_fl.

A~<; l~I ( ATID t'\l O f: --S O LI bs

Based an I ·I) Co rx:[Link] h tnty

(or)

Enc 'CJ'! ~a.p

~ Cova~[Link]- bond ·.
.s,obd~ 1r>t-o three tl/PCI ·
fr:arioq bond bt w 1-

I· T [Link].!.
eie.c. b o ru
2.. . Scm1-cordu.d:o~
FtmlLlJ the ma..-1 0 m-tcnhao 11 t-o qd
J · Coocluc I-on.
rn A · Tht l-nt-ol gubJ elf: ~ De

Coodl).d-io" ; _ C· B·
Bo rcJ . e. ~
I FE ~
J
J
o V· B Tern f'

.Tnsu [Link]~-t Dl'elnbics ·

C· B
1/\Jheo un 'e r~ ra'td i-o be ,n V ·B 1
Ee ~c
+-0 1 bid de f),
. ' {

It an
@-.,.
e
[Link] r mo<~ orbrlc

tr- ~QW
j
V
1
t.-1 cu'. .
E \J .L--- - -1

V ·B
Ev •

15 H) V· 8 1'\J he() U tv'h n · enerqy I e ,, d

{-o be \ n ou..l-cr-moi t- orb1 ~ [Link].r the. 61- C·B e [Link] le [Link]'I Of- V·B 4

I 2ntlu.e I'\( e [Link] ·

CY : l-'\lhe.o a.n e: P scud h:> be m C· B ?
Q : V\l bc.d· ctn eV ,
VY>OV e5 t reely v-Jt th oul any
One d ec h on 0\- •E.q . ,
H>tlu ence L~ .r.u._i_d to be tn C· 8 · '

0. · F-or61dden ener~y r::0-nd ·.

·Their l,.,)tl\ be no e. . -.t- To move ctn e +rom v · l3 m c- 13
Q · Ho i"\.I v0e ·ca n mo.v e -e t,..-o-m V · B t 0 (~q,.wred ·bell dl-- e.ner9v . ~ ~

. \
Co ()duc+1·v i-i..''J' Abst>Luk , ' \:·. K'b
;..,, 'tnn V· to\ i<J h
0- ' Ztr~ ( o• ~) 'Tef'llP(ZTc) .~mp:
• , • t . 7 300 c.
,, •::" ··. ·0 ' , . '• ·, :.- , , . <9 , • · ,~me :
bl' [Link] ef1rn 1 ncti l.• • '\ . • .., " • .,. r
l' - "' "' 'ri ~

0v- [Link] t[.I.{ . The.() ·. 1t UH) t • •. , ·ir~-:• ~~(

·t• ...'.· .~'J• /·:: . ·.
 Ax Ver~ h,~h ~t rnpactlure ill C1roui ttlm rnB

T1' - . cr 1' FO( !'1 ' Hner4v ~llP 11 / •2..I e\J l

____._ '
p~ l R~ li.s tiv1kf) ' Ge' enl rCJ~ r&aP r! o·7gsl Vj
---;.
R j, t [Link] .) Ab!.olull'. re ro
It) H.U [Link] .1. -[Link] - ve -ltm CD t ff- •ll JI

" L • I r, i'\:!, oLlt mo 1l-,

~/ C1 roLLP e1e. me. nt ·
N° err l - ~~ cs
==- No~ n 1·n V·B
O(bd rh d r cw 4 [Link] [Link],v
I

I ""t-om1t no .
- No err co w [Link] borrli brak e·

8e.J \:- im\ll"''.or

.....r
, ( LoN
· C. OJt mo, c d.I e. IeL rLr 'i c ' 6e/6cmcrn1u.m '
1

r)(ltU,{') . .
S 1h'co11 D10x1de ( .5ctnd)
..,

. \'

