and 4

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OBSERVATION TABLE

Supply Voltage Voltage across R1 Voltage across R2

(V Volts) (V1 Volts) (V2 Volts)

Supply Voltage Total Current Current through R1 Current through R2

(V Volts) (I mA) (I1 mA) (I2 mA)

RESULT: Thus, Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Kirchoff’s current law were verified .

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 EXPERIMENT 2: SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM: To verify Superposition theorem

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Electrical and electronics trainer kit, patch chords, digital
multimeters

THEORY: In a network consisting of two or more sources, the current or voltage at any point
equal to the algebraic sum of currents or voltages produced by each source acting separately.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 2.1: Determination of Vtotal

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Figure 2.2: Determination of VT1

Figure 2.3: Determination of VT2

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 3.1

2. Switch on the power supply and adjust the voltage of the positive voltage source to 10V
and the negative voltage source to -5V
3. Measure corresponding voltage with the multimeter i.e; Vtotal.
4. Disconnect the voltage source V1 and connect the circuit as per figure 3.2.
5. Switch on the power supply and measure the voltage in the voltmeter i.e; VT1
6. Disconnect the voltage source V2 and connect the circuit as per figure 3.2.
7. Switch on the power supply and measure the voltage in the voltmeter i.e; VT2

OBSERVATIONS:

Vtotal= …………………….. Volts

VT1= …………………….. Volts

VT2= …………………….. Volts

Verify if Vtotal= VT1 +VT2

RESULT: Thus, superposition theorem is verified.

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 EXPERIMENT 3: RECIPROCITY THEOREM

AIM: To verify Reciprocity theorem

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Electrical and electronics trainer kit, patch chords, digital
multimeters

THEORY: The reciprocity theorem states that the current at one point in a circuit due to a
voltage at a second point is the same as the current at the second point due to the same
voltage at the first.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 3.1: Determination of I1

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 Figure 3.2: Determination of I2

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4.1

2. Set the supply voltage to 10V and measure I1
3. Rewire the circuit as per Figure 4.2
4. Set the supply voltage to 10V and measure I2
5. Verify if I1 = I2
6. Repeat steps 1 through 5 for different supply voltage readings

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Supply Voltage (V Volts) I1 (mA) I2 (mA)

RESULT: Hence, Reciprocity theorem is verified

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 EXPERIMENT 4: THEVENIN’S THEOREM

AIM: To verify Thevenin’s theorem

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Electrical and electronics trainer kit, patch chords, digital
multimeters

THEORY: Thevenin’s theorem states that any two terminal network can be replaced by a
network consisting of a voltage source in series with a resistance, called the Thevenin’s voltage
VTH and Thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTH.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 4.1: Determination of Vout1

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Figure 4.2: Determination of VTH

Figure 4.3: Determination of RTH

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 Figure 4.4: Thevenin’s equivalent circuit

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 5.1

2. Set the supply voltage to 10V and measure Vout1
3. Remove the load resistor RL (Figure 5.2) and measure the open circuit voltage across
points A and B. Record this open circuit voltage as Thevenin’s equivalent voltage, V TH.
4. Rewire the circuit as per Figure 5.3 and measure the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance,
RTH.
5. Wire up Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as per Figure 5.4 and measure V out2 across the
load resistor, RL
6. Verify if Vout1=Vout2.

OBSERVATIONS:

Vout1= ……………………… Volts

VTH= ……………………… Volts

RTH= ……………………… Ohms

Vout2= ……………………… Volts

RESULT: Since Vout1= Vout2, Thevenin’s theorem is verified.

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 EXPERIMENT 5: NORTON’S THEOREM

AIM: To determine Norton’s equivalent resistance and short circuit current for Norton’s
equivalent circuit

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Electrical and electronics trainer kit, patch chords, digital
multimeters

THEORY:

Norton’s theorem can be stated as any linear two terminal network can be replaced by a
current source in parallel with resistance.Current equals to the short circuit current of the
network(ISC)when load is replaced by short circuit and resistance equals to the resistance
looking between two terminals (R N)when all sources are replaced by their internal resistance(ie
current source is open circuited and voltage source is short circuited ).

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

fig 5.1: To determine VL1

fig 5.2 To dertermine Isc

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 fig 5.3 To dertermine RN

fig 6.4 To dertermine VL2 using Norton’s Equivalent circuit

PROCEDURE

1. Assemble the circuit as shown in figure 6.1

2. Switch on the power supply and adjust the supply voltage to 10 V and determine V L1
3. Replace load resistor RL by short circuit and determine Isc using ammeter
4. Remove ammeter and power supply and short the terminals of power supply and
measure Norton’s equivalent resistance RN using multimeter
5. Construct Norton’s equivalent circuit using variable current generator ,potentiometer
and load resistor.
a. Set supply voltage to 10V and adjust current generator potentiometer to get the
current through the ammeter as Isc
b. Adjust 10K Potentiometer to the value of RN
c. Connect load resistor RL and determine VL2

OBSERVATIONS

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VL1=………………………………………..

