GARCIA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Kalibo, Aklan
Electrical Engineering Department

NOTES IN ENGINEERING COMPETENCE II (ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SUBJECTS)

ILLUMINATION / POWER PLANT

LUMINOUS FLUX (Ø) (1.13 lx; 3.21 lx)

The light energy radiated out per second from the body in the form of ILLUMINATION FROM MORE THAN ONE POINT SOURCES
luminous flux. Unit of luminous flux is lumen (lm).
The total illumination E on a point is equal to the arithmetic sum of the
LUMINOUS INTENSTIY (I) OR CANDLE POWER illumination given by each sources.

A point source in any particular direction is given by the luminous flux I1 I2

radiated out per unit solid angle (steradian) in that direction. The unit of E= 2
cos θ1 + 2
cos θ2
flux is lumen and solid angle is steradian, then the unit of luminous d 1 d2
intensity is lumen/steradian (lm/sr) or candela (cd) or candle.
Problem 5. Two unshaded lamps of 100 cd each are suspended 5 ft above
Steradian – cuts out an area of sphere equal to the square of radius the pool table and 6 ft apart. Find the illumination on the table top under
one of the lamp.
2 (5.05 fc)
Note: For the entire surface area, A=4 π r , then Ø = 4 steradians.

Generally, the luminous intensity of a source is different in different Problem 6. An unknown lamp placed 6 m from a photometer screen
directions. The average candle power of a source is the average of its provides the same illumination as an 80-cd lamp placed 4 m from that
candle power in all directions. same screen. What is the candle power of the unknown lamp?
(180 fc)
total flux∈lumens ∅
I= = Problem 7. Two lamps A and B 3000 and 4000 candles respectively are
4 4 situated 50 m apart. The height of A above the ground level is 10 m and
that of B is 15 m. If a photometer is placed at the center of the line
Problem 1. What is the luminous intensity of a 200-W tungsten lamp joining the two lamp posts, find its reading.
whose efficiency is 18 lm/W? (3.96 lux)
(286 cd)
Problem 8. Four lamps are suspended 8 m above the ground at the
LAWS OF ILLUMINATION corners of a square of 3 m side. Each lamp gives 250 candelas uniformly
below the horizontal plane. Calculate the illumination at the center of
The illumination (E) of a surface depends upon the following factors. The the square.
source is assumed to be a point source. (14.11 lux)

 E is directly proportional to the luminous intensity I of the MOUNTING HEIGHT TO GIVE MAXIMUM ILLUMINATION
source (E  I).
 The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance of the surface from the source (E  h=
√2 x
1/d2). 2
 E is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle made by
the normal to the illuminated surface with the direction of the h = mounting height or distance of lamp from floor
incident flux. x = distance of point P from a point directly below the lamp

Note: The mounting height h is variable while the horizontal distance x is

I
E= 2
cos θ fixed.
d
Problem 9. How high on the wall above the floor should a light source be
E I D Ø placed in order to give maximum illumination to a point on the floor that
Lux (lx) Candle Meter degree is 4 m from the wall?
Foot-candle (fc) Candle Foot degree (2.83 m)
Phot Candle Centimeter degree
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Note: Meter-candle is the same as lux
Direct Lighting – the light from the source falls directly on the object or
Problem 2. What is the illumination on a surface 3-m below a 150-W the surface to be illuminated. Downward distribution is about 60%.
incandescent lamp that emits a luminous flux of 2275 lm?
(20.11 lx) Indirect Lighting – light does not reach direclty from the source but
indirectly by diffuse reflection. Upward distribution is about 80%.
Problem 3. A point source unshaded electric lamp of luminous intensity
100 candles is 4 ft above the top of a table. Find the illumination of the Indirect Lighting – the system utilizes luminaires which sends most of the
table at a point 3 ft from the point directly below the lamp. light downwards directly on the working plane but a considerable amoun
(3.2 fc) reaches the ceiling and walls also. Upward distribution is about 30%
while downward distribution is about 45%.
Problem 4. A lamp of 100 candle power is placed at the center of a room
10 m x 6 m x 4 m high. Calculate the illumination Semi-direct Lighting – the system is comprise of the first two systems, the
a. in each corner of the floor light is partly received by diffuse reflection and partly direct from the
b. at a point in the middle of a 6 m wall at a height of 2 m above source. Upward distribution is about 75% while downward distribution is
the floor about 10%.
Page 1 of 13
 Problem 15. A certain quantity of fuel contains 20 x 10 10 Btu of energy.
General Diffuse Lighting – in this system, luminaires are employed which What is the corresponding energy in kcal?
have almost equal light distribution downwards and upwards. Both (5.04 x 1010 kcal)
upward and downwards distribution are about 40%.
EFFICIENCY FOR CASCADED SYSTEMS
AVERAGE LUMEN METHOD
A cascaded system is a system whose output of one system is the input
of the next system, and so on. The overall efficiency is equal to the
This method assumes that total lumens emitted b a light source are product of the individual efficiencies of each system.
distributed evenly on the surface being illuminated.
PIN POU
∅ x Cu x Df A B C T
E= A B C
A
E = maintained illumination
Pout
ηt =
x = total lumen output of the lamp P¿
Cu = coefficient of utilization or utilization factor
Df = depreciation factor or maintenance factor ηt =η A x η B x ηC
Coefficient of utilization – it is the ratio of the lumens received by a
particular surface to the lumens emitted by a light source. This value
A, B, c = efficiencies of system A, B, and C
depends on the type of lighting system, whether direct or indirect, to T = total or overall efficiency of the entire system
the type of mounting height of the fittings and the color and surface of
walls and ceilings. Problem 16. An engine has a rating of 25 kW. The heating value of the
fuel used is 12,500 kcal/kg. If the mass of oil required per hour is 4.91 kg,
determine the overall efficiency of the engine?
lumens received onthe working surface
Cu= (35%)
total lumens emitted by thelight source
Problem 17. A power plant consumes 3,600 tons of coal per day. If the
Note: For direct lighting, its value is about 0.4 to 0.6 coal has an average energy content of 10,000 Btu/lb, what is the plant’s
For indirect lighting, its value lies between 0.1 to 0.35. power output? Average efficiencies for mechanical prime mover is 30%
while generator efficiency is 85%.
Depreciation Factor – this factor allows the fact that effective candle (224 MW)
power of all lamps or luminous sources deteriorates owing to blackening
and or accumulation of dust or dirt on the tubes and reflectors, etc. Problem 18. A power plant rated 25 MW uses coal having a rate of 8,000
Btu/lb. The fuel consumption when supplying rated load is 25,000 lbs/hr,
illumination under actual conditions solve the overall efficiency of the plant.
Df = (42.66%)
illuminations when everything is perfectly clean
Problem 19. A power plant uses producer gas with a calorific value of
Note: This factor is about 0.65 to 0.75
1200 kcal/m3. Find the volume of gas required per hour to generate 100
kW. The overall efficiency of the plant is 20%.
Problem 10. Determine the average illumination of a room measuring
(358.33 m3)
9.15 m by 12.2 m illuminated by a dozen of 150 W lamps. The luminous
efficiency of the lamps may taken as 14 lm/W and the coefficient of
GROWTH RATE OF POWER DEMAND
utilization is 0.35.
(79 lux)
Power or energy demands increases as the population increases.
Problem 11. A factory space of 33 m x 13 m is to be illuminated with an rt
average illumination of 72 lux by 200 W lamps. The coefficient of P=P o e
utilization is 0.4 and the depreciation factor is 1.4. Calculate the number
of lamps required. The lumen output of a 200 W lamp is 2730 lm. P = power demand at any time t (in years)
(40 lamps) P0 = initial power demand (at t = 0)
r = demand growth rate per year
Problem 12. A room 8 m x 12 m is lighted by 15 lamps to a fairly uniform t = time (years)
illumination of 100 lm/m2. Calculate the utilization coefficient of the
room given that the output of each lamp is 1600 lumens. Problem 20. A certain country is expected to double its energy
(40%) consumption in 10 years. What is the power growth rate?
(6.93%)
Problem 13. A 40 ft by 20 ft office is to be illuminated by duplex
fluorescent luminaires at a level of 50 fc. The maintenance factor and the Problem 21. Assuming power demand now is 450 MW with an average
coefficient of utilization are estimated to be 70% and 60% respectively. growth rate of 3.4%, what is the power demand 15 years from now?
Each fluorescent lamp produces 3300 lumens. Approximately how many (749.38 MW)
luminaires are required?
(15) t
P o rt
W =∫ Pdt → W = (e −1)
COMMON UNITS OF ENERGY 0 r
1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 joules (J) W = energy consumption (watt-year)
1 British Thermal Unit (BTU) = 252 cal = 778 foot-lbs (ft-lbs) P0 = initial power demand (watts)
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3600 kilojoules (kJ) = 3413 Btu = 860 kcal r = demand growth rate per year
1 quad = 1 x 1015 Btu t = time (years)
1 J = 1 x 107 ergs
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Problem 14. The net energy requirement in a place is approximately 3 x
106 GWh. What is the equivalent of this energy in quad? In hydro-electric plants, energy of water is utilized to spin the turbine
(10.24 quads) blades which in turn drives the electric generator.