Ee. } E ~ E. c - E v '
lhe ericr~y gCLp tl tne. i U ~1> ot-

r--- - - + E v G ·, +em1)[Link] aw Li gtve.n by

I• Y·B \ lEGi = I eV
- -- 1=6 = (1 -11 - 3·bXlo- 4 TJe v - s
AY) ~ c:lul-t I ~Otm) Htq~ k mp
ze r_o ( 0°k. ) [Link] (1.7° c) >3 oo·c = [ D-1~ 5 - 2.:.. 2..3 X I D~4 I.] e. 'I -
Lo nd.u.thv1t9 · io me e Moree 1.....chue T - Temp
0- )
-[Link]
rnow v8-1U3 move VB~B
Q· ~
nd t-he f:01 b1Jda1 e. rit.r9 9 ~a.p
.5 [Link] c9n:l,wlo fi cul- I\ te mndct±or..i ad- tor Si ' [Link] ' 6 c at roo rn h.,np ~ I

QP.'ibl.u!-e z ero (_ 1L '/ 0 °K) j5'"c 1

·Tt -'.l- rj- 1'
Sol : ct, ::. ( I · 2 1 -(3 · {, XI D 4 )(
pt
=- \ · 2.
R1
:lt _$[Link]-or hCLv t - ve Te mp [Link]-•
)]
t .Ln pl.O. re Dr mhtnJll ~ emi COl'lc!u..u:oYJ -::-

no v, elutt'i:ros
n<1- in c·6 :::. nu C1\- ho(e..J Ab~olute RoOto)
m \f·B
C: B
' . zero (D ~k, Tem.p
1

$' '
~
T = .3oo" K 1 :: .3 O&. k
......
-- 'I

~ ,6 \ . jo2. ev 1-oq el) • I

0
0
0 • 11g ev 0•1 13 ev I •
I
 !here 1~ oo cOl'lH pr ct hot~ 111 md·als
cu l=nlre u no Forbidclel) enucf,I qa.p ~

f ~ ;::-() '
Ruomb1 ncdi"o o : hi hw e- tcill.t -,.,orn
h14he1 erx:.rg9 level to lol,,\Xr enerv y /eve. I·

1e ·1 c orxtLU\io n Bernd , to \ / · B · ,
Due ro
coll'lJtOD ) fhdr Wll/ be
enug~ lo.r,s I thtn duho1? ta..11 t·B -,i V:B !
Nore. ·. Fuw
-
V\..lheo ~rl IJ. robm tim~ ' :
r I

the e r()tJVl' -rrom / B tu v · 13 1 t-he. i<

I

wt\ I be -no tlovv or-- c..[Link]··. l .s!u_m: oj

--rh en rhd r i.s . no [Link] h 'ofJ : .
. '
D 0Ly a+ta a [Link] of- ~ la.t-r'iL- 1\dd
o [Link] v.:i11:£ ec1~h ofur' ·
. I only e '1 [Link]\J .ll) wrm cl, rafLOn r co~duch()
~ Jn m t\-01 / me ent1CJY ta\:.n : plCll.t.
co [Link].1-r-or1 , .l. o

ttVl-~ 1n \/ · l3 are hav1ns sarne enaqy Drttt: Appty1n4 rn:n,,_._ --Pol-h~[Link] or

-.: (Ll thctl- ct- co ([Link] bard. Eltc~r ic Ft'ttcJ the.{'\ all the I I '
e
~
wttl Dl

-~ oWfr Roof'() Ht~h enu c_pz.e.d '· The.n ' dedron

'
_h')_ove V1Jl rh
tf 0 Tel'Ylp Ttmp h~hu . ~ u [Link]'t+ y .
Lo·~) ( u·c ( So ·C)
;
wt tO thts , e [Link] V\) i th each otha . 1
;
.t'
u
✓ f e'.5 t es i) Nbe0 e~ colt lde , thot ~ill be ene.r9y'
j
-.:i Col I i.s t'on b/1AJ lo.s.s
C
v
0 e -; riacruc.s 1J)There. \1-JLll be [Link] H) v~LocLtij , 'I

'i"il) tfit [Link]:.on ot e. pctHi wi t) bt c_h~J

(_} )[O Y\'X)d r e t-em
1

All thee~ 1N·1ll move. Nlti:l [Link]

Tt -::, CJ 'I"
p i d tree.h on with .w me 1. ueloc. t ~ · Thu
R i v e..[Link] ty LS [Link] Vvl'.l as J) ntf- vd o~Lty
/\leq-t+t11e Temp · coqt

