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50

55
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I wi.sh, I'D'-_-X _ ,_-ss my 'lba.tW, '101 Pro 'f. ,M:_e,ga'R ,MolhaR~ _rinci,plam._:~-'ree ~-',-wd.-'---''ika , ,0'"'-Ie"a 0_ ' ',. ._1 If ""I ---, st s_"_-'WL. ~ld DO _ __0 _,,_,-am _,' __ ' _0 __ g,eenn,g fer "--Ie. __ kee - ,Dwre-.e_ r-'b-'o~>,'--'aD_._ c-c ,1l}O___ __ ,_, __ ',___ ,__
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:"',,,,·'Iep" <-,-'-I'~ .-' ~~' ,~_~,,_ di~"".O_-,;<':; '~ :,_: ' __ e b: __'-~ ~" tlken to' CDlmpleC-;'l" icIDi,nUnate a j]-:w errors wbii,c _''w1e -~ prese -,t in I,' :-,~~-rre,'v"ou,sedi,~~I,oniO ',~lica1iCy,a),Bau,oD ,andau;;, ,-~!',IO~_- :101' further im- fovem~eD," olf dI_
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,XVI
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...•. --;b.~llli'ly' o -~,'~In :n' I~j I~:f' ch: nee 'IB r __ "''',~: I: pop '·1 :i'n'len' I, enth cr~n'tury'i'" ':ouo", a',pHc::s' 1010S ,''''-, mu.:y beanehes 0'1 - Science ,1D.d Ea.gin.e.erin"g: and ,t .-'~' extensive 'lIl.p.i'i,lcatiIOt . ,- . C~I-'~I s it an importa -t. branch 10 :Iwd,y~Pro'bSibimi'ty th'~O-~"'1 as a matter of fact, is a '~'m,d,y 101ra idom lo'r u.'op!r- c:II:-.!·,~,:p-,rim~'n,ts and is 'h~,1,:pfu- in rnv'i=::Sl~I'tg,ltinl ,_-Ie :impo,R'·'~I fea -'res, of ,- ese ,nmd,IDm experiments,
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experiment,
eli cubic ice is roll it is 'w'o,,_'-'1' any of' i~J,e:Ifj! possible outcomes 'will, IDC1CU[~ ilcannot be, predi Cted w',-=at xact),:, '£hIe lo'u,lCome bu'l e f -,~ .. ", I~,nit,0" tIl m _'. n~l~u-'~m" r of ele'p)b-I[,o::"na e -'-,~ 'iii eeeived ';0' -. ,a~~' III-Y, , .• 5\·'·!;1DI~-··'~.'n-- 'I'~"D" '.;"'I~,~,I, ~'-~: ;--;.O~:......A . ,. III AI-'-:-'0' !"-r,p'-berof C~L'S, Ii .·'-e~'-:-,~,_.,..1 al I~ ~ i a 8 00 .... . ,:0 .),:- e lDltlSg1B[' W,~I 1'~IDD,ot li~, et eX8C1u'y'.1" , ,Dum, _r p ~ __ i~ in 'lh,e 11. eX'_ S'~nlin,~ ,s:uc:b :silUab,oDs 'we talk o'f'm,e chance ,or ,-,,- ,pmbab.ilj,'l;y ,0:" In e occurrence Ol_-):I particular' o'uleom .'" 'w':-: ich :is,laklen, as a q,DaD.lli ive 'mea'IUN of ,- ' ,t: ~ 1- '-''''h-IODd r-::' rr .., nee 0'1 '-' tb'-' :U-'" ome····: I':
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'·... :p.rodUICI theorem ean l ···,~~x,',en;ded 3 events A". B ,aol'~.C' 35 foJmows; . he tiD ,pi (1\, (11,8 n, C) = ')1 X' ·"·'l"'~ :)(,"'[;1. an:' ,) 'The fOlllowlnJ ,pr-o:pe~-"~es, eas~:,~y ilre dedueed :from the de·.~"~D,o:Dof COI_·:',[:~!on ... ~ :,ob\.bi,lj,ty~ . ,~. - m~'~m~' At n"· •. , Bl ...... -eel A--' Iii l'fA Ie ,8, ' S,. _",_

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Apr., 96) (8) ,----- _. 9,6)1) A