ISC=……………………………………….

RN=………………………………………..

VL2=……………………………………….

RESULT

EXPERIMENT 6: MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM: To verify maximum power transfer theorem

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COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Electrical and electronics trainer kit, patch chords, digital
multimeters

THEORY: Maximum power transfer theorem states that in a linear bilateral network,
maximum power transfer takes place to the output unit when the load matches with the
equivalent internal impedance of the circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure 6.1: Circuit diagram to verify maximum power transfer theorem

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect a digital multimeter in the Ohms mode across the potentiometer RL and
adjust the resistance to 0Ω
2. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 7.1
3. Switch on the power supply and set the supply voltage to 10V
4. Record the current and voltage readings in the observation table below.
5. With the trainer kit turned off, disconnect the 10K potentiometer from the rest of the
circuit and vary its resistance to 1KΩ
6. Repeat steps 2 through 4
7. Record the current and voltage readings for different load resistances as mentioned in
the observation table below
8. Calculate the output power for each load resistor combination

Since the internal impedance of the circuit is 1.5KΩ, it is seen that maximum output power
was obtained when the load resistance was equal to 1.5KΩ.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

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 Output Power Output Power
RL (Ω) I (mA) V (Volts)
P= V2/RL P= I2RL
0

1K

1.5K

3K

RESULT: Maximum power was transferred from the source end to the load end when the load
impedance was equal to the internal impedance of the circuit.

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EXPERIMENT 7: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To conduct open circuit test on single phase transformer to determine its magnetizing
branch parameters

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Single phase transformer (230V/ 200V, 300VA, 50Hz) panel
(EMT 15F), 3-phase dimmer, Integrated AC (1-phase) measurement panel (EMT 20F),
FWD/REV. Star-delta starter panel (EMT-4A).

THEORY: During this test, the transformer is operated on no load condition. The leakage flux
under this condition is said to contribute in the form of leakage inductance and reactance
while the eddy current and hysteresis losses contribute in the form of equivalent core
resistance. The copper loss in the primary winding at no load is negligible. In a well-designed
transformer the no load current is hardly 1-2% of the full load current.

The total input no load current is known as ‘Excitation Current’ which comprises of the ‘in-
phase’ component and the ‘90⁰ lagging’ component.

The in-phase component supplies the real power required for hysteresis and eddy current losses
and hence is referred to as the ‘core loss component’ of the excitation current.

The 90⁰ lagging component supplies the reactive power which is responsible for leakage
reactance. Since the magnitude of the harmonic contents of this component is negligible when
compared to the total current, it is usually neglected. Hence, the equivalent RMS current which
lags the applied voltage by 90⁰ is considered and is known as the ‘magnetizing component’ of
the excitation current.

Figure 7.1: Equivalent circuit for open circuit test

The following parameters can be measured when conducting the No Load test:

a. No load input power, POC

b. No load input current, I1
c. No load input power, VOC I1 cosf= VOC2/RC

From these readings the following parameters can be calculated:

a. RC = VOC2 /POC
b. IRC= VOC/RC

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 c. I2XM= I12 – IRC2
d. XM=VOC/IXM

Knowing XM, LM can also be calculated (XM= 2πf LM). Hence, all the magnetizing branch
parameters of the transformer equivalent circuit can be determined using this test.

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Figure 7.2: Connection diagram for open circuit test on single phase transformer

CONNECTION SEQUENCE:

FROM TO

EMT 16A (3) DIMMER R (I/P)

EMT 16A (5) DIMMER N (I/P)

DIMMER R (O/P) EMT 20 F(7)

DIMMER N (O/P) EMT 20 F(8)

EMT 20F (9) EMT 4A (1)

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 EMT 20F (10) EMT 4A (2)

EMT 4A (4) EMT 15 F (1)

EMT 4A (5) EMT 15F (3)

PROCEDURE:

1. The transformer receives variable AC voltage at its primary through protection panel
EMT 16A dimmer digital meter (EMT 20F). The digital meter indicates voltage,
current power factor, and power readings. Keep SW2 on EMT 16A at AC Motor II
position.
2. Make the connections as per the connection sequence.
3. Adjust the input voltage of the transformer primary to its rated voltage using the
dimmer.
4. Note down the input voltage, current, power, power factor readings in the table below.
The current supplied is mostly magnetizing current and as such is drawn at very low
lagging power factor from the supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

No load RC
IRC IXM
VOC I1 No load Pf power, POC (ohms) XM
(Watts)

200

210

220

CONCLUSION: Hence, by conducting an open circuit test the magnetizing components of the
single phase transformer were determined.