&___w_'f-_J : ~ ~ .'
I '\J ~ ~ El
T t ---- CT 4,
t\\hcre µ =e tc.q)od-wh:J,~
p 1'
{D()J tdri/-
. R. 1'
p r '
DJttiv e t c. mp-- c.o ett·
;= mob·111ty ot e
b
 I
•'•. I I
M
-
--
" ney = ri o Of- - ve cha.~~
E
I \ 1 I I [Link] ,-t- [Link] tum e -
= rn(.s - lurnl hu r~( drn~Hy

--- - -
Lln1 h l µ) = ~
V/m

V - su
,· I
-= \/o

= [ f Vo lurr,J '
c

1
' , ;

Dr t-ft LLlffU)l- denithj :

Jt LI d~tlntd cu Dr,f t- [Link]- per u.r)1t--
' (I • ,
~econd exprrntor:> -,o, prtft [Link] dmr'
p-re.o. -
:rd iitt =: .I. ch'i-f t
A
' N ' eltd·toni

~ -L

E -;:c applied E le lhL.c tir..ld -:1 t hly

r()ovt Nili) ·e lett11c utloohf '\J h oles

Hole..s
'-' :- Dntl--- vdoctty le)
'1 =.H_ p : : __
riD .rl... __
.,.- hck
T ~ i=Ei.1:..t · m- tlny tu.k~ePJ be., e V LU)[--{; [Link]-ic
to rno11e trom bne HLl t l-v orhe,-
rncu~ ..I,

li = ~ ~ (D
mobd1 kJ ~ n 1
T
r clrt-fl- = _Q_ 1 Hp < H?J
T
T"o ~al I cl rttl =~
T
P ~ NrJ
( ·: t ro rn CD]
V To-to.l con&ut~Vt½i c:, = 0-n + ITp

f cl itf--l == N q,, 'IJ [ Tdr,fl- = er -~ =-'J, ( nt"n + pi4p)£)

L
N V- or t nt-r [Link]:c .CUYlt 1c0 ndu.tlar1
~
-
[ I) ==P == Y)u
- -_n
[ .:::.~_d_n_J-1:__ ~- &'!] nthue n i ~ mtrtnsLr corxe~
'flO ( €)
httt - - -- :;:. Elec hon dermty l01 ) thtnr-~~-:::=--=-~----:---
::rd 11ft :::- 'rl i. q, ( ., Hnt- , ftp ) t
un,t [Link] .L- , - )
{. 0 r,u.f}i-rtUWn t e
1-'\lbit h d tl')o~cd b~ ' nr Tdi~l = Pv0~ ( Un +1-1~ -5_ / ,
 cro1! J dtto() so ~m ~ LO ('J,l'n· ~ 4t
co rcLuct-o, hcu a Joo O
IC r -Odum,·nt -the duhic t r~la
[Link] wlto at- -q o o x 10 6 m-' . A curn:nr t n {e. nnfy ,n the bctr [Link] th<: [Link]
at r:; mA 'Pro cLu t ~s ~ v o l \ aqc J ,op ar- C.{ ( t O.U • he ba r ) 1,vnc b d J r(Cl&/

t OU m~V •acrm~ thl'. llnqth I cfr ,m;ne c.u. , rt o+ 01- l mA t ..1 mt'c.L!Ure d To..ke

, ·30 \ D ~ Jl c rn room t mpaa::k

-
Sol,
-
,Sol·.
SOt,.PP X. I D µ rn

'.
\

L
::; 300°k
=- 7 0 10 "i.
= 3 X l• - .3 crn
::
A == S- 0 X I D- bX I O Y l D l,
\J d,op = 11,;o m\/ 500 X I 0- 1 2 t ro
. - l-

= SOC 1..( -.S.