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sfied ...·!L,p.[ :an'm~ A'" A" 2:., ,.".,'11-'0'--;' UI'1!Ij,..! m .' .'~ .-. d- '1_:".~ ~..: ':'0'-' IL,...~" ,~, IIO,IO[il.', i"dl!p!e,ruJell~'~ set of events ,Il ..~,A,z", ~I An :5 sal' l to be ImM'.tua,I'" indeA pe'ndent i": f-Cl events are totall,y'''·: n.'('w'h -0, CORsi,defied, m -_'. sets of 2 3,ti
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.'-,'---: :: exe!':,-,,J", "~'.i>V~i<, (S'I! art - th'"" __',_,U Jj,c_, " "(A'"'_'_ , .=',[.:1 6 _ ,__ ~[,:'''''. : I'! ,_ ",.aJ" --: ',',' ")' - 0" I := :01C' #"",0 - sisten ,',""".. 'Wh",,;::,, -'Y"" IL~. ~ - b b'''''' ~.. f' '" .. , 'i'-bm'" .. ,- ,.,'I ,~, .., ..-, (' - -, .. -'.,I!a .' ,pnlL_'8_m Ily O. an ,lmpOSSm~.C eV,CD IS .Z,er,D"or prove
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I

,45" l.',:.'. and B are independent events, -," d·

Hi,if; ..~ ... ~~-,lILlllIL-.;

P'-'O:"~-

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4"~',::r~l_- til ._:sample S.P 3C:,_-. -ssociared with 't:.•. e p ,rim·-n,~ IOS.,j'D,g 3 coins ' of -~-,,[time and , theevent ' 0'. -,~_." o~ h-,ad, _ __-'-'-m 'tiL:! '1t~;--:--~i' "2,·:' ,.,os..""tl, )I~:"~n th __ a _._ ..... "'..' 'Q,-1Jfn _ _._~_ _", nd lL '-,. .. _ .".' 111U~ ,til rs, co ~'_'. ,]10 __ '~OfT- · .... • pending ~:r-obab.i~i~~,,'.~
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:li;

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odd,

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61 ~,.I·',:-nn,;t~_ '~-~!.' " ,5Iec_ ..'re', and,'- pro:.-es,: s s. If the m,embers of' 'lb.e eommittee are chosen .1, r-an,dom, who is the oro '='~U~' ''',L..~lt~UI"-'.I.~ , " 1:'' ' . 'm'~J~ .~:' '.' I I eturer t:.I1I·-,~ .i' Ulg,_. .g 'o:n" ',,.' .'2' 'T'r' 'we-'' I'Y-'e' 'b=''a'II'-" are'- . 'pleced'" 8'1 '~_.,f:.an-'._,._' om ' in .: '.-~'-;i be_."x·-·e·s- at' I!!:s":- e pro'-"b"a'- br 1""1y ,-' '.," t fd .... 3 :_~ _:' ._'~_.. a ,.h[~~.;- '- <:.,' ,~, '1' ." ".-_.' - ~- '3' b a II'? ... '-- ,I~.:': ~ . t e fl .,.. ..'-. . ,~,<.. . '.,',:',,1, 'a·.n·. d , a~ I" "y:' '2·- le-v - ···tiil:;i' ··11"'..·, , ·.. ··t· m ,~,:- < 'r D... ,+ r,/· ..' l!Jit8:
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f ) ':

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.. n
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is':'~~,_, _~_,,_,~,~_ ~_ have b '.. n UJJCu ~'n'c-~ ,: ,:hi-:bal .'I'~· drswn _"""" '
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'i':, 111:'-'-'1 W, ::Y _~ The ~l~m_~ni --'g (i . -- r'~) __ _c ,'' ?:. n lals in 'whilch the event, -'2 OCCUrsl an be, I'-~.-O .,0. c in :n:. = '''~l~ \'ays~, . . -~, ~ ~2 Th e '''I~ '''h~.-~~ r] lriQ,ISI In W':_,~I.C__ t~ e vent ~. IOCC~ .Sj can, b--e IC.h iosen _e; -'-"] '_r~a~s!in (n ,_ ,rJ}_-~~,i~. .~ and so on. w_ys1 ,·-re<-i r:h,e Iii:' mner ~fwavs I 1r:hi,C'h 'th,e· eve rs I' ;;;; '~Ii-~.~ X' (n ,_ lrl''):~~ X i('I' - r~ _ r,)C".l! X' tl ,x (n _., ~ I ... .!. ". n ~.
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=

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i' [~, i!I!!

