CHAPTER 6
LATHE AND BASIC MACHINE TOOLS
Department of Mechatronics
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EIU - 2023
OUTLINES
1. Machining of part geometry
2. Turning and related operation
3. Drilling and related operations
4. Tapping and Tapes
5. Broaching and broaching machines
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OUTCOMES
At the end of this section, you should be able to Understand:
1. Applying and operating of Lathe
2. Applying and operating of Drilling machines
3. Applying and operating of Broaching machine
4. Taping and Tapes
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1. Machining of part geometry
Machined parts can be classified as rotational or non-rotational
A rotational work-part has a cylindrical or disk-like shape. The characteristic
operation: a cutting tool removes material from a rotating work-part
(turning, boring, drilling)
Fig source: [2] , Internet
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1. Machining of part geometry
A non-rotational (called prismatic) work-part is block-like or plate-like. This
geometry is achieved by linear motions of the work-part, combined with
either rotating or linear tool motions (milling, shaping, planning, and sawing)
Each machining operation produces a characteristic geometry due to two
factors: (1) the relative motions between the tool and the work-part and (2)
Fig source: [2]
the shape of the cutting tool.
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1. Machining of part geometry
Types of Forming
Fig source: [2]
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1. Machining of part geometry
Types of Forming
Fig source: [2]
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1. Machining of part geometry
Types of Forming
Fig source: [2]
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2. Turning and related operations
Turning is a machining process in which a single-point tool removes material
from the surface of a rotating work-piece. The tool is fed linearly in a
direction parallel to the axis of rotation to generate a cylindrical geometry.
Turning is traditionally carried out on a machine tool called a lathe, which
provides power to turn the part at a given rotational speed and to feed the
tool at a specified rate and depth of cut.
Lathe operating
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Fig source: Internet
2. Lathe structure
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2. Lathe structure
Diagram of Lathe
Fig source: Internet
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2. Lathe structure
Carriage saddle movement
Fig source: Internet
Specification of the Lathe
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2. Lathe structure
Carriage saddle forward and reverse motion
Fig source: Internet
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2. Jaw chuck
Dialing Chuck
Fig source: Internet
- 3 Jaw
- 4 Jaw
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Fig source: [2]
2. Jaw chuck
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Fig source: Internet
2. Carriage and saddle
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Fig source: Internet
2. Carriage and saddle
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Fig source: Internet
2. Luynet
Turning with luynet
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Fig source: Internet
2. Tailstock
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2. Installation of Tailstock
Chuck and Tailstock:
off center
Work-piece (Shaft): conical
Fig source: Internet
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2. Installation of Tailstock
Chuck and Tailstock:
on center
Fig source: Internet
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2. Installation of tools
Position of work-piece center and tool head
a:
b:
c:
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2. Installation of tools
Position of work-piece center and tool head
Fig source: Internet
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2. Selecting tools
• Facing: The tool is fed radially into the rotating work on one end to create a
flat surface on the end.
• Taper turning: Instead of feeding the tool parallel to the axis of rotation of
the work, the tool is fed at an angle, thus creating a tapered cylinder or
conical shape.
• Contour turning: Instead of feeding the tool along a straight line parallel to
the axis of rotation as in turning, the tool follows a contour that is other
Fig source: [2]
than straight, thus creating a contoured form in the turned part.
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2. Selecting tools
Types of turning tool
• Facing, Taper turning:
Fig source: Internet
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2. Selecting tools
• Form turning: In this operation, sometimes called forming, the tool has a
shape that is imparted to the work by plunging the tool radially into the
work.
• Chamfering: The cutting edge of the tool is used to cut an angle on the
corner of the cylinder, forming what is called a ‘‘chamfer.’’
Fig source: [2]
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2. Selecting tools
• Cutoff: The tool is fed radially into the rotating work at some location along
its length to cut off the end of the part. This operation is sometimes
referred to as parting.
Fig source: [2] , Internet
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2. Selecting tools
• Threading: A pointed tool is fed linearly across the outside surface of the
rotating work-part in a direction parallel to the axis of rotation at a large
effective feed rate, thus creating threads in the cylinder.
Fig source: [2] , Internet
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2. Selecting tools
• Boring: A single-point tool is fed linearly, parallel to the axis of rotation, on
the inside diameter of an existing hole in the part.