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 V A steam power plant converts the chemical energy of the fossil fuels
P=Qγh → Q= (like coal, oil, gas) into the electrical energy. This is achieved by raising
t the steam in the boiler, feed the steam to the steam turbines which
drives the generator.
P = power input to the hydraulic turbine
Q = volumetric discharge of water
DIESEL POWER PLANTS
V = volume of water used in time t
 = specific weight of water Diesel power plants are installed where supply of coal and water is not
h = effective head of water available in sufficient quantity or where power is to be generated in
small quantity or standby sets are required for continuity of supply such
P Q  h V t as in hospitals, radio stations telephone exchanges, and cinemas. A
watts m3/s 9810 m m3 s diesel engine is used to drive a generator.
lb-ft/s ft3/s 62.4 ft ft3 s
WIND POWER PLANTS
V The electrical energy can be generated by wind energy. The wind energy
P=Qγh → Q= ; W =Pt can be used to run a wind turbine which in turn drives a generator to
t
produce electricity.
2 3
W =Vγh P=0.00246 D V

W = electric energy P = power generated by wind turbine (watt)

D = diameter of the turbine blade (feet)
W V  h V = velocity of the wind (miles/hour)
watts m3/s 9810 m
lb-ft/s ft3/s 62.4 ft Problem 27. A small wind generator is designed to generate 50 kW of
power at a wind velocity of 25 mph. What is the appropriate blade
diameter?
Problem 22. A large hydroelectric power plant has a head of 324 m and
(36 ft)
an average flow of 1370 m3/s. The reservoir is a lake covering an area of
6400 sq. km. Assuming an efficiency of 90% for turbine and 95% for the
Problem 28. Estimate the average power output of a wind turbine having
generator, calculate the
a blade diameter of 35 ft if the wind velocity ranges from 10 to 30 mph.
a. available electric power
(42.2 kW)
b. number of days this power could be supplied for a drop in
water level by 1 m
TIDAL POWER PLANTS
(3723 MW; 54.07 days)
The rise and fall of tides offers a means of storing water during high tide
Problem 23. A hydraulic generating station is supplied from reservoir of
and discharges the water at low tide. The head of water is very low but
capacity 2 x 108 ft3 at a head of 500 ft. What is the total available electric
with increase catchment area, considerable amount of power can be
energy in MWh if the hydraulic efficiency is 0.8 and the electrical
generated.
efficiency is 0.9?
(1692 MWh) 2
P=0.219 H A
Problem 24. A hydraulic generating station is supplied from reservoir of
capacity 2 x 108 ft3 at a head of 500 ft. What is the total available electric P = tidal power obtained (MW)
energy in MWh if the hydraulic efficiency is 0.8 and the electrical H = maximum tidal head (meter)
efficiency is 0.9? A = tidal bay area (square kilometer)
(67.95 m3/s)
Problem 29. A proposed tidal power station can have a tidal head of 5 m.
Problem 25. A hydroelectric power plant gets water from a dam at the What must be the area of the tidal bay to generate an average of 600
rate of 900 m3/min to generate an output of 10 MW. If the head of the MW of power?
water is 95 m, what is the overall efficiency of the plant? (110 km2)
(71.53%)
TERMS USED IN LOAD ANALYSIS
Problem 26. In a hydroelectric generating station, the mean head is 400
m. If the overall efficiency of the generating station is 70%, how many Connected load (CL) – sum of all the continuous ratings of all loads which
liters of water are required to generate 1 kWh of electric energy? are connected to the system under consideration.
(1312 liters)
Demand – is the load that is drawn from the source of supply, averaged
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS over a suitable and specified interval of time.

A geothermal power plant utilizes the heat energy from high pressure Average load (AL) – the mean or average of all the power demands that
steam coming from within the earth. It is a renewable source of energy have occurred during a specified time.
derived from the rain water in the earth heated to over 180C by
subterranean hot rocks.
AL=
∑ (kwH ) → averageload per day
Hot water is pumped from deep underground through a well under high 24
pressure. When water reaches the surface, the pressure is dropped
which causes the water to turn into steam. The steam is fed to a turbine
that causes its blade to spin driving a generator. Then, the steam cools in AL=
∑ (kwH ) → averageload per month
a cooling tower and condenses back to water for local usage. 720

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS

AL=
∑ (kwH ) → averageload per year
A gas turbine plant may be defined as one in which the principal prime
8760
mover is a turbine type and the working medium is a specific gas.
1 day = 24 hours
1 month = 720 hours
STEAM POWER PLANTS
1 year = 8760 hours
Page 3 of 13
Problem 30. A customer has the following average daily load schedule as Plant capacity factor – it is the ratio of the energy delivered in kWh in a
follows: 6 AM to 12 NN = 20 kW; 12 NN to 6 PM = 12 kW; 6 PM to 11 PM given period to the the maximum possible energy that could have been
= 25 kW; 11 PM to 6 AM = 4 kW. Solve the average load of the customer produced during the same periods.
for the day.
(14.375 kW) kWh delivered∈a given period
PCF=
Problem 31. The annual load of a substation is given by the following
Installed kW capacity of the plant t
data (from January to December): 8 MW, 6 MW, 4 MW, 2 MW, 6 MW,
t = number of hours in the given period
12 MW, 16 MW, 14 MW, 10 MW, 4 MW, 6 MW, and 8 MW. Determine
the average load.
Note: If PCF is computed for annual basis, then t = 8760 hours.
(8 MW)
Problem 39. A power station has annual load factor of 50% and capacity
Demand Factor – is the ratio of the maximum demand of the system to
factor of 40%. If the peak demand is 15 MW, what is the reserve capacity
the the total connected load of the system.
of the plant?
(3.75 MW)
PL
DF =
CL Problem 40. The daily load schedule on a power station are the
following: 11 PM to 6 AM = 1 MW; 6 AM to 8 AM = 1.75 MW; 8 AM to 12
Load Factor – is the ratio of the average power to the maximum NN = 4 MW; 12 PM to 1 PM = 1.5 MW; 1 PM to 5 PM = 3.75 MW; 5 PM
demand. to 7 PM = 4.25 MW; 7 PM to 9 PM = 5 MW; 9 PM to 11 PM = 2.25 MW.
Solve the plant capacity factor of the station assuming the generating
AL sets are having capacities of 1 MW, 1.5 MW, and two 2.5 MW.
LF= (36.67%)
PL
Problem 32. A customer connected to a power station has a connected
Plant use factor – it is the ratio of the energy delivered in kWh in a given
load of 30 MW at a demand factor of 60%. If the energy consumed
period to the the atual energy that have been produced during the same
annually is 90 x 106 kWh, what is the annual load factor of the station?
periods.
(57.08%)
kWh delivered∈ a given period
PCF=
Problem 33. A power station has a daily load cycle as follows: 260 MW Installed kW capacity of the plant n
for 6 hrs, 200 MW for 8 hrs, 160 MW for 4 hrs, and 100 MW for 6 hrs.
The power station is equipped with 4 sets of generators of 75 MW each. n = actual number of hours the plant has been in operation
Determine daily load factor.
(70.51%) Problem 41. A power plant has a capacity factor of 51% and a plant use
factor of 55%. How many hours per year was the plant not operating?
Problem 34. A power station has a connected load of 48 MW. The energy (637 hours)
generated for the year is 61,500 MWh. If the station has a load factor of
35%, solve the demand factor of the station. Problem 42. A power plant has the following given data: load factor =
(41.79%) 50%; installed capacity = 35 MW; reserve over peak = 3 MW; hours out
of service per year = 400 hours. Find the plant use factor.
Problem 35. The yearly duration curve of a certain plant can be (47.90%)
considered as a straight line from 300 MW to 80 MW. Determine the
annual load factor. ELECTROMECHANICAL WORK PROBLEMS USING ELECTRICITY
(63.33%)
Work done by an electromechanical machine being used to drive objects
Diversity Factor (dF) – ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands moving horizontally or vertically.
of the subdivisions of the system to the maximum demand of the whole
system. For horizontal travel:

DF =
∑ of individual demands Power=Force x velocity
Maximum demand of entire group P=Fv

Problem 36. A power station is supplying four regions of load whose P F V

peak loads are 10 MW, 5 MW, 8 MW, and 7 MW. If the diversity factor watts Newton meter per sec
of the load at the stations is 1.5, calculate the maximum demand of the pound-foot/sec pound feet per sec
station.
(20 MW) Note: 1 hp = 746 W = 550 ft-lb/s