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I

:=, pi~r~ .X· p,,.2

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Since the

~l.~'

wjc'h

the e:",_· haneen aile m.ulu8,U".. exel .. nts e

t_,_

, .' ~'ai:J',il;ity ThaJi'~~!I

,...~ ~~ ..,.. ..,,pp.!!i'ij'

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'Exam~I~-Ile EQ::~h of plrJ,oo.bili'fJ t:hal

,I':

11.'0

persons .A.

iQ'f:~,d .BI IfOS

ses

fair.'" coins. .. 'hall' II' ,'he

Siol 'tio~ P(
_I

('d ~, ::'(··'~i·r. iIi -it -:'0 .'.~ cad each or .m h;ld each or 2 he .... each of·:3 breads! each) ~, P{,each ts 0 h.~81d] . ,P(~ac'b gets m h.ead·: + .P (each 'Is, 2 heads) -~~ ,pi!eIC~ gets ,3 heads) (si ·CI'.· tne events aIle m~_t~_aJl" exeh 'S:",:I'~':'!
I

,.(:, gets 0

;:>_::i:._,1

x :: - [:- '-'j,'e" _ 0 ,I~_~~-Il_,) _

+. ~':,ince A, and ,BO:Si'S i,'n,-:. __ pen,~_e\lltm,'.:,)

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I 'i
;0

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i_, II~'1. -) in (m _)~ the required ;pro!brahi]ity ,.....: I + (lq . O~5[,

,:,,'; least ::child in €I r.':';::_'~:I-;il)f~~it>: 2 !,J1.i' at

.=

p_)'~');o

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So~ution

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.

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:=

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it ~,

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:=: .....•..• :=:

I),'oogh

P'l ..... ", P = l..J P

iii;
iii',~ ""ii!'c;i!".."..,\iiiII'..,

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r. ...

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, ,II" ~

T·WO_
I'

'.

completely, ,_"DW' m~J,.y _ :m. --:! m. _'I be dropped to give __ 99rn-: or mor chan __ of C'D ~:~h'te'~y -e d'es'tr,::y~fn,.r - [e ·taq,et1
I .'
!IiJ
[~~~ ~ ~ Ml ~ ~~~'~.m; ~ ~ ~ ~ ii¥~'~'~~-~' iii'

..... i= a~'O%:::h.an.~_ -re :a.- "_"-~'" d''"-. . - r __. -_=,:_ ,rl__,_U·" r -' t '- d C . 't-f'O'Y . ".-ell, h i't ,_~:~ 'e q I._.~,,_ __ i
-

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::. both bal:-~isi re ofthe same clolour) a =: P(bo-; balls an ..rec or bo,__ are 'black) ~: =: P€_bo_ -'. lilre re·d) '-' Pi1bo_- _ ;_= e black) ,lei, .' 2,<--~ .~ - ~'C- - ce' -'. """""'~ ~-""+" ~ ,J :_'2 J~>~l ~~ .Reqr i.1l ~._~~:ro'bi.imit._,,:,~ .·.bDtb are spa,:-leg) + ,':,. l, ~ " '-nih :.:~,- :~,~.llW _~IS)'~ Pl(b' -:,tb
II!!IIII!!IIIII ~

are

hea s) +, P(both
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.-====

= .'

are e sam onds)

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1

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...

r ••••

I':!.

.•

I.UI..::~~

,.
,_"E!I!.II!II

'I

'w""

':',"1. .

"··h·'e1jJ
~ _' .. '.~'

[J

.!!ll,_,

~~I

,J-ilI

1~1l

''I!f-.'[

'-~,

..

d·"

~'I_'

H, 10"

ar 0 m' "utu, . £lil-"Iy"

[b
._,','

'

._-

,,',

._.---

~H

-e

_,'

··.·i

,0. . l~:-'·
".--'.'.

11 'C·,'til.'U''S'I'" v' t31 " ','.:~ ---J.

,_'_ .• __ •• ',

'......
I

p"'(' ' A''

:'.

,n'--::
.

-1
l~

B'" . '_ -) i", . ~

P'('A" )'1 ,'.,' _'

."._'1 ,

_J'

"1'] ~ .. " •. i
.-.~!-_.

·'~·!9·-:',
l ..

