Accounting decision Tools
Resume of Statistics
What is Meant by Statistics?
Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical
data to assist in making more effective decisions.
Who Uses Statistics?
Every professional use statistic
Types of Statistics – Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics - methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative
way.
Inferential Statistics: A decision, estimate, prediction, or generalization about a population, based
on a sample.
Population versus Sample
A population is a collection of all possible individuals, objects, or measurements of interest.
A sample is a portion, or part, of the population of interest
Types of Variables
A. Qualitative or Attribute variable - the characteristic being studied is nonnumeric.
EXAMPLES: Gender, religious affiliation, type of automobile owned, state of birth, eye
color are examples.
B. Quantitative variable - information is reported numerically.
EXAMPLES: balance in your checking account, minutes remaining in class, or number of
children in a family.
Quantitative Variables – Classifications
A. Discrete variables: can only assume certain values and there are usually “gaps” between
values.
B. Continuous variable can assume any value within a specified range.
Four Levels of Measurement
Nominal level - data that is classified into categories and cannot be arranged in any particular
order.
Ordinal level – involves data arranged in some order, but the differences between data values
cannot be determined or are meaningless.
Interval level - similar to the ordinal level, with the additional property that meaningful amounts of
differences between data values can be determined. There is no natural zero point
Ratio level - the interval level with an inherent zero starting point. Differences and ratios are
meaningful for this level of measurement.
Types of charts
Bar charts
Pie charts
Frequency Distribution
A Frequency distribution is a grouping of data into mutually exclusive categories showing the
number of observations in each class.
Frequency Table
Frequency refers to the number of times an event or a value occurs. A frequency table is a table
that lists items and shows the number of times the items occur.
Relative Class Frequencies
Class frequencies can be converted to relative class frequencies to show the fraction of the total
number of observations in each class.
Frequency Distribution
Class midpoint: A point that divides a class into two equal parts. This is the average of the upper-
and lower-class limits.
Class frequency: The number of observations in each class.
Class interval: The class interval is obtained by subtracting the lower limit of a class from the
lower limit of the next class.
Relative Frequency Distribution
To convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency distribution, each of the class
frequencies is divided by the total number of observations.
Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution
The three commonly used graphic forms are:
Histograms
Frequency polygons
Cumulative frequency distributions
Characteristics of the Mean
The arithmetic mean is the most widely used measure of location. It requires the interval scale. Its
major characteristics are:
– All values are used.
– It is unique.
– The sum of the deviations from the mean is 0.
– It is calculated by summing the values and dividing by the number of values.
Population Mean
For ungrouped data, the population mean is the sum of all the population values divided by the
total number of population values
Sample Mean
For ungrouped data, the sample mean is the sum of all the sample values divided by the number
of sample values
Properties of the Arithmetic Mean
Every set of interval-level and ratio-level data has a mean.
All the values are included in computing the mean.
A set of data has a unique mean.
Weighted Mean
The weighted mean of a set of numbers X1, X2, ..., Xn, with corresponding weights w1,
The Median
The Median is the midpoint of the values after they have been ordered from the smallest to the
largest.
The Mode
The mode is the value of the observation that appears most frequently.
Sadistic table example
Step 1: Ordenar los datos
Step 2: Definir los siguientes valores
Lowest value: El valor más bajito
Lowest value of the exercise: 1
Highest value: El valor más alto o el ultimo valor
Highest value of the exercise: 25
Range
R=Max-Min
R= 25-1= 24
Step 3: Averiguar K y A
Number of intervals (K): Cuantos intervalos voy a tener
Formula
K= 1+3.332*log (Number of data Regla de sturges
K= 1+3.332*log (36 = 6,18 ≈ 7 Siempre se debe redondear al número impar más
cercano.
Amplitud (A) : Lo grandes que son las casillas
R
A= K
24
A= = 3,4 ≈ se redondea al número más cercano
7
Step 4: Tabla