Problem 37. If a generating station has a maximum load of 20 MW for For vertical travel:
the year and the maximum loads on the substations were 7.5 MW, 6
MW, 5.5 MW, and 4.5 MW, calculate the diversity factor.
(1.175) Power=W ( ht )= mght →W =mg
Maximum demand of generator
UF = h = vertical distance travelled
Capacity of generator m = mass of object
W = weight of object
Problem 38. The yearly duration curve of a certain plant can be g = gravitational acceleration
considered as a straight line from 300 MW to 80 MW. Power is supplied t = time needed to travel the distance h
with one generating unit of 200 MW capacity and two units of 100 MW
capacity. Determine the utilization factor. P m W g h t
(0.75) watts kg N 9.81 m s
lb-ft/s slug lb 32.2 ft s
Installed capacity of the station – sum of all the ratings of the generators
installed in the station
Page 4 of 13
Problem 43. Calculate the current required by a 1500-V dc locomotive E
2
2
when drawing a 100-ton load at 45 kph with a tractive resistance of 5 mc ∆T =EI t=I R t= t
kg/ton along a level track. Assume motor efficiency to be 90%. R
(45.4 A)
Q = heat energy
Problem 44. A 3-ton electric motor operate vehicle is being driven at a E = supply voltage of the heater (V)
speed of 24 kph upon an incline of 1 in 20. The tractive resistance may be I = current drawn by the heater (A)
taken as 20 kg/ton. Assume a motor efficiency of 85% and the R = resistance of the heater coil (Ω)
mechanical efficiency between the motor and road wheels of 80%,
calculate the current taken by the motor if it gets power from a 220-V Problem 50. A 500 W heater is used to heat 250 mL of water from 20 to
source. 100C. What is the minimum time in which this can be done?
(91.8 A) (167.44 s)

Problem 45. A conveyor belt of length 15 m is at 35  with respect to the Problem 51. An electric kettle contains 1.5 kg of water at 15 C. It takes
ground or horizontal. It can hold 4,000 kg of ore over its total length and 15 minutes to raise the temperature to 95C. Assuming the heat losses
it travels the distance of its length in 30 s. Calculate the kW rating of the due to radiation and heating to be 14 kcal, find the current taken if the
motor that drives this conveyor belt. supply voltage is 100 V.
(11.25 kW) (6.23 A)

Problem 46. An electrically driven pump lifts 68 tons of water per minute Problem 52. It is required to heat 5 gallons of water from 15 C to its
through a height of 7 m. Assuming an overall efficiency of 68% for the boiling point in 15 minutes. If the thermal efficiency of the heater is 80%,
motor and pump, solve the input power in kW to the motor. find the current taken if the supply voltage is 220 V?
(114.45 kW) (42.5 A)

Problem 47. A motor having an efficiency of 90% operates a crane having Problem 53. What current flow can be expected to operate a water
an efficiency of 40%. With what constant speed does the crane lift an 880 heating device containing 0.6 L of water, when the resistance of the
lb bale if the power supplied to the motor is 5 kW? heating coil is 5 Ω, and the water is to be heated by 80 C in 10 min?
(1.508 fps) Neglect losses.
(8.183 A)
Problem 48. A hoist with a 100 hp engine is capable of lifting a 10,000 lb
load with a height of 20 ft in 10 s. What is the efficiency of this machine? Problem 54. An electric kettle was marked 500 W, 230 V and was found
(36.40%) to take 15 minutes to bring 1 kg of water at 15 C to boiling point.
Determine the efficiency of the kettle.
Problem 49. An electric lift is required to raise the load of 5 tons through (79.07%)
a height of 30 m. One quarter of the electrical energy supplied to the lift PRACTICE PROBLEMS
is lost in the motor and gearing. If the time required raising the load is 27
minutes, find the current taken by the motor from a 230 V dc source. 1. An engine has an efficiency of 26%. It uses 2 gallons of gasoline per
Assume efficiency of the motor is 90%. hour. Gasoline has a heating value of 20,500 Btu/lb and a Gs of 0.8.
(5.85 A) What is the power output of the engine?
a. 41.7 kW c. 26.0 kW
WATER HEATING PROCESS USING ELECTRICITY b. 20.8 kW d. 18.4 kW

Sensible Heat is the heat required to change the temperature of a 2. A room 30 m x 15 m is to be illuminated by 15 lamps to give an
substance without changing its phase. average illumination of 40 lm/m2. The utilization factor is 4.2 and
depreciation factor is 1.4. Find the MSCP of each lamp.
m a. 561 cd c. 489 cd
Q=mc ∆ T → ρ b. 529 cd d. 493 cd
V
3. A hydroelectric plant has a capacity of 4 units at 40 MW each. The
Q= ρVc ∆ T plant produces an annual average energy yield of 700,800 MWh.
Calculate the plant capacity factor.
Q = sensible heat (energy) a. 45% c. 40%
m = mass of water b. 48% d. 55%
 = standard density of water
g = volume of water 4. The illumination intensity required is 50 fc. The maintenance factor is
c = specific heat of water 0.70 and the coefficient of utilization is 0.6. If the room is 20 ft by 15 ft,
∆T = change in temperature what is the total required lumen output of the lamps?
a. 35,563 c. 36,532
Q m c ∆T  V b. 38,602 d. 35,714
cal g 1 cal/g-C C 1 g/cm3 cm3
kcal kg 1 kcal/kg-C C 1000 kg/m3 m3 5. A power plant consumes 3000 tons of coal per day. If the coal being
Btu lb 1 Btu/lb-F F 62.4 lb/ft3 ft3 used has an average energy content of 12,000 Btu/lb, determine the
kJ kg 4.186 kJ/kg-C C 1 kg/liter liter power output of the plant. Assume an overall efficiency of 30%.
a. 300 MW c. 264 MW
Conversion from C to F or vice versa: b. 280 MW d. 315 MW

6. A certain amount of fuel contains 15 x 10 10 Btu of energy. This fuel is

9 9
F= C +32→ ∆ F= ∆ C converted into electric energy in a power station having a 12% overall
5 5 efficiency. The average demand on the station over a 24-hr period is 5
MW. In how many days will the fuel be totally consumed?
∆F = change in temperature (in degree Fahrenheit) a. 50 days c. 36 days
∆C = change in temperature (in degree Celsius) b. 46 days d. 44 days

RELATION BETWEEN HEAT ENERGY AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY 7. A workshop measures 10 m x 12 m and is lighted by 20 lamps of 100
W each. Take depreciation factor of 0.75, coefficient of utilization 0.6
Q=Pt and efficiency of lamps as 15 lm/watt. Determine the illumination on the
working plane.