_'

_ llii

I".,

) ,= (i ,8') .. ~::A. " .B) :;' 0 + peA, () .8) i.e., 10..6 =: O,~5\t 'bich i w bsu ,..', .o· t"!__ "',mJ'O"'l nUri.'1i .. rd . ence t L -':'·I~I ..~-.__ ., "1'01: - . t· is,S.,,· , ~:I.~,~ inco n' ::1'", . .lliJ~l_ol_~ IUJIJ.,.~-:. _,': :. :.-._ __ P t~~_ny~~v' :s :1:' ~ (A. u '., S I; P (A ~<nt ... .P(.~l .= ,peA n .8) < I
lI.-=~J

I'___

I'_:~

~,l._:._iii

,~._'

__ ... ~_:I

-::_._I

.~_l

'Fd

1_

'<.~

'I

-',

20,.. P(A u 8) =P(!1.) ,+ "-'fB')~,

13 ,+, .... = ........ ,~_'_'. I .~: . .. '_ S:: S2 ,5'2 13

"""""",:.~.I
'-c ..

P',':;':-,.

n B,

~~. ~ ~ ~~1!I'~~'~~H~~

P~€d'd''''ill:~,tyTl1Jmry
@'~ !f,Il';i!l,~~'ji

,- g
.. ~

!l!!'ilW!fl~'~

AI!'''',~ ""

~,~ ~""~,,,~

iiji,1I' ~~

,p@~~,

I! j! iii If j;~'M',Uil'iI'~~~~.j'~~

!!!';.-"""ilhi!l';01";jI'~~~,~',.!I',i!I'."E,;!I·~""~

~'''';I!!

.i!'''''',<I!!~;!! !!!"i!! !i!r'li!!'!!!'~',1!'"~'~

1i!Il"'~4i' ..

,;;;~~.

'~\ii}.

'#j\fj''''''iNI>~~

"', p" i~ .. '"'I' ' ' r: \.'

n,.······,' '=

Si)'

'~3":"i," " '~9'" ....... ~5;'"

.. ~l .. ,;' . _: .

2,.

4,

'-

~4 == ~". 5'·..·' .
'" '.:-' .'

.-.

(A f"IB) ;::;li ~

pi ruB)

22.

P'C~;. .

= ,I -- [.P(A':" _~ P'(B') ,_,pi (A n ';',1 .. = I~ F:i,~': ,+, O,~7_, I':,~:,q'=

U
__ t

B) = I - ..·,A ·
.).

-"

r'.

,0 1""',

",- - '' '.: ..

,_':

,,".(':'

:,~: ,) ........

'

nil) p ,'', u ,','.' .. ~)"

'I~" '. _,,~"':.'.

,23~ ',<,,'0 25~

,~,'." ,:_-,:,_"1::"';'/:'

en ,:" ,'_nd ,:,.~i are mutu Jt"".":-J'U·;~',,, _

'