=- s uo x ,o- 4 m 1 / ,, _ ~
r = l. µ. A
a j }

= V = ?. p = 2.. • 30 )( 10 5 J"L-C ¥'()

=- .2. • 30 10~.n- m-
V CPL
::
I ·
::r- = er E ~ 7.f'
R ;: l UO
= z.o .n. r
.;
p = R-A =T ·P
i..o
=
L ..,, 01) ll) (, l'Y) - ) 1· X l D-C,
( Z · 30 Yl 0 3
_,
er ::-
- I
P ·
100 l() E,

-
SOU XI b- \2.

. er
3S XlOO
21.J

(n__ t V
- 9 · 2.. X 1.D6 V Im

tr- ":"
f) q,~f')
'f)
E ·L
..'. 0--
:: 9 · 2. X I o t, X .3 XI 0- .3
q, !--ff')
V ::: 2."".f • ~ X ID 3 V
= 3S X. ID r, ( Sl-m)-1
I
( 1.- 602.1.\0- 1'-I) l'o·o'S) 0 t='1r>cl tht ,t<isttlirh,-t · m-- inf-rote jll i w,;
__.::::_ ~ ·3; x;rrr t jm~ oJ- 300 ° k. • Jnrrcmi C CO!'X'enha.l-t..on
I
OJ-:

I
j. m. A l
-.SlH~ O't- ,r,tronic i1!iror, bar u
~hior:>ctl -'Oo·k u l•S'x,0
.
10 /i:rn.a .

.a~•. .,,~fl; 4 _1'a hru 1 d •~rc ~at-:q~

!
Hn ~ l300 cm7.. / V-.s , [Link] 1-=-· soo crni/v -.s
 ' • I
l. . =- ._;L. ·r:r . A.
r
I '

f = v .== n~ ry '( )-1 n + µp) . - lt

- - ----r ll, ) ( I· & ozXID ).,
= ( 1-s; XlD ~
= :----- ~- I - - -----:-:--:---:-:'~ ;::= q)
-17{71 [ 13 0 D + 5 0oJ1 Xl o-.q.. r-.,
( \ . S- X ID Lo) ( 13 DO + 5 O O ) ( I· bOl X l O
(· (:· m betore p b •Pnlt• M~J -l-
, \ · S-x . lo> X1 · 6()2.. X ID- 7
I -
. ·er = ~\i. -tqJ
·I 16) l 1· b-02- ;x.i D
==- (l·S- X\D

( 0 · 13 ¾ D . D.S )

0- ==- 4 •3 2. )l I l) - 4 l
r · ;-i.:. 1
S2.. ·YYl,,

f\i. ::::. 2 ·S x tD t3 /crrf1-

q ; 4 ·3 '.l-
1
X tb- 4
= 1· 2.. X 10 - t.;
\ &"OU cm 'l-- Iv -J )( 2. • S X ! l>- 4

&'oh
f C1 e =_ \ ~ [ - lZj)
=> JL = g .1 x,o-, m]
0- 2. · ~x 10 13 [ 6 8 00t-lkOO] (1 · 60 [Link]
l

('~( ==- 44·b lJL- c_m)

w e[u:hon mo bLIl i,,
,y
t.s o..bo uL Jb ~
ID A bar 1 nhuh ' H1 hcu a. cro~
t he. holf mobLI, \y .Tne rnobtl t l:y
.r td-w ool ctr w · l'lr 2. • S- x. Lo- 4 rn 1.... •
µ va flt.\ Ql I. T - rn o ve.r I',
LA bf......,""P
. , ·
~e e. le.c. hon [Link]!· lHj ·,J 1· s-y Io th /m-3
rcrnqe r,1._
u 1 ID D to 4D0 0
· k 1--l OCT
HoN tor:q th e bo..r be tr) order t+ie1l ,
"'1 her( rn == 1. • s
+-J--e [Link]- in the ba r wH\ be I · 1. 'rYl A
:::.. 1 ·1
1'-l ho1 9 \/ 8 applitd ctaoJS ·i+ . l'Y) ::: 1·&6
Sob A ::: 2. ·S- XID-4- m 2. .
=-
f) t ·s- x tDlb ( m3
::::
Va. n'LJ. ttn o tJ1- IV\D 61 lt~y Nlth El.e. · .jieJI
L -t'- ?
-==

1·2- m A
lhe mob1\\'-l-y ~ u CDYX tart l:\thtn
I :::.

e. lu.t rtt. t ldd e z ID E It t Cl),

V == 9 V .·
·- ·s·[Link]: ·n : =- P = nC
'The · mobdtf:-~ . r,..i, ti E - t12.. 1Nhe.J1
+ OY ir,, rre'i'Hi<
l I '

l i' ' 1 \ I , I\ f
Th e mo btl t~ H ex. t'i E. 1"'1n m ·
' • l C \ ,, -

l:::' > to 4 'V/crn

 I '

t..o~ elarlll f .c.