Page 5 of 13
a. 112.5 lux c. 102.5 lux 19. What is the thermal efficiency of a coal fired thermal plant having a
b. 111.6 lux d. 110.2 lux coal consumption of 0.48 kg/kWh and the calorific value of coal used is
6200 kcal/kg?
8. The following data relate to a proposed hydroelectric station; a. 25.65% c. 28.89%
available head = 28 m; catchment area = 420 sq km; rainfall = 140 b. 27.63% d. 24.74%
cm/year; percentage of total rainfall utilized = 68%; penstock efficiency =
94%; turbine efficiency = 80%; generator efficiency = 84%. Calculate the 20. The annual peak load on a 30 MW power station is 25 MW. The
power output. power station supplies loads having maximum demands of 10 MW, 8.5
a. 2.7 MW c. 3.6 MW MW, 5 MW, and 4.5 MW. The annual load factor is 45%. The diversity
b. 3.1 MW d. 2.2 MW factor is ___.
a. 3.80 c. 1.02
9. An office 17 m by 8 m is illuminated by 8 lamps and each lamp has a b. 1.12 d. 1.22
luminous intensity of 200 cd. Allowing an absorption loss of 4000 lm for
the reflectors, walls, and ceiling, calculate the average illumination on 21. Natural gas reserves in a certain country are estimated at 100 x 10 9
the working plane. ft3 with an energy content of 0.025 W-yr/ft 3. If the present peak power
a. 122.2 lux c. 108.4 lux demand is 0.5 GW, the power demand growth rate is 5% and all the
b. 118.4 lux d. 128.2 lux energy is to be supplied by natural gas, approximately how long will the
reserves last?
10. A 3-phase, 230 V feeder has three different loads drawing maximum a. 4.46 years c. 3.14 years
demands of 34 A, 48 A, and 50 A. If the diversity factor of the feeder is b. 3.78 years d. 4.04 years
1.2, find the maximum kVA demand.
a. 43.82 kVA c. 59.23 kVA 22. The heater element of an electric kettle has a constant resistance of
b. 69.24 kVA d. 51.52 kVA 100 Ω. The applied voltage is 240 V and it is found that it takes 27.3
minutes to raise the temperature of 2.268 kg of water from 20C to
11. A 50 MW power station has an overall thermal efficiency of 65%. boiling point. What is the efficiency of the kettle?
Estimate the coal consumption per day if the coal burnt has a calorific a. 80.5% c. 89.2%
value of 13,000 Btu/lb. b. 86.4% d. 83.8%
a. 455,000 lbs c. 485,000 lbs
b. 465,000 lbs d. 475,000 lbs 23. A system having connected load of 100 kW, peak load of 80 kW, base
load of 20 kW, and average load of 40 kW, will have a load factor of ___.
12. Find the time taken to boil 576 g of water by means of an electric a. 40% c. 50%
heater whose efficiency is 80%. The heater is rated ½ kW and the initial b. 60% d. 80%
temperature of water is 11C.
a. 11.20 min c. 10.33 min 24. It is required to provide an illumination of 100 lumens per sq. meter
b. 9.28 min d. 8.94 min in a workshop hall 40 m x 10 m. Maintenance factor = 0.80 and
coefficient of utilization = 0.40. The efficiency of lamps is 14 lumens per
13. The flow of water at 70 m elevation is 45 cu. m per sec. If a watt. Calculate the number of lamps if 500 W lamps are used.
hydroelectric plant is to be installed with turbine efficiency of 80% and a. 20 c. 18
generator efficiency of 92%, what is the maximum power that the plant b. 16 d. 19
could generate? 25. Present natural gas reserve in a country is estimated to contain 452
a. 20.55 MW c. 22.74 MW quads of energy. The present peak electric power demand is 450 GW. If
b. 21.43 MW d. 23.55 MW the power consumption growth rate is 6.5% per year, and 22% of the
total energy consumption is to be supplied by natural gas, approximately
14. A factory space of 33 m x 13 m is to be illuminated with an average how long will the natural gas reserves last?
illumination of 72 lm/m2 by 200 W lamps. The coefficient of utilization is a. 31.18 years c. 42.24 years
0.4 and the depreciation factor is 1.4. Calculate the number of lamps b. 24.52 years d. 36.78 years
required. The lumen output of a 200 W lamp is 2730 lm.
a. 36 c. 40 26. A hydroelectric power plant delivers 60,000,000 kW-hr per year.
b. 38 d. 42 What is the water head of the plant if the expected flow is 1500 m 3/min
and overall efficiency is 63%?
15. Assuming the peak power demand in 1984 is 480 MW with an a. 42 m c. 46 m
average growth rate of 3.4%, estimate the peak power demand in 1999. b. 48 m d. 44 m
a. 799.34 MW c. 747.45 MW
b. 792.25 MW d. 702.52 MW 27. A small wind generator is designed to generate 50 kW of power at a
wind velocity of 25 mph. Determine the approximate power that can be
16. A diesel generator set burns diesel with a heating value of 18,000 generated if the wind has a velocity of 50 kph.
Btu/lb. The diesel engine has an efficiency of 30% and the alternator has a. 100 kW c. 90 kW
an efficiency of 95%. Determine the fuel cost component of producing 1 b. 95 kW d. 105 kW
kW-hr if diesel costs $3/lb.
a. $2.25 c. $2 28. A motor having an efficiency of 90% operates a crane having an
b. $1.50 d. $1.75 efficiency of 40%. With what constant speed does the crane lift an 880 lb
bale if the power supplied to the motor is 5 kW?
17. How long will it take a 480-W, 120 V percolator to raise the a. 2.33 ft/s c. 1.06 ft/s
temperature of 1 quart of water from 15 to 100C? Assume a heat loss b. 2.82 ft/s d. 1.51 ft/s
of 22%.
a. 18 min c. 20 min 29. A gallon of gasoline will deliver about 110,000 Btu when burned.
b. 24 min d. 15 min How many lb-ft of work is this equivalent?
a. 88,900,000 c. 85,580,000
18. A small stream was found to be flowing at 0.03 m 3/sec. The available b. 90,880,000 d. 82,760,000
fall is 2.1 m. If a small hydraulic turbine and generator having a
combined efficiency of 70% will be installed, how many 50-W lamps can 30. The yearly duration curve of a certain plant can be considered as a
be connected to the generator simultaneously? Take the transmission straight line from 300 MW to 80 MW. Power is supplied with one
line efficiency as 80%. generating unit of 200 MW capacity and two units of 100 MW capacity.
a. 9 c. 10 Determine plant factor.
b. 8 d. 7 a. 0.445 c. 0.465
b. 0.475 d. 0.455