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 EXPERIMENT 8: SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
AIM: To conduct short circuit test on single phase transformer to determine the series
impedance of its equivalent circuit.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Single phase transformer (230V/ 200V, 300VA, 50Hz) panel
(EMT 15F), 3-phase dimmer, Integrated AC (1-phase) measurement panel (EMT 20F),
FWD/REV. Star-delta starter panel (EMT-4A), Dual range AC ammeter panel (EMT 3).

THEORY: The primary current for a transformer ‘ON LOAD’ consists of the excitation current
and the current drawn from the supply to feed the load. The flux produced by this additional
load current also has two components, namely the useful flux and the leakage flux.

Useful flux is used to produce counter emf in primary while leakage flux gives rise to ‘primary
leakage reactance’. Same situation exists for secondary winding. These inductances have to be
considered at full load current because at that current maximum ampere-turns are acting in
the transformer and decides the magnetic saturation level.

The load current being large in magnitude, the loss in the primary and secondary winding
resistances also needs attention. This is known as copper loss. Theoretically, these primary
and secondary parameters can be referred to either side in proportion to square of turns-ratio
of the transformer. Depending upon the side under consideration they should be referred to the
same side and suitably the magnetizing parameters also (R C and XM) also should be converted
to that side.

Figure 8.1: Equivalent circuit for open circuit test

The following parameters can be measured when conducting the On-load test:

a. Short circuit input power, PSC= VSC ISC cosf= ISC2 REQ
b. Short circuit input current, ISC
c. Voltage applied to pass the rated full load current through the primary, V SC

From these readings the following parameters can be calculated:

a. REQ= VSC2 PSC

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 b. ZEQ = VSC/ ISC
c. XEQ2= ZEQ2 – REQ2

This test is performed as a routine test on all transformers manufactured to test the
performance against design data. This test also gives the magnitude of the equivalent series
impedance. Since the secondary is shorted, a small amount of primary input voltage is
sufficient to pass the rated current though the primary and the secondary. As a result, the
power required for this test is also very less. Since copper loss is predominant in this case, the
input power factor is near unity.

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

Figure 8.2: Connection diagram for short circuit test

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CONNECTION SEQUENCE:

FROM TO

EMT 16A (3) DIMMER R (I/P)

EMT 16A (5) DIMMER N (I/P)

DIMMER R (O/P) EMT 20 F(7)

DIMMER N (O/P) EMT 20 F(8)

EMT 20F (9) EMT 3 (1)

EMT 20F (10) EMT 3(2)

EMT 3(5) EMT 4A (1)

EMT 3 (6) EMT 4A (2)

EMT 4A (4) EMT 15 F (1)

EMT 4A (5) EMT 15F (3)

EMT 15 (5) EMT 15 F (3)

PROCEDURE:

1. The transformer receives variable AC voltage at its primary through protection panel
EMT 16A  dimmer  digital meter (EMT 20F). The secondary of the transformer is
short circuited using a patch cord. Keep SW2 on EMT 16A at AC Motor II position.
2. Make connections as per the connection diagram shown in Figure 9.2.
3. Ensure that the dimmer output is kept at zero voltage point. Turn on the AC supply.
4. Gradually increase input voltage using dimmer while continuously observing input
current (1.3 A) so that the rated transformer primary current starts flowing through the
primary. Initially, this current has to be observed on EMT 3 as EMT 20F starts
operating from 9.5V AC.
5. Note down the input current, voltage and power readings in the observation table below.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

ISC VSC PSC REQ ZEQ XEQ2 XEQ

CONCLUSION: Hence, by conducting short circuit test on a single phase transformer the
series impedance components of the equivalent circuit were determined.

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 EXPERIMENT 9: VOLTAGE RATIO TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER

AIM: To perform voltage ratio test on a single-phase transformer.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: 230V/200V, 300VA single phase transformer, three phase

variac, TT Trainer panel structure,

THEORY:

Voltage ratio test

The primary and secondary voltages of a single phase transformer are related to each other
depending upon the number of turns in respective windings. Here rated voltage is applied to
one of the windings and the voltage induced in other winding can be measured. That is,

V1 N1
=
V2 N2

CONNECTION DIAGRAM

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Figure 10.3: Connection diagram for Voltage Ratio test

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CONNECTION SEQUENCE

PRIMARY SIDE

FROM TO

EMT 16(8) DIMMER R (I/P)

EMT 16(7) DIMMER N (I/P)

DIMMER R (O/P) EMT 20 F(7)

DIMMER N (O/P) EMT 20 F(8)

EMT 20 F(9) EMT 4(1)

EMT 20 F(10) EMT 4 (2)