E..

I OJ V/ctn
14
I I
- lr>e Fe nY>1 llud 1n , [Link] st'.rni co®

---
C6 hi 1:-a nt
I F1dd5 cto1 I! pu.1 c..nl· ~ t-he ant rr. Or
,o3· ~ E.l'_1o+V/t
1~ock
-~
1" ' - · ll.l ·r:x 1
E._,i l -Fo [Link] [Link]~tj 9o.p.
11ddJ -- -
I
Hq I)

r1dclt
E. llc..~ric
E ;;,- lo ~hm
4 t-,{C('.-L_
e
[ EF =

[Link]
Ee. +Ev
}...
l
or [Link] u.m1 corxlwl:o r _.
i
a&d,·ns, 1mpu ,·1f-y ._ ro huvr ,
Ji- ni77 . .. f . more [Link].dif1vittt
Tnhcnsit J unt lorid..1.u.-l:-o n : 1 '.:.
ct 0plh4 Ll
,, l Dop101
Iotrms1c - JV Cj [Link] \ impurthf in ·io g pure olomJ I thtn
~ coocl.1..t.d:iJt+y b ~ mcrl-aud by
4 VCLLU){e e < .S i
Ge 12. t1rnc.. .
It- the dopmg LS l 1rnpurtty in to 8' pure
cLl:-o ms. th t.n me w rdw.~L v h,i L tS 1' ed
Io o t-trnu fOY n k./pc..
ti mu -J-0 r p t-l( pe
:.i

Cryd:.a.l strutl-uu \)op1n~

l eV ~ tluhon nole ptllf Li relt.;_rcd

ri ti./ pt I tmt _C:Ondutlo n •.
· BonJ ret orm~cJ 1 .'
t-1fr ttme U1- curriev : ~ The t-rmi ; Dopiny - - Pa:[Link]
, l mpU ll rt 'e.,.l
b lw I bonLJ [Link] and o.+re.r bond '
J,
rt-forme.J · Thrt t~ c1.l10 ccJlecl Avtrage V q rou.p ---J. 'S'" val enLl'. e.
L1ft hIY) e_ dt ll CCl r rW : ~

C.-B

- - - - - -- - - ·
tv'
\J·B

BonJ rdom,ecJ
 '
1o td.~e tt)e ; [; tn Y)D · e from the Charqu
n,tlw.t"\c.e cTl- [Link] vuy ler.1 t;oltao/e I
.r J
'U '( t-q_,LLi r e_d tl'} Mobile T roobtle
-m
C~lll'Cjf'5
chc.t..rq t.J
.S l :;=-
1· [Link] D·DSe.V
~

1 J,
C1e = 0-,[Link].v ~ O·o I eV e.lahon1 1 -\-tJe 1oru1
t' • j

hole..s -- ve !OtH
( orJ
[Link])C\.H I
cuuprorJ
I • ' I
' '

@:
(f' - 'j
e:~-
(!I -
+ -

(o ·os ev be Io IA) o nUJ )

Dono...r'.i ----, do our, ene. rg"/ llvd .
sv
.,
In h hjpt :itml wnclwl-u r1 Fermi llAlhen [Link].r~ 'I..( [Link] :fu .he. ,~
enu(dy [Link] \'\it\l move 1-o"'.x:ucL the
[Link] V\Jhe.n [Link] +VO ·C rarq~r 4,J
:' ' . .~ "l , .
co n&uchbn band · f '