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31. A hydroelectric plant generates 100 MW at an available head of 180 b. 1.2 d. 1.5
m at an overall efficiency of 80%. Determine the volumetric flow (m 3/s)
of the water in the penstock. 43. A conveyor belt of length 15 m is at 35 with respect to the ground.
a. 70.78 c. 78.05 It can hold 4,000 kg of ore over its total length and it travels the distance
b. 65.32 d. 62.18 of its length in 30 s. Calculate the power rating of the motor that drives
this conveyor belt.
32. An electrically driven pump lifts 68 tons of water per minute through a. 10.78 kW c. 12.52 kW
a height of 7 m. Allowing an overall efficiency of 68% for the motor and b. 14.28 kW d. 11.25 kW
the pump, calculate the input power, in kW, to the motor.
a. 120.4 c. 128.6 44. A workshop measures 7 m x 13 m and is lighted by 10 lamps which
b. 118.2 d. 114.5 are rated at 200 W and have an efficiency of 15 lumen/watt. Assuming a
depreciation factor of 0.67 and a coefficient of utilization of 0.5, find the
33. A diesel engine uses 300 kg/hr of fuel. The calorific value of the fuel illumination on the working plane.
used is 40,000 kJ/kg. Assuming a thermal efficiency of 45%, what power a. 123.3 lux c. 102.4 lux
is developed by the engine? b. 112.2 lux d. 110.4 lux
a. 1.6 MW c. 1.8 MW
b. 2.0 MW d. 1.5 MW 45. A 10-ton load is to be lifted through a height of 60 ft within 40 sec.
Determine the minimum horsepower rating of the motor.
34. Determine the average illumination of a room measuring 9.15 m x a. 50 hp c. 40 hp
12.2 m illuminated by a dozen of 150 W lamps. The luminous efficiency b. 45 hp d. 55 hp
of the lamps may be taken as 14 lm/W and the coefficient of utilization
is 0.35. 46. A heater is used to raise the temperature of 2.5 kg of water from
a. 79 lux c. 81 lux 10C to 60C in a time of 5 min. What would be the resistance of heater
b. 91 lux d. 85 lux element if the supply voltage is 230 V?
a. 16.53 Ω c. 30.33 Ω
35. Thermal power plant capacity is 4 units at 1000 MW each. The plant b. 19.29 Ω d. 22.28 Ω
produces an annual energy yield of 21,724,800 MWh. Calculate the
plant capacity factor. 47. A hydroelectric plant having 50 sq km reservoir area and 100 m head
a. 62% c. 69% is used to generate power. The energy utilized by the consumers whose
b. 73% d. 77% load is connected to the power plant during a five hour period is 13.5 x
106 kWh. The overall generation efficiency is 75%. Find the fall in the
36. A hydro-electric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of height of water in the reservoir after 5-hour period.
capacity 1.8 x 108 cu. ft at a head of 480 ft. What is the total available a. 2.18 m c. 3.13 m
energy in MWh if the hydraulic efficiency is 0.80 and the electrical b. 1.32 m d. 0.56 m
efficiency 0.90?
a. 1464.4 c. 1683.8 48. A 60 MW station has an annual peak load of 50 MW. The power
b. 1537.2 d. 1732.4 station supplies loads having maximum demands of 20 MW, 17 MW, 10
MW, and 9 MW. Determine the diversity factor.
37. A hydroelectric plant is to be constructed on a place having an a. 1.29 c. 1.31
annual rainfall of 2 m. The water catchment area is 300 sq. km with a b. 1.45 d. 1.12
head of 30 m. If only 80% of the collected water is available for power,
determine the power that can be generated. Assume overall efficiency is 49. Assuming the peak power demand now is 450 MW with an average
80%. growth rate of 3%, estimate the peak power demand 10 years from
a. 3.58 MW c. 4.72 MW now.
b. 2.91 MW d. 5.23 MW a. 506 MW c. 607 MW
b. 592 MW d. 623 MW
38. A room 20 ft x 30 ft is illuminated by five 200 W, 3700 lumen
incandescent lamps. The average illumination intensity at the working 50. A hall 30 m long and 12 m wide is to be illuminated and the
plane as measured by a footcandle meter is 10 lumen per sq. ft. illumination required is 50 meter-candles. Calculate the number of
Calculate the utilization factor of the lamps. lamps required taking a depreciation factor of 77% and utilization
a. 0.32 c. 0.45 coefficient of 50% given that the output of the lamp to be used is 1615
b. 0.23 d. 0.56 lumens.
a. 25 c. 29
39. Determine the thermal efficiency of a steam power station given the b. 32 d. 22
following data: coal consumption = 0.60 kg/kWh; heating value of coal =
6600 kcal/kg. 51. A power plant consumes 3800 tons of coal per day. If the heating
a. 24.8% c. 21.5% value of coal used is 11,500 Btu/lb, determine the output of the plant in
b. 21.7% d. 29.6% MW if the overall efficiency is 17%
a. 202.2 c. 164.5
40. A hydroelectric station has an effective head of 200 ft. The water b. 190.3 d. 181.4
flow is 10,000 ft3/min. The piping system and the turbine have an overall
efficiency of 75%. If the station output is 2010 kW, what is the efficiency 52. A large hydroelectric power plant has a head of 324 m and an
of the generator? average flow of 1370 m3/s. The reservoir is a lake covering an area of
a. 89% c. 95% 6400 sq. km. Assuming an efficiency of 90% for the turbine and 95% for
b. 93% d. 85% the generator, solve the number of days this power could be supplied
for a drop in water level by 1 m.
41. A power station has an annual load factor of 50% and capacity factor a. 52 days c. 50 days
of 40%. If the maximum demand is 15 MW, the reserve capacity of the b. 54 days d. 56 days
plant is ___.
a. 1250 kW c. 2500 kW 53. An electric kettle contains 2 L of water which it heats from 20C to
b. 3750 kW d. 4750 kW boiling temperature in 5 minutes. If the supply voltage is 200 V,
determine the current in the heating element.
42. An electric motor driven conveyor belt 80 ft long is required to take a. 16.9 A c. 13.8 A
2,200 lbs of dirt, rocks, etc per minute from an excavation site and raise b. 11.2 A d. 8.3 A
it 15 ft vertically. If all friction in the machinery is neglected, what hp of
motor is required? 54. The illumination in a drawing office 30 m x 10 m is to have a value of
a. 0.8 c. 1.0 250 lux and is to be provided by a number of 300-W filament lamps. If
Page 7 of 13
the coefficient of utilization is 0.4 and the depreciation factor is 0.9, 66. An electric lift truck is powered by a dc motor connected to a 110-V
determine the number of lamps required. The luminous efficiency of battery. The truck exerts a 200 lb pull while moving 7 mph. If the overall
each lamp is 14 lm/watt. efficiency of the motor and drive mechanism is 75%, what is the current
a. 60 c. 65 drawn from the battery?
b. 55 d. 50 a. 21.42 A c. 18.52 A
b. 33.76 A d. 28.62 A
55. A power station has two 50 MW units each running for 8500 hours in
a year and one 30 MW unit running for 1250 hours in a year. The station 67. The overall luminous efficiency of a street lamp is 30 lm/W. Assume
output is 650 GWh per year. Calculate the utilization factor. that the lamp emits like a uniform point source. If the lamp is 8 m above
a. 73.2% c. 67.5% the street, what power input is required to produce an illuminance at a
b. 69.1% d. 62.8% point directly below the lamp, equal to that of full moonlight, 0.2 lux.
a. 9.7 W c. 5.4 W
56. In a hydroelectric plant, water flows at 10 m/s in a penstock of 1.2 b. 8.4 W d. 6.1 W
m2 cross sectional area. If the net head of the plant is 30 m and the
turbine efficiency is 80%, what is the turbine output? 68. One hundred liters of water is heated from 20C to 40C. How many
a. 2.82 MW c. 2.24 MW kWhr of electricity is needed assuming no losses?
b. 2.14 MW d. 2.50 MW a. 3.528 kWh c. 2.326 kWh
b. 4.102 kWh d. 2.841 kWh
57. A power plant consumes 21,542 kg of coal per hour. The heating
value of coal is 6,652,800 calories per kg and the overall plant efficiency 69. The overall efficiency of an electric system, coal pile to lights, is 11%.
is 30%. What is the MW output of the plant? What fraction of a pound of coal containing 30,250 J/g must be
a. 55 MW c. 45 MW consumed to light a 100-W lamp in 45 min?
b. 60 MW d. 50 MW a. 0.144 lb c. 0.179 lb
b. 0.138 lb d. 0.161 lb
58. A coal fired power plant uses coal with a heating value of 12,000 Btu
per second and costing $1.50 per pound. If the fuel cost of producing 1 70. A hydroelectric plant gets water from a dam at the rate of 900
kW-hr is $1.52, what is the overall efficiency of this power plant? m3/min to generate an output of 10 MW. If the head of the water is 95
a. 28% c. 36% m, what is the overall efficiency of the plant?
b. 31% d. 43% a. 71.53% c. 77.28%
b. 74.21% d. 81.19%
59. A 50 MW coal fired power plant has an overall thermal efficiency of
42%. If the coal burnt has a calorific value of 7000 kcal/kg and weighs 71. A power station has two 50 MW units each running for 8500 hours in
600 kg/m3, determine the volume (in cubic meters) of coal consumption a year and one 30 MW unit running for 1250 hours in a year. The station
per day. output is 650 GWh per year. Calculate the station load factor.
a. 585 c. 596 a. 57.08% c. 42.63%
b. 568 d. 575 b. 66.52% d. 49.29%

60. The annual load of a substation is given by the following data (from 72. A hoist with a 100 hp engine is capable of lifting a 10,000 lb load a
January to December): 8 MW, 6 MW, 4 MW, 2 MW, 6 MW, 12 MW, 16 height of 20 ft in 10 sec. What is the efficiency of this machine?
MW, 14 MW, 10 MW, 4 MW, 6 MW, and 8 MW. Determine the annual a. 36.4% c. 39.8%
load factor. b. 31.7% d. 42.2%
a. 50% c. 60%
b. 56% d. 68% 73. A wind generator with an efficiency of 0.85 has a blade diameter of
61. A power station is supplying four regions of load whose peak loads 20 m. If the wind velocity is 30 kph, how much power is obtainable from
are 10 MW, 5 MW, 8 MW, and 7 MW, the diversity factor of the loads at the generator?
the stations is 1.5 and the average annual load factor is 60%. Calculate a. 58.3 kW c. 55.2 kW
the annual energy supplied from the station. b. 60.8 kW d. 52.8 kW
a. 105.12 GWh c. 112.52 GWh
b. 108.52 GWh d. 110.16 GWh 74. The peak load on a 50 MW power station is 39 MW. It supplies
power to transformers whose connected loads are 17, 12, 9, and 10
62. A lamp whose luminous intensity is 100 candelas is placed 1 m above MW. The maximum demands on these transformers are 15, 10, 8, and 9
the horizontal table. How far must the lamp be moved in a horizontal MW respectively. Determine the demand factor.
direction to reduce the illuminance at this point to one-half of the value a. 0.725 c. 0.8125
of its illumination directly below the lamp? b. 0.775 d. 0.833
a. 0.766 m c. 0.448 m
b. 0.615 m d. 0.592 m 75. A large hydroelectric power plant has a head of 324 m and an
average flow of 1370 m3/s. The reservoir is a lake covering an area of
63. Find the amount of electrical energy expended raising the 6400 sq. km. Assuming an efficiency of 90% for the turbine and 95% for
temperature of 45 liters of water by 75C. Assume efficiency of the the generator, calculate the available electric power.
heating equipment to be 90%. a. 3723 MW c. 3382 MW
a. 6.24 kWh c. 3.92 kWh b. 3549 MW d. 3188 MW
b. 5.62 kWh d. 4.36 kWh
76. A room 18.3 m by 12.2 m is illuminated by 12 lamps. The average
64. The heating value of fuel used in a diesel generator set is 11,500 intensity of illumination being 108 lux. Assume a coefficient of utilization
kcal/kg. If the mass of oil required is 4.04 kg/hr, determine the output of 0.4 and depreciation factor of 0.833, find the mean spherical candle
kW of the set. Assume an overall efficiency of 37%. power of each lamp.
a. 32 kW c. 28 kW a. 520 cd c. 480 cd
b. 25 kW d. 20 kW b. 510 cd d. 460 cd