·
".,~

'511""1, ,J~.

~~~"""""'=~,

:3.5:~, Required p '-J)~''''i,~it:::,,:= ,P:1.

and ,2 from lID
,'!r

~f1om ill dice

m,

a'~T_1 ,.,'

dlc

0 ';:,

3 fro:m Land

f~~lDm ,) I

~ _!_
~',-:

X
'

ffi_ , .l. X .l. 6 .... 6

1 1

_!_ x .l. ~ I
6"':
,6
L

,~2
\ .

3fi. Reouired ',mi--,abi'l,·..' =

~ ~

m '~'

P (th_ p-:r--o'b ,e:--_is 'niol soh led)

. .

] 'I. := I-,=,x. ~,=,~ 7 ",

3:
..
_.

i !!Ill

I x ,~ '., ~,5 ,."'(,A

u' :j'[ 5
112i ,lL OJ

'-~ "CI«','"

'-

,,:B)

- p[,(~' n ':"])

'~, !IL_

·-··r.·.,o···· .
~"'!.1 .'.'

ue v u,e··· •.

--'1 - ,--.
i

, )"

"

',r:

tJha'- >['" 'i) := fJi-' 'lb.=:1 Pi :~.:51 'alled. 'd1=pr-obtibi'lf,,_,. jUnc.tL1o' ._,Olr ,plmbabl,illi::,-:- ,mall fgnc:ti:on OJ,' ,point: c probabli,";,t}'I,/Hnc'i",j'oll1;; provided PI: I,'i' == ~ jl 2,-!],1 : '<Iatis' ,,~"ith,le [olllowi.D"g· condl~<:ons:: ill pljt '>, 0 'for [1]1 i, BO,d

If""

",y ,'",:"'c

-~I

I",'

t-Le ,t e values

:1111',,'

li"l

ii,

~~;UC:

'i';o

~".'

,,;

(i'i

',-I
..110"i' ~I... '
I •.,

_".'1'
•

I!!!I

.r I
-t'., ....

P2
~

.. .. ,.
i1 ,

n~U';R'

i[ ~

1-:

,I

'v',

,-

iO

an

If' ,X is ,I IC:D.u~n-_·-IDUSi:R·_.- such -lb,'_.:1

.. ,,,. 2 d --,~.'v' < ,-+ 2 d --" -,,4 ~... . -...
,1

{'I~'...... '~
.

Y'

.!.

''i1''''

.. -';' , ,-n-I
_. J •• I

1('"
!,_
•

~'.,

'I~ .'
..
..,~

I~:'
~

',

e"

':_1

'.··h·,·..

h
"J

p'~-I'~'.
,"1_,1,,'"

pro -.. '.ed ,-(.-.. l~·

I,)'
• '. [.'

:li!Ii~~ i.,' glL .

~I ;' ..

tt:'h-,
Ilk:.

:0.11' I .. JIL.,

'!I;IJ~I"
!'rI',

I
J _
:...,'

~\O.·,-"'d:~1~"'lI~l"rn~" '.. .U _~
i'•• _
I

(i :.'f"-'---)
iii rliJ'

,)t,

1',1"

I
,I',
~:'

fc r 11.11 _-_ E: R, . ,';~nl~.

I

f(xdx~

M-(,.·,· ,-I:_:r, P'IU

... !_l~"'J··; .. ,_

s: X:S:
b'
,

b,··•• or Pta < x' ,C ,6 i" d

1 )
!II]

"-c P'_- -c ...... b~')""'..... J-)

I

fe, .... ' :_.

I,' ".

.•.•

'J

" .'., + '''''''~' .'.

>'"rII
I '.' ~,

1.
_

I_....,.; iOO!'~
'.1 ,

'.-,.'_'-. ;~_.,
.......

I~

~I !ii,
;i!'iil! ......

,.,j!.ri!!.oi!i

ii'oIliii"Ii!' .... ,i!I'Oi!'. oi!i ili'if.

,;j,i'';;;''''~.jl,'~

'1

...J jJ"~ . w'h~,.. II !C~11a._-'"e ".feJielct!'-'e~',_.,1',Ie, 'I~';r Qillt!i chosen IQ:" mndom: ,I",''X's the namher Q:',~lde.fi~'lc"tf'leJ,fOIU'ld~, i o,bl,ai'l, tit. plrob\~~'~litlli'-;'~1 dis'I~~,.:ibl,I"n!OJI ~f - 'H 1I.!f!lft tllie items are chosen (i) ;-.,i',th'OI~llt' replacemem Q, Ilii)1 l·ri1::111 X

EXilml~.,e1

~:

,c_-,Ji'-O';l~' a ,'1:011:' COlntall"~,"ng ,'~ Ilt:'llJ~

I~ I.

...

",

2~'

,jl

'i""

10J

~.f'

OJ

lacement .. So IUlt':'Olln Since onh -,,~-iilJJ,~ ms are chosen, X cen take tl 'U-':, I,:~ I. 2, - and, 4~ be '1,'-: '11'':_ : 10Dr'- ," _,', ins .',e,'l~ti ,~,eitems. c u't repla .:em-'nt,[ we can assume thatall Ithe 4 i
,IIC'
'~'I' 'I

1'

.,

iii Ii Ii

,::;.)I=,'~I,I,'jng r

i~

i,ec'(VI: it~'-'-I:

== .·,c:ho.o:~,~'-- rd .fective la:nd,,4 ~ g

,5 C~ x 2 of
."

I')

,11_'

d items

IC4,....r
41,

(1"- II. I. ...

4)
._

'il111i"li, q.lIJll

I '""~ l

'.,.' henthe items larl::'chosen ~:.ih replacement; /Ie note 'thalt 'the :pr--olba;b:],~.ty i item ".-::;10-111 defective remains th -"',~lIlm-;;':'Beaeh d'ra ".' in b'- ~:lIW
... ,,' ~
1Il,._ .._. ~~
J.~'

~,!IJ.II

__,,_._

g~_,

._~,1Ij

g._ '_"'_ _'__. : .

l~1

", m~Ie;
I· .
l

I!I"

-L .. '. -

'P'__ '
•. I
• ,'. "

P ~:,.,...::....... .; ,~,!cl :; ,........, f1 ~ and ." 5;i 2'1

! .:

ill,

,4,

iiiiiiiii, .',

of . ..., ..... ., ,_ Pi', , '_'y"'I_ 4'..':. r '..............- ---' '.

I'

(lli)·····'(/I.:,..)...4=.,. ·.·
'........

.._ '_',.'_ ,5'

IlliF'

= I'. -.
".1

'~I;-I"
I~
l~ iii] I~ •

,4·~,'1

',-

[i.'lll.

if" -" \ "00' III

,I.,

'.

e '~~e.<~ _DC'
=P choosing
I

10"

I. and :2,~

.,_~c;'tly' IF' de,fe,ct;i,'v . sets)