-ve chcuq e.. i [Link] · move · a ~Lde

Jnu u dt ptnd! ·on, · ~ :
, rn rY)'ob1 le chctrqe.r

l
8)- -Nobe.·.
ID hJ

t ' il'Yl mobile

dona.., to ri1
t A\\ .Hryi'j [Link].t-on wbd-ha thu
-t vc in ncJure. ·
mo..l/ be , nc.r L h rtt / o::tru, 1·ll Cri ~

C-B or p k/pc ) \-he. ~ cu< 11 u.t-nJ Lt)

.Ee- ,r e ~ e Ev nct±-ttr e. ,
E r Dt,r,cu e. huq y
,-2.\e.\/ lettd ·
t 01 .5 I
Ev
v·B
',
 rt. • D ¥>-(L__ -tv< ho/,
Atu f'bDt I on l •

µott-.
~
r
.--- .:
0(

I
I~

t{
tht hole tn
.
\It')~
'9 J
H,e du{ron enerrv .
[Link].-11"'J t i ent,~y
. u ck o· o e\J thu) F
E~ t,u111c S( IlD Il lilu

101 Ll.l [Link]

cJ clb1ol u-e r ,o • j rnpl Q bove a.a epl.-or
T - tr . t tCJlf l tl✓ t Hn p +
9~
Nr
5( J'Y) tc 0

t C,'\1 1 H ll II HU
p ~)'l JC. I( d , W \(I rnovt
-Vt Ttmp OC 1 p.
nd t ,q tt , cv w,U l-v I \. ~ e v· 13 · rnm thi 1

OJI( + mp· .____ __;n · ven h u..q h p v ·v· h'~

~pt J( l<O rd ll on · ( 1 c..cl fa n -rht. ph1p{ ..1cm1Co r1d...ulo ,
i Ll
Oop1f'Yf Tit Vd.l { I fl l J

Or J'Vla.J J llttUJb ;
lJ.I 6,
a 11 et.l tt'o n [Link] .J t-ole..1 [Link]) 1 n a

I n .s e ll oT)Clu.1-o, I e itho t-t rocu; be mt- n- nr Ic

J,
a, ex 1-r cn.s h ) , the p ud- eltd-ron
ll cpt-or ,4y I l/l'

'• • cone rnh l O() o.n hole ro t n+[Link] tJ

{ •
• • ~ 'q { rr m-

I
'
~I •
~
•
' l1tn1·1e Cl u r
•
xr '= l"\'1 '1.

Ch rqp d 1Hit1 1 um1 rnnrludo 1:

C [Link]
__ _ _ 1,_ _ _ _ _~

C
1·11 CV
tt f S-i. Acee.l ot t t. r9~ ( ll'cho rY 1:-l o\lJ V(

V te. vd (-'fl) ( +vJ Dona' n

-
 I' '

Nuef:-ruJ l~tnl o1- I fo 101 6e -oh,fnJ .

Tola.J -+Ve C~tue
~ = ,r-0,_ I
r: rw - ve c. har4e . tfit co ~ h. vlt<j ·
= n + tJ A C1va) ttd
. fv1oh1h fy at-- ~P)
P, n == hole / "f cDl")ll l')hC.U-U,Q
u 1· ID1 I cm ~

NA, N D = a .£ll phH ,·un , dona , 10 n bo cm 1 I v - s· tv'lobd1 k/ +" ~,

1 oounho..hori • OOt m --../ V · J rt ptth viiy ·"10 6r-

··· r-o r n ~pl 11 > p , f\J o ; t-JA o ' ei t' lom / CIYI ~ 4 ·4 1 X 10 z. 1.
~Q /,
P + N D = 'l · [ ·: r\ .. u] tr." n [µ p).
In\
f) ~ Np ( :· > p] It)
- r 2. • lU 13 )l 1·bo1x1 u 11 )( 3 po
JO ~ pt H h,ll O
co nc~ol,,l1.h.1ro z e·
Ma)oi1hf - . e ho Dona r ion lrn1 0·1
cu, fltt conu . co co nc e n-t :
10 7 I im punnr

. '1, l. - "' 4 -41 lO 'l.L~ N p .:: 4-·41.x l OJ.J,...

tl onhf 10 1
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