65. A room 12.2 m by 1.6 m is illuminated by twelve 300 W lamps each 77. Estimate the average power output of a wind turbine having a blade
having a mean spherical candle power of 340. Taking the coefficient of diameter of 35 ft if the wind velocity ranges from 10 to 30 mph.
utilization to be 0.45 and depreciation factor 0.769, find the average a. 44.3 kW c. 49.2 kW
illumination. b. 42.2 kW d. 46.5 kW
a. 200 lux c. 238 lux
b. 220 lux d. 234 lux 78. The engine with a calorific value of 45,000 kJ/kg uses 300 kg/hr fuel.
If the indicated thermal efficiency is 42%, what is the power developed
in the cylinder?
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a. 2.0 MW c. 1.5 MW
b. 1.8 MW d. 1.6 MW 91. A power plant has the following given data: load factor of 0.48;
installed capacity: 35 MW; reserve over peak: 3 MW; hours out of
79. A power plant has a maximum demand of 15 MW. The annual load service per year: 410. Find the capacity factor.
and capacity factors are 50% and 40% respectively. Determine the a. 0.451 c. 0.481
installed capacity of the plant in MW. b. 0.494 d. 0.439
a.18.75 c. 20.25
b. 21.50 d. 25.75 92. An electric kettle is required to heat 0.6 kg of water from 10 C to
boiling point in 5 minutes, the supply voltage being 230 V. The efficiency
80. An electric kettle was marked 500 W, 230 V and was found to take of the kettle is 78%. Determine the resistance of the heating element.
15 minutes to bring 1 kg of water at 15C to boiling point. Determine the a. 52.25  c. 59.35 
efficiency of the kettle. b. 54.76  d. 56.82 
a. 76% c. 79%
b. 78% d. 77% 93. A power plant has the following given data: load factor of 0.48;
installed capacity: 35 MW; reserve over peak, 3 MW; hours out of
81. The reservoir of a hydroelectric generating station measures 217.8 ft service per year, 410. Find the plant use factor.
by 200 ft at the surface. In one one hour, its head decreases by 1 ft while a. 0.46 c. 0.57
the station generates 100 hp at 70% efficiency. Find the original head. b. 0.53 d. 0.41
a. 100 ft c. 102 ft
b. 106 ft d. 104 ft 94. Four lamps are suspended 8 m above the ground at the corners of a
rectangular horizontal field of 3 m by 4 m. Each lamp emits 300 candelas
82. A diesel power station has a fuel consumption of 0.37 lb/kWh. The uniformly below the horizontal plane. Evaluate the illumination at the
calorific value of fuel being 30,000 Btu/lb. Determine the engine center of the rectangular field.
efficiency if the generator efficiency is 95%. a. 12.4 lux c. 11.8 lux
a. 32.37% c. 33.12% b. 16.3 lux d. 14.1 lux
b. 30.21% d. 34.55%
95. How much should a 60-W lamp be lowered to double the
83. A uniform point source is suspended 4 m above a desk. The illumination of an object which is 60 cm directly under it?
illuminance of the desk at a point directly below the source is 100 lux. a. 14.4 cm c. 15.2 cm
What is the illuminance on the desk at a point 3 m from the first point? b. 17.6 cm d. 16.1 cm
a. 45.3 lux c. 51.2 lux
b. 42.5 lux d. 55.8 lux 96. One pound of fuel, having a heat combustion of 10,000 Btu/lb, was
burned in an engine that raised 6000 lbs of water 110 ft. What is the
84. A power plant has a maximum demand of 18 MW. If the load factor percentage of the heat was transformed into useful work?
is 56%, and its capacity factor 50%, determine its reserve capacity. a. 8.5% c. 6.6%
a. 2.45 MW c. 2.28 MW b. 9.33% d. 8.08%
b. 2.16 MW d. 2.31 MW
97. If a generating station has a maximum load of 20 MW for the year
85. The monthly readings of a customer meter are as follow: peak and the maximum loads on the substations were 7.5 MW, 6 MW, 5.5
demand = 60 kW; Total kWhr = 24,000; Total kVAR-hr = 15,600. MW, and 4.5 MW. Calculate the diversity factor.
Determine the load factor of the customer. a. 1.175 c. 1.325
a. 0.508 c. 0.456 b. 1.225 d. 1.495
b. 0.523 d. 0.555
98. A road is illuminated by two 500 cd lamps placed 6.1 meters above
86. A pump which is gear driven by a dc motor delivers 1000 Li of water the center line of the road and 18.3 meters apart. Find the illumination
per minute to a tank 25 m above the level of the pump. If the efficiency produced on the surface of the road at a point midway between the
of the pump is 80%, gears 90% and that of motor 85%, calculate the lamps.
current drawn from the mains, if the supply voltage is 400 V. a. 3.2 lux c. 5.4 lux
a. 16.68 A c. 18.45 A b. 4.6 lux d. 6.9 lux
b. 21.91 A d. 24.13 A
99. A hydroelectric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of
87. A suitable lighting scheme for a factory 120 m by 40 m with a height capacity 1.8 x 108 cu. ft at a head of 480 ft. What is the total available
of 7 m is being consdired. Illumination required is 60 lux using 40 W energy in MWh if the hydraulic efficiency is 0.80 and the electrical
fluorescent tubes giving 45 lm/W. Determine the number of fittings efficiency is 0.90?
required if a twin tube fitting is employed. Depreciation factor = 1.2. a. 1464.4 c. 1638.8
Utilization factor = 0.5. b. 1537.2 d. 1732.4
a. 192 c. 348
b. 286 d. 224 100. Calculate the energy required for a geared dc motor to lift a 2200-lb
load through 50 ft in 10 seconds. The motor/gear overall efficiency is
88. Suppose that the consumption of energy in a certain country has a 51%.
growth rate of 4% per year. In how many years will the energy a. 0.0379 kWh c. 0.0441 kWh
consumption be quadrupled? b. 0.0682 kWh d. 0.0812 kWh
a. 29.4 c. 38.3
b. 34.7 d. 42.6 101. A point source unshaded electric lamp of luminous intensity 100
candles is 4 ft above the top of a table. Find the illumination of the table
89. A hydroelectric station is to be designed to operate at a mean head at a point 3 ft from the point directly below the lamp.
of 205 m and supplied from a reservoir lake having a catchment area of a. 6.25 fc c. 11.11 fc
1000 km2 with an average annual rainfall of 125 cm of which 80% is b. 4 fc d. 3.2 fc
available for power generation. Allowing a head loss of 5 m and
assuming efficency of turbine and generator to be 90% and 95%. 102. The annual peak load on a 15 MW power plant is 10.5 MW. Two
respectively, calculate average MW produced by the station. substations are supplied by this plant. Annual energy dispatched
a. 46.6 MW c. 51.8 MW through substation A is 27,500 MW-hr with a peak at 8.9 MW, while
b. 48.3 MW d. 53.2 MW 16,500 MW-hr are sent through substation B with a peak at 6.65 MW.
Neglect line losses. Find the capacity factor of the plant.
90. What is the illumination 5 ft from a 75 candlepower lamp? a. 0.335 c. 0.429
a. 15 foot-candle c. 3 foot-candle b. 0.382 d. 0.402
b. 375 foot-candle d. 1875 foot-candle
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103. A room 12.2 m by 6.1 m is illuminated by twelve 300 W lamps each a. 68.75 C c. 52.53 C
having a mean spherical candle power of 340. Assuming the coefficient b. 71.28 C d. 61.81 C
of utilization to be 0.45 and depreciation factor 0.769, find the average
illumination. 116. What is the total flux of light emitted from a source having a
a. 238.4 lux c. 224.5 lux uniform intensity of 150 cp.
b. 240.2 lux d. 250.5 lux a. 1890 lumens c. 1885 lumens
b. 1770 lumens d. 2010 lumens
104. A belt driven generator supplies 875 kW at 95% efficiency. If the
loss in the drive belt is 2.5%, calculate the horsepower of the engine 117. A 50 MW steam plant has an annual capacity factor of 54.3% with a
needed to drive the generator. peak load of 42.86 MW. Determine the annual load factor.
a. 1267 hp c. 1183 hp a. 76.28% c. 59.15%
b. 1690 hp d. 1225 hp b. 68.19% d. 63.34%