J~id'-::: ,

':c'-'i,"","If;and rJ '...... gl,.""'-.,., .... __ ,.....

"I

·····~Ci '_

...... ......

r
I'I.,~,]

ne

re ui:-~ prol \8 bil :i'.Y' is lri,blut~,

! ~ .' -

I ..:

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~I

liiiill

A- '~:.I_I variabl~'_I_ X;:-" ' M'~-'~'r._ '; __ ~ _' al "--n~.·"vj."t.::h_':.', probabilities.1 - _ V'u;r,l",~ nlg"> I( J 'T' ,~iX)~ 1 - .~~y._:'",,1 + ,2' _"~(:and If J -.,-,- ""-~,F;'~'-I:, 'h~,'c!c:'nl~l:'il ,0:'1 '~ I:' Ih _It thes. values represent t'll, ,p'ro'ba'~i"!i";,'",fu-,nii~,ti:-,N0/ X',? Solution ,P(.X'::; ,X'~) : - ,P"II : -1: ,3~; ,"P',~' : II. -,,")/4'; PJ := (,'I +, ;=-~-)/4; p:, ';;; I( 1. ,~, ,"_,x~_· I the t 'mvicn nrobabilities represent .. ~r~~Jb'_-'~ility' function each pi" '~ 101 and a
_lll'~I_~ ,i E-x'~lm' l-e'::Ii
I ,-:'.
."~i

'"

-lI"j

---

='.~

,n

,('1--

/: ,

... g _.iII.,.i.i-.:IJ:', . ., N!;~

I'. ~ -

_.

,1 __

In, this problem, Pl,_ + PI,'2, ,+ ",~/l ,+ P,- = I, , for aD,:Y ,X~, BU'I "I] tJ! 01 if ,_,~ ,~ ml--,'~, ,PI,l~: O'~:i'f':',' :~ 'm :~', pI,] ~: 10 if ,.'~ -ll~I, and ,P,_ ~-'" ~ >, '-.:s It:~ "h''. .':r, -"If -:"i " =-: _ th -: ..','."': ],U.' ~, .llli "-/' ~ ~ 11"',/-'." ,ran'i _ _, ,~:X
1
1 "

if

I,

''II'
..

I,,', ,1,"'-,

"

',-'1

';'~

'Il

and cumula "i've di"tlribl,Mi:o'n: _.'~It, ~,··.',·'n ,if ISIO'lult,iJonl Let ,P(X:: 3) = 3,0,~~~~ ~2P{,X'_, I) :_ ,30 K-. P(X';;; I'.•. ~5··.'K·""·· Since ' ;~
-'!I

"

",

[-_..

. til

S';I'm_ I~

_'

_lI

ilarly , .,~,~:2)' , ' A.

'~lll~ _'
,1.-1

Since

,pl~ 1, ',S',K +, mOIK' ,+ ,_···.·O".·,'+"-,i~~'= l. .·

.'

'1 ..

[~l

:"

,I..

'_'/ ,'!']jlll-__'d,-I ,' U!_J.

'_'

,·1(··,_.'_': :_ •.' ','

.'_ .,I

:::::

,I{.:,K··") U
,,_,,!!!!

..
I

- .ne p,(!':b(~_,bil[~' Idi.,'~:bu'tiio'n,,'~~ jl': ,x

~.

e,n in the followins 'tu,bllc::

J
] 6

'2
,~I

p'. ~

.............. '

10

1f;11

6, E

/[

161

The edf ,FC-TI is defined as ~. ,x)

AI,~,:1I"~il-' U!Ii, U ,IIJ __

fo 'I]' 'd:'- 0-' 1_ ", ':"~h,I-!:n.:~. < 1. Fix ~ 101

,j>]~IO'''-IlI' ,i,· III. '_ , II,
I,

I,ll,_:_:, _

I.j_ .. _,,--

'0-

._

~re, g~

fo ~,1Jl _ . .:.'~,'~ JJ.::.' 1'0""'.'.

ill!!,

= ,X

S x),~ ,A,ccorllin.gJy' the cdf

for th:_1 above

..... 1)5 ,~ .. ,...., - ':1

-::-': he ·",I,·n.···
2-:' ~X'-~I, .. ''''l 'C: '<

F"',- ')"_, p·'''X',.I,II,......, , .,/,.~

II )'" '~"..

..

+' p'!lX'" -,
Ii .. '

1./"

...... , ..

'2:-::-)',_
,

'......

2S1
16],

.-'x;lim'p'IIIE!:
." Jli!

,5_)_,~:-alntJom!
_, 2-'
0:11 :

,--,~

variable ,X'has' IF~le 'l'olll'owi'~llfjnro'!"Qb,iili;/ ~',~' !dist.riblulf,·io,H r

.......1' ).,
I(J'
I. '.,'.,

,1-

[JltJ

[~

1_/

2'

-.1

3·~., .

,pf~_~),,!il

2 ,:'"

O~ ~.

~7

:~;D

(a) .'-,i:~ -, K, (b) ,E~I-Q'~lla,'e'::' -c 2) "'Id Pl-,2' <, ,',: -c ":,.J,'C'Jfind p (d) evoh« ve rl1 ~ mtut IJ/ ':~,~ Solutio'_-J:j CI" S ,'-lx):: ~ 61K' + O~6=, I '.
i~
: i.'_' • I ; -:-:

the . :~""""':,":,fi~d ' I,B: -.~ ,~ ,Apri' 96)

.iiiiiiiiiiiiii

'_

i5
,

~ ~ ~

.......

....... ,

'~

_.

:l/ru

'I

'11m 5
,

liS

:2/151

2 3,1m
,

,-

.,

liS
,

1--."

(! ~, .~'

c~):' '~('~),' "J["

= "" '\,.1.1-, n ' ~'c:'...... '2

., ,.
r

1 'W leI] = ~ ~ ..
10
~
.
(

,~'I

<: X <
,~

1
=,

11

•
1l,t'
t~L_:

l_
~

'j
~

'_""""""'I

II.: ..t.I.lIJ·~

"n,

~ I.

,..#'

=== _'" . 'c' ',,'_ ~._.: -._',: . ...

'

,I"

I"
. ~.. I_:

'~

,"

II

'1

,: ,_ ,:f '"vhen .]- ....;.,-c ..... ",.'",~-,"',",'.._;,---' I

. ' 1:~

I "_

-_'. <"'~-' "'_..

I

Ii

:.

'.

'"

Iii]

tol
;jf~'~"'\iI ..

Proi»J,bility, S'IR:t~:sfi·.'R lid R~n1'dM1'.P,m: =~.~

"''F~'!§~ ~.~~ O!';,hi.HI'·;i!!\!!!';;O
iII!'!!!,~" ••

;!ji~.t "''' iii' oii~ .... .;i~~"'.~

,r.~~i.~iI!

.. '.·-~

.. '"""" ~,j~~,