Fig source: [2] , Internet
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2. Selecting tools
• Knurling: This is not a machining operation because it does not involve
cutting of material. Instead, it is a metal forming operation used to produce
a regular crosshatched pattern in the work surface.
Fig source: [2] , Internet
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2. Selecting tools
• Knurling:
• Select turning tool
Fig source: Internet
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2. Cutting conditions in turning
• The machining time is defined by the equation
𝝅𝑫𝟎 𝑳 𝑳
𝑻𝒎 = 𝒇𝒗
= 𝒇𝒘
Where
Tm = machining time, min
Do = original diameter of
the part, mm (in)
L = work-part length, mm
(in)
f = feed, mm/rev (in/rev)
v = cutting speed, mm/min
(in/min)
w = speed of the work
Fig source: [2]
piece rpm
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2. Boring machine
Boring is similar to turning. It uses a single-point tool against a rotating work-
part. The difference is that boring is performed on the inside diameter of an
existing hole rather than the outside diameter of an existing cylinder. In
effect, boring is an internal turning operation. Machine tools used to perform
boring operations are called boring machines.
Fig source: [2]
Horizontal boring machine Vertical boring machine
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2. Boring machine
Vertical Lathe
Fig source: [2]
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Fig source: Internet
2. Drilling on turning machine
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2. Conical turning
Short conical shaft Medium conical shaft
Long conical shaft
Fig source: Internet
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2. Turning process
Cutting layer by layer (high rigidity, high precision, low capacity)
Cutting by segmented
Combine cutting
(low rigidity, low precision, high capacity)
Fig source: [2]
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2. Turning process
Multiple spindle bar machines
Experiences in turning
Fig source: [2]
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2. Thread turning
- Manual
- CNC (iso)
- CNC (trapezoidal)
Fig source: [2]
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2. Turning process
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2. Turning process
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2. Turning process
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2. Crankshaft turning
- Manual
- CNC
Fig source: Internet
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Fig source: [2]
2. Camshaft turning
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3. Drilling and drilling machine
Drilling is a machining operation used
to create a round hole in a work-part.
This contrasts with boring, which can
only be used to enlarge an existing
hole.
Drilling is usually performed with a
rotating cylindrical tool that has two
cutting edges on its working end. The
tool is called a drill or drill bit.
The rotating drill feeds into the
stationary work-part to form a hole
whose diameter is equal to the drill
Fig source: Internet
diameter.
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3. Drilling and drilling machine
Drilling machines
Fig source: Internet
Radial drilling machine Bench drilling machine
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3. Drilling and drilling machine
Drilling tools
Fig source: Internet
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3. Drilling and drilling machine
A = 0,5 D tan (90 - /2)
𝒕 𝑨
Machining time: 𝑻𝒎 = 𝒇𝒓 = drill point angle
Tm = Machining time, min 𝑻𝒎 =
𝒅 𝑨
𝒇𝒓
t = work thickness, mm (in)
RMR = rate of metal removal
fr = feed rate, mm/min
𝑫 𝟐 𝒇𝒓
A = approach allowance, mm (in) 𝑹𝑴𝑹 = 𝟒
Fig source: [2]
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3. Operations related to drilling
(a) Reaming
(b) Tapping
(c) Counterboring
(d) Countersinking
(e) Center drilling
(f) Spot facing
Fig source: [2]
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4. Taping and taped
Thread pitch: Thread Tap:
- Metric (ISO) – (M12 x 1,5)
- Inch – (½”- 14)
Thread Gauge:
Thread Die:
Fig source: Internet
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4. Taping and taped
Tap and drill chart
Fig source: Internet
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5. Broaching and broaching machines
Broaching is performed using a multiple-teeth
cutting tool by moving the tool linearly relative
to the work in the direction of the tool axis. The
machine tool is called a broaching machine, and
the cutting tool is called a broach
Fig source: [2]
Broaching key
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5. Broaching and broaching machines
Internal and External broaching
Fig source: [2]
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Fig source: [2]
5. Shaping and Planing
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Fig source: Internet
5. Shaping and Planing
Shaping machine
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Fig source: [2]
5. Shaping and Planing
Planing machine
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