105. A certain gas filled lamp emits a total flux of light of 4260 lumens. 118. An electric motor driven pump lifts 2.4 x 10 5 kg of water per hour to
What is its mean spherical candle power. a height of 30 m. The efficiency of the pump and motor are 80% and
a. 339 cp c. 344 cp 90% respectively. Calculate the motor current taken by it at 100 V.
b. 324 cp d. 329 cp a. 62 A c. 64 A
b. 66 A d. 68 A
106. A hydraulic turbine receives wate from a reservoir at an elevation
of 100 m above it. What is the minimum water flow in kg/s to produce a 119. A power customer applying for power listed his loads as follows:
steady turbine output of 50 MW. five, 15-hp motors; thre 5-hp motors; lighting loads, 8 kW;
a. 53,323 c. 50,968 miscellaneous loads, 3.5 kW. The demand factor is determined to be
b. 52,326 d. 55,335 65% and the pf is estimated to be 80%, while the load factor is 46%.
Determine the maximum kVA load.
107. A standard 48-candle lamp is placed 36 cm from a screen of a a. 69 c. 79
photometer and produces the same illuminance as a lamp of unknown b. 64 d. 51
intensity placed 45 cm away. What is the luminous intensity of the
unknown lamp? 120. A power dam was created in stream whose normal flow is 4200 cfs.
a. 90 cd c. 100 cd Hydraulic turbines that can convert 92% of the water power into shaft
b. 75 cd d. 85 cd power are installed and they are connected to generators whose
efficiency is 97.5%. If the plant can generate a power capacity of 26 MW,
108. The peak load on a 50 MW power station is 39 MW. If the annual determine the head of the water in the dam.
load factor is 50% and the plant is operating for 65% of the period per a. 20 m c. 30 m
year, determine the station use factor. b. 35 m d. 25 m
a. 0.60 c. 0.70
b. 0.65 d. 0.75 121. Four lamps are suspended 6 m above the ground at the corners of a
lawn 4 m on each side. If each lamp emits 250 cd, solve the illumination
109. Calculate the velocity with which a 200-kg mass must move so that at the center of the lawn.
its kinetic energy equals the energy dissipated in a 0.20- resistor a. 21.62 lux c. 19.85 lux
through which a 100-A current flows for 2 hours. b. 22.34 lux d. 20.56 lux
a. 395.6 m/s c. 379.5 m/s
b. 380.2 m/s d. 388.2 m/s 122. A 100 MW power station delivers 100 MW for 2 hours, 50 MW for 6
hours, and is shut down for the rest of the day. It is also shut down for
110. A lamp whose luminous intensity is 100 candelas is placed 1 m maintenance for 45 days each year. Determine the annual load factor.
above the horizontal table. How far must the lamp be moved in a a. 29.3% c. 37.4%
horizontal direction to reduce the illuminance at this point to one-half of b. 22.7% d. 20.8%
the value of its illumination directly below the lamp?
a. 0.766 m c. 0.448 m 123. An electric kettle is marked 1.5 kW, 230 V takes 7.5 minutes to raise
b. 0.615 m d. 0.592 m the temperature of 1.5 kg of water from 15C to boiling point. Find the
efficiency of the kettle.
111. A 50 MW coal-fired power plant has an average heat rate of 11,000 a. 78.7% c. 71.8%
Btu per kW-hr. Coal has a heating value of 13,000 Btu per lb. The plant b. 73.6% d. 75.7%
has a load factor of 80%. How much coal is burnt per day? 124. Coal reserves are estimated to contain 2250 quads of energy. If the
a. 6.2 x 105 lb c. 6.9 x 105 lb energy content of this coal is 11,500 Btu/lb, determine the approximate
5
b. 7.6 x 10 lb d. 8.1 x 105 lb weight of the coal reserve in tons.
a. 8.48 x 1010 c. 6.39 x 1010
112. At what distance from a screen should a lamp of 120 cd be placed b. 7.73 x 1010 d. 9.78 x 1010
to produce the same illumination on the screen as a lamp of 30 cd would
give when placed at a distance of 40 cm from the screen? 125. A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water through it is
a. 82 cm c. 94 cm 0.61 m3/s. Assume an efficiency of 87%. What is the head acting on the
b. 88 cm d. 80 cm turbine?
a. 92 m c. 90 m
113. A certain amount of fuel contains 12 x 10 10 Btu of energy. What is b. 88 m d. 86 m
the corresponding energy in kcal?
a. 3.02 x 1010 c. 3.78 x 1010 126. Two lamps A and B of 3000 and 4000 candles respectively are
10
b. 3.62 x 10 d. 3.96 x 1010 situated 50 m apart. The height of A above the ground level is 10 m and
that of B is 15 m. How far from a point directly below the lamp A, on the
114. Two lamps A and B of 3000 and 4000 candles respectively are same vertical plane between the lamps will be the illumination coming
situated 50 m apart. The height of A above the ground level is 10 m and from both lamps be equal?
that of B is 15 m. If a photometer is placed at the center of the line a. 20.15 m c. 21.53 m
joining the two lamps, find its reading. b. 23.62 m d. 22.65 m
a. 3.96 lux c. 3.67 lux
b. 4.31 lux d. 4.05 lux 127. A central station has annual load factors as follows: load factor =
58.5%; capacity factor = 40.9%; use factor = 45.2%. The reserved carried
115. An electric heater contains 4 liters of water initially at a mean over and above the peak load is 8.9 MW. Solve the installed capacity of
temperature of 15C, 0.25 kWh is supplied by the heater. Assuming no the station.
heat losses, what is the final temperature of the water? a. 35 MW c. 30 MW
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b. 45 MW d. 38 MW a. 181 s c. 189 s
b. 173 s d. 167 s
128. A wall outlet operating on 120 V, delivers 4 A to an immersion
heater for 10 min. If the heater is used to heat 2 kg of water, how much 141. An electric kettle contains 1.5 kg of water at 15C. It takes 15
does the temperature of wate rise? minutes to raise the temperature to 95C. Assuming the heat losses due
a. 34 C c. 30 C to radiation and heating to be 14 kcal, find the current taken if the
b. 32 C d. 28 C supply voltage is 100 V.
a. 5.50 A c. 6.23 A
129. A power plant has a capacity factor of 40.9% and a plant use factor b. 5.24 A d. 6.67 A
of 45.2%. How many hours per year was the plant not operating?
a. 833 hrs c. 794 hrs 142. A hoist is to raise a 1135 kg of mine cage at the rate of 4.6 m/s.
b. 902 hrs d. 892 hrs Mechanical efficiency of the hoist is 92%. What is the motor rating (in
kW) required to drive this?
130. A consumer has the following connected load: 10 lamps at 60 W a. 51.2 kW c. 55.67 kW
each and two heaters of 1000 W each. His maximum demand is 1500 W. b. 49.7 kW d. 42.42 kW
On the average, he uses 8 lamps for 5 hours a day and each heater for 3
hours a day. Determine his monthly load factor. 143. A high intensity lamp causes an illumination of 40 fc when it falls on
a. 13.46% c. 57.69% a book 4 ft from the lamp. If the print in the book is fine and requires
b. 23.33% d. 30.95% greater illumination to be read, what will be the illumination if the lamp
is moved to within 2 ft of the book?
131. In a certain region, the growth rate of energy consumption is 5%. In a. 180 fc c. 100 fc
how many years will the energy consumption be tripled? b. 160 fc d. 80 fc
a. 22.56 years c. 28.23 years
b. 33.12 years d. 21.97 years 144. A 60 MW station has an annual peak load of 50 MW. The power
station supplies loads having maximum demands of 20 MW, 17 MW, 10
132. Four lamps are suspended 8 m above the ground at the corners of a MW, and 9 MW. The annual load factor is 45%. Determine the energy
square of 3 m side. Each lamp gives 250 candelas uniformly below the supplied per year in kWh.
horizontal plane. Calculate the illumination at the center of the square. a. 197 x 106 c. 189 x 106
a. 16.52 lux c. 14.11 lux b. 192 x 106 d. 195 x 106
b. 24.04 lux d. 21.48 lux
145. A power plant consumes 360 tons of coal per day. If the coal has an
133. A thermal station has a capacity of 800 kW and has a coal average energy content of 10,000 Btu/lb, what is the plant’s power
consumption of 1900 lbs per hour. Assuming only 15.13% of coal power output? Assume overall efficiency of 15%.
generated has been converted to useful energy, determine the heating a. 128 MW c. 130 MW
value of the coal being used. b. 132 MW d. 124 MW
a. 9400 Btu/lb c. 9500 Btu/lb
b. 9600 Btu/lb d. 9700 Btu/lb 146. Two point sources of light are placed 4 m apart on a photometer. If
one is a standard of 50 cd and they produce equal illuminance at a point
134. The time required for 1 kW electric heater to raise the temperature 2.5 m from the standard source, what is the intensity of the second
of 10 lites of water through 10C is approximately ___. source?
a. 210 s c. 420 s a. 20 cd c. 22 cd
b. 42 s d. 840 s b. 18 cd d. 15 cd

135. A 100 W, 230 V gas fitted lamp has a mean spherical candle power 147. A tap supplies water at 22C. A man takes 1 liter of water per
of 92. Find its efficiency in lumens per watt. minute at 37C from the geyser. The power of the geyser is ___.
a. 11.56 c. 13.36 a. 1050 W c. 1575 W
b. 15.21 d. 21.15 b. 525 W d. 2100 W

136. It has been estimated that a minimum run-off approximately 94 148. The output of a certain power station was 1,500 MW-hr while the
m3/s will be available at a hydraulic project with a head of 39 m. maximum demand on the station during the year was 1000 kW. What is
Determine the firm’s yearly gross output. the load factor of the station?
a. 315.04 x 106 kWh c. 320.40 x 106 kWh a. 20.12% c. 17.12%
b. 304.32 x 106 kWh d. 319.92 x 106 kWh b. 46.13% d. 66.67%