~~~~

~...,~i,#,

-~

~"~4J~~_

"

-m . '..,','P(-X :

~ ,J'~:'. .........-~'. '" ~."j

1,,--)
- "',

Th :m! ···n '0., .,,' i defined as ,·'-".i:'X) __:

r..
-j

I
j == 1

JP!~' (reli.r

10

Cl I,-pl",-",

'.

'.

I'

.......

1.

'!l'lI ~h"
:~ ..

··e·
:'!J"'"

..

r.;,

r(·x" ·2).·.. ;~;

'; -

j ,~ " J·:2...· j == C'.

'~'

. b-" "rr '.' ~ W ",.,e t,1 '-',

[.[ .,j
.

:=

if]

(1.;:1', 2~~!· +_',.4a2

+i~'~"0) ~ Q' I + ":l~' 3·,,2 [+ 0 - . -,J .... . ;;;a X 2 ['.I. - al -. a x (I ~ ,~)' ... [.n'
" .U'

~~,_DO)

" ·'~;··'~e.·J:
~ ' .. r

-(±r ..(~r (+f +

I
.........

+, ... ~

3 4 ,":,,;:',~ 5)
=:

,P'(", ='

or

,;#,/ :::

I,,: (,1",'

.' :~-:

7 o.r,
t' ,,~,

~: ,P(, "." ~-;~",),.~.. PC ~-~.-- 6)1'"

~

'f

::::: p[[',':: .
I "..