EMT 4(4) EMT 15F(1)

EMT 4(5) EMT 15F(3)

SECONDARY SIDE

FROM TO

EMT 15F(5) EMT 2(9)

EMT 15F(7) EMT 2(11)

PROCEDURE

1. Complete the connection as per the connection sequence mentioned above

2. Keep SW2 on EMT16 at Ac Motor II position
3. Take readings as per the following observation table and ensure the step down voltage
ratio is 200/230=0.87 for various voltages

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 OBSERVATION TABLE

FOR TURNS RATIO TEST

SR NO PRIMARY VOLTAGE SECONDARY VOLTAGE RATIO

1 150

2 200

3 230

RESULT

Performed voltage ratio test on a single-phase transformer

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 EXPERIMENT 10:R-L-C SERIES CIRCUIT

AIM: To observe the characteristics of series R-L-C circuit against frequency

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Electrical and electronics trainer kit,patch chords,digital

multimeter

THEORY: In the series RLC circuit, the AC voltage source, Resistor (R), Inductor (L), and
Capacitor (C) all in series.For drawing the phasor diagram, take current phasor as reference
and draw it on horizontal axis .In case of resistor, both voltage and current are in same phase.
So draw the voltage phasor, VR along same axis or direction as that of current phasor i.e V R is
in phase with I. In inductor, voltage leads current by 90° so draw V l (voltage drop across
inductor) perpendicular to current phasor in leading direction. In case of capacitor, the voltage
lags behind the current by 90° so draw V c (voltage drop across capacitor) perpendicular to
current phasor in downwards direction.

Fig: Series RLC circuit Fig: Phasor diagram of series R-L-C circuit

The equivalent impedance to the series RLC Circuit is given by

Where XC=1/(ωC) in Ω with capacitance C and XL=ωL in Ω , the reactance of inductor with
inductance L. ω=2πf angular frequency in rad/s and f be the frequency in Hertz

At the resonant frequency of the applied voltage V,XL and Xc becomes equal ,total circuit
impedance Z constitutes only resistance.(as XL & Xc cancel out each other).Entire applied
voltage appears across resistance(R) and current through circuit is maximum(I=V/R).This stage
is called as resonance.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Make connections of components on the electrical and electronics trainer

2. Keeping the input voltage at 3Vp-p vary the frequency .
3. Measure and record the voltages across R, L and C.
4. Calculate Frequency of resonance. The frequency of resonance is given by

5. Compare calculated resonant frequency to observed resonant frequency.

6. Determine two values of input frequencies at which VR(proportional to I current)
is at 0.707 of peak VR. Label them as f1 and f2 on the plotted graph

OBSERVATION TABLE

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Input voltage=3V

I/P frequency Hz VR1(V) VL1 VC1

500 Hz

1000 Hz

1.5 KHz

2 KHz

2.2 KHz

2.5 KHz

3 KHz

5 KHz

10 KHz

20 KHz

Resonant frequency (f0)=………………………………….

Bandwidth=f2-f1=…………………………………………….

Quality Factor(Q)=f0/BW=……………………………………

RESULT: Observed the characteristics of series R-L-C circuit against frequency .

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 EXPERIMENT 11:

SERIES PARALLEL R-L-C CIRCUIT

AIM: Observe the characteristics of series parallel R-L-C circuit against frequency

COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Electrical and electronics trainer kit,patch chords,digital

multimeter

THEORY: In the below RLC circuit, Resistor (R) and Inductor (L) are connected in series and
are parallel to the capacitor (C). When a coil connected in parallel to a capacitor ,the circuit is
said to be in electrical resonance when circuit current becomes zero.

Fig: Series parallel RLC circuit Fig: Phasor diagram of Series parallel RLC circuit

Net reactive current =IC-IL SinL

At resonance IC=IL SinL. Hence reactive current is zero (cancel out each other).The current at
resonance is minimum and circuit is called as rejector circuit.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Make connections of components on the electrical and electronics trainer

2. Keeping the input voltage at 3Vp-p vary the frequency .
3. Measure and record the voltages across R.
4. Find out min.point where I (circuit )is at its lowest. Note down this frequency as
observed resonant frequency fo
5. Calculate the frequency of resonance using the equation given below

6. Compare calculated resonant frequency to observed resonant frequency.

7. Determine two values of input frequencies at which impedance drops to
0.707 of peak Z0(maximum value). Label them as f1 and f2 on the plotted graph

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OBSERVATION TABLE

Input voltage=3V

I/P frequency Hz VR1(V) Circuit Current Circuit impedance

Z=Vin/I
I=VR1/R1

500 Hz

1000 Hz

1.5 KHz

2 KHz

2.2 KHz

2.5 KHz

3 KHz

5 KHz

10 KHz

20 KHz

INFERENCE

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