137. Two lamps having intensities of 140 and 230 cd respectively are 149. Two unshaded lamps of 100 cd each are suspended 5 ft above the
hung at a distance of 20 ft between their centers and 10 ft above the pool table and 6 ft apart. Find the illuminance on the table top under
ground. At what distance from a point directly below the 140-cd lamp one of the lamp.
will the two lamps give equal amount of illumination? a. 6.01 fc c. 5.05 fc
a. 7.18 m c. 8.34 m b. 5.66 fc d. 4.56 fc
b. 7.93 m d. 8.63 m
150. Determine the current drawn by a 2000 V dc locomotive driving a
138. A power station has a daily load cycle as follows: 260 MW for 6 100-ton load at 36 kph with a tractive resistance of 4 kg/ton along a
hours, 200 MW for 8 hours, 160 MW for 4 hours, and 100 MW for 6 gradient of 1 in 50. Assume a motor efficiency of 80%.
hours. The power station is equipped with 4 sets of generators of 75
MW each. Determine plant capacity factor. 151. A 45 candela standard lamp is 135 cm from the screen of
a. 59.2% c. 61.1% photometer. The field of view of the photometer is of uniform
b. 49.6% d. 53.4% brightness when a second lamp is 65 cm from the screen. What is the
intensity of this lamp?
139. A small light source with intensity uniform in all directions is a. 10.4 cd c. 15.2 cd
mounted at a height of 10 m above a horizontal surface. Two points A b. 12.8 cd d. 16.3 cd
and B both lie on the surface with point A directly below the source.
How far is B from A if the illumination at B is only 1/10 as great as in A? 152. The brake thermal efficiency of a 1 MW diesel electric plant is 36%.
a. 13.8 m c. 12.4 m Find the heat generated by fuel in kW if the generator efficiency is 89%.
b. 16.2 m d. 19.1 m a. 3121 kW c. 3240 kW
b. 3704 kW d. 3163 kW
140. A 500 W heater is used to heat 250 mL of water from 20 to 100 C.
What is the minimum time in which this can be done?
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153. The flow of a river is 4.25 m 3/s at a site where a 23 m hydrostatic 165. The net energy requirement in place was approximately 2.82 x 10 6
head can be created by the erection of a dam. What is the kW capacity GWh. What is the equialent of this energy in quad?
of a hydroelectric power plant if installed at this site? Consider that the a. 10.15 c. 8.18
hydraulic efficiency can be 80%, and the electric efficiency, 90%. b. 9.62 d. 9.16
a. 768 kW c. 691 kW
b. 960 kW d. 746 kW 166. A hydroelectric generating station has a reservoir capacity of 5
million cu. m. with a head of 120 m. Calculate the electric energy which
154. The illumination of a room is being designed: room length = 30 ft; can be generated from the power station if the hydraulic efficiency is
room width = 20 ft; coefficient of utilization = 50%; maintenance factor = 80% and electrical efficiency 90%.
76%; required foot-candle = 50; lumens per lamp = 3300; watts per lamp a. 9.56 x 105 kWh d. 1.177 x 106 kWh
5
= 50. Estimate the total power drawn by the lamps to satisfy the above b. 9.8 x 10 kWh d. 1.369 x 106 kWh
requirements.
a. 1500 W c. 1400 W 167. A section of the road is to be illuminated by two lamps of 550 cd
b. 1200 W d. 1300 W and 450 cd both being 20 m apart and are suspended 6 m above the
surface level. Calculate the illumination directly below the 550 cd lamp.
155. The maximum current loads of five, 3-phase, 230 V circuits are as a. 15.57 lux c. 17.83 lux
follows: circuit 1 = 32 A; circuit 2 = 39 A; circuit 3 = 21 A; circuit 4 = 42 A, b. 16.98 lux d. 18.35 lux
and circuit 5 = 12 A. The average kW demand is 21.18, load factor is 60%
and the pf is 85%. Determine the diversity factor. 168. The present fuel reserve in a given country is 2000 GW-year with a
a. 1.4 c. 1.5 present demand of 400 GW. If the power consumption growth rate is
b 1.2 d. 1.3 estimated to be 4% per year, approximately how long will the fuel
reserve last?
156. A waterfall discharges water at 1800 cm 3/min with an available a. 3.67 years c. 4.17 years
head of 20 m. What is the available power if it is proposed to install a b. 3.91 years d. 4.56 years
hydraulic turbine at the bottom with 85% efficiency?
a. 5.89 MW c. 7 MW 169. A generating station delivers an average annual energy of 48 GWh
b. 6.92 MW d. 5 MW and a load factor of 30.44% The maximum loads on the station were
7500 kW, 5000 kW, 3400 kW, 4600 kW, and 2800 kW. Determine the
157. A lamp has a mean spherical candle power of 25. Calculate the total diversity factor.
flux of light emitted from the lamp. a. 1.5 c. 1.4
a. 314.2 lumens c. 334.2 lumens b. 1.2 d. 1.3
b. 328.5 lumens d. 318.7 lumens
170. A hydraulic generating station is supplied from reservoir of capacity
158. A customer connected to a substation has a connected load of 2 x 108 ft3 at a head of 500 ft. What is the total available electric energy
45,000 kW at a demand factor of 55%. The total unit consumed is 85 x in MWh if the hydraulic efficiency is 0.8 and the electrical efficiency is
106 kWh. Determine the annual load factor of the station. 0.9?
a. 35.4% c. 39.2% a. 1889 MWh c. 1692 MWh
b. 38.6% d. 32.5% b. 1730 MWh d. 1840 MWh

159. An engine has a rating of 25 kW. The heating value of the fuel used 171. A lamp has a luminous intensity of 50 candles and an overall
is 12,500 kcal/kg. If the mass of oil required per hour is 4.91 kg, luminous efficiency of 12 lm/W. How many watts are supplied to the
determine the overall efficiency of the engine? lamp?
a. 35% c. 32% a. 46.8 W c. 69.5 W
b. 28% d. 26% b. 58.2 W d. 52.3 W

160. Two lamps A and B of 3000 and 4000 candles respectively are 172. A certain amount of fuel can be converted into 0.003 quads of
situated 50 m apart. The height of A above the ground level is 10 m and energy in a power station. If the average load on the station over a 24-
that of B is 15 m. If a photometer is placed at the center of the line hour period is 50 MW, determine how long (in days) the fuel will last?
joining the two lamp post, find its reading. Assume 20% overall efficiency for the power station.
a. 3.96 lux c. 3.67 lux a. 140 c. 147
b. 4.31 lux d. 4.05 lux b. 154 d. 135

161. A generating station has a maximum load for the year of 18 MW 173. A heater contains 1.6 kg of water at 20C. It takes 12 minutes to
and a load factor of 30.5% and the maximum loads on the substations raise the temperature to 100C. Assume the losses due to radiation and
were 7.5 MW, 5 MW, 3.4 MW, 4.6 MW, and 2.8 MW. Calculate the heating the kettle to be 10 kcal, find the power rating of the heater.
energy generated for the year. a. 820 W c. 860 W
a. 96,983 MWh c. 48,092 MWh b. 880 W d. 802 W
b. 102,294 MWh d. 78,182 MWh
174. The hammer of a pile driver weighs 1000 lbs and must be lifted a
162. A 150 candle power lamp gives sufficient light to read a book at a vertical distance of 6 ft in 3 s. What horsepower engine is required?
distance of 6 ft. If the lamp depreciated to 75 candle power, by how a. 3.64 hp c. 4.88 hp
much closer should the book be placed to be read with the same b. 6.63 hp d. 5.72 hp
illuminace?
a. 3.4 c. 2.2 175. A hydro-electric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of
b. 2.6 d. 1.8 capacity 1.8 x 108 cu. ft at a head of 480 ft. What is the total available
enerrgy in MWh if the hydraulic efficiency is 0.80 and the electrical
163. Approximately how much heat is produced in 5 min by an electric efficiency 0.90?
iron which draws 5 A from a 120-V line? a. 1464.4 c. 1683.8
a. 36 kcal c. 50 kcal b. 1537.2 d. 1732.4
b. 68 kcal d. 43 kcal
176. Two lamps A and B are hung at a height of 9 m from the floor level.
164. A generating station has a maximum demand of 20 MW, a load The distance between lamps is 1 m. Lamp A is of 500 candela. If the
factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor of 48%, and a plant use factor of illumination on the floor vertically below this lamp is 20 lux, find the
80%. Determine the reserve capacity of the plant. candle power of lamp B.
a. 2.5 MW c. 4 MW a. 1550 c. 1820
b. 3.6 MW d. 5 MW b. 1250 d. 1140

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177. A power plant having three turbo alternators rated 25 MVA, 0.8 pf,
15 MVA, unity pf, and 30 MVA, 0.9 pf has a maximum demand of 50
MW. Determine the utilization factor of the plant.
a. 81.37% c. 83.22%
b. 80.64% d. 84.53%

178. It is required to heat 5 gallons of water from 15C to its boiling

point in 15 minutes. If the thermal efficiency of the heate ris 80%, find
the current taken if the supply voltage is 220 V?
a. 43 A c. 63 A
b. 54 A d. 47 A

179. A power station has a daily load cycle as follows: 260 MW for 6
hours, 200 MW for 8 hours, 160 MW for 4 hours, and 100 MW for 6
hours. The power station is equipped with 4 sets of generators of 75
MW each. Determine daily load factor.
a. 70.51% c. 72.56%
b. 76.28% d. 74.47%

180. A diesel engine operating under constant load uses crude oil with a
heating value of 19,000 Btu/lb. Assuming a brake thermal efficiency of
20%, determine the amount of oil required per brake horsepower-hour
output.
a. 0.55 lb c. 0.42 lb.
b. 0.72 lb d. 0.67 lb

***END***

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