"

"',
...,

'~,'
.

,fJ~;~i" r-,.~.

;:-

1(. -

'.'

....
Ii ~ lil

00

} Jt (
2,.
'~

+ (···1_

~I

:1- ~

!XI

Examp'.e l' .':" random X ~ 0

81
m -,~

~, =:

~
=---.'

''If'ri''lb',le ,.,~~. I~Gl.'~ ';h!eJ("ltJ~~'in',g,p~··'·lbtfbil,i(;\' id!Ij,:~.tri,b"tlon!;

P:Jt): 0 tc .~·~i'j~:' tbe value (~,(_~f '~iJIp[( I. j [i : fi,·:,··,-I,··~',I JI.·I··~P ..,).:. ,<"J, '~ 1',/2'~•···· ..i.H.J:' ~~1' ( A", ~ IS:··lolu··'~'nn· .... p,~'. ~~l ~ . .: ' . ' ,.... J.' ,~.'._.I. - .~~ ..
. ',_' _ .. 1. _.,

"

',. 2_."

~'
.31(

7'

K); "',',~,~,5.,: ~':> 2, and (,'il) _,t, . <

7 ,,':! + .K

s'~"'.acll',;sr ,:,,-~tt~ q_ I

til,.

_.

I.!I!.

rJi

!I.'~

~I~l
'! ',•.

..

If 2
1 ',' '.

. ",

',,'~

i.. ·
...
Iii ii,

1[', '-

m)

+ .',):~:'.
" ..•. ,_ =:
.

'~
ii1'

"

liII'" !I!

~ .. .. +.

('::

Tb e valu ~K -: ~ I mak •••. ; :0.

,_"".: '"alu,,~s uf

p(~[J','~gati ~~~. hi •.11h, is meanim e ~

'~I'

I
~:"I
IW
I • .'

I,ll

"1'
• i

P""'(''-;')
l _.'

10";' '.'
'.

:1

l-.r.
..

1i
,
~,' Ii',

~1
.

'0

,
,

..

.. :

I!I!,."

'

!,,,i,)

>( I.~:S < ,X' < 4,~5I X>,,)

,= P(AJB)~ ,',ay'

p(,',n,B)
I~

.;~I

P (8')

'7
..
~'

.. , '" "" I
,

t',
I

i~ __

~ "~ :<", J.~.:~ . ,," " ~

""rX",/

I~_~.

'" ,)", ,.......,1'--:./1' P,"(" / '0"'"

',' l

I'

"

....

',

<:
I

' I,!:"~pi:Jr'),...
I
'I

','_'

_.:

....

~fll2 .......,',' 'I" It! ~ "l

""b"

"'v ,,5, ", ",~,.i-"·o'-u'-'I' ..'~,"pI,,' :,'-)'"=,--,--" ,/'

_ __ _

,:0='

":'1
I,'
:

-I.

,,'

_.

'"Hi

lIi1li~:hQ:t,j"
.. i~',iIi

.l" > 0'" ~ ",

_.

--

~,

~i

','",

,:",_,':,'",':,",

, _,

,',

':

,',,':

,'_'

"

,_,;lJ:/~:':' ,.,:,_',,:: J,"I' _

,'-'

" :,'r.,U,

~ ID,
, ,

:,") ,=,"'I~:i -=

"

in

ptt" is

II me,gi'liDlal~' pdf

of a ,R',':

x~

i!!I' if!< '!I!'

and

'" " F(,W)I ~:

,.,A
"

"

J
',' I

x..

,va:
A,~·

,,~~t'/'2,'

,, '~_'~,~ 1~ lIJt

'L:I E:. -

, '~cx

.. :2"

" _: ,- :,-,I

-,

,--

" w',:,'h[~nl. > ,"',.. . ~. II.~~I

--

.•

II~

0,

·~I.:-.·I

........ '

_:"'~

~' 0.

,",
I

p~.n!~-'~~]i~hl~

"UUII.llJltf:~~ll~:J..
;jii' ..... ~'"" .. ~~~~~.'""

S-<Ii$a,ii,~', ,~p~
1!~'j~'Ii~
.iI:~~

'~~'i~

U"'!lIi~~1

jj-~'I-Ijlu~'[f'~:
iii",'

~~:I;I,~n'l!~'~
j!j;l; ~,~

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