• Graph shows rapid Urbanisation since 1950’s
• Most urbanisation is taking place in developed countries and
emerging countries
Urbanisation in developed countries
UK (London), USA (New York), Japan (Tokyo)
Causes: Urbanisation in the 19thC due to industrial and agricultural revolution, counter-
urbanisation; and
re-urbanisation
Megacities:
Tokyo (developed)
Sao Paulo (emerging) Urbanisation in developing and emerging countries
Emerging countries: Mexico (MC), Brazil (SP), India (Delhi), China (Shanghai)
Developing countries: Pakistan (Karachi), Bangladesh (Dhaka)
Education Causes:
Health
Transport
• Births higher than deaths (natural increase),
• Many young people
Sanitation • Push factors: lack of employment in the countryside, poor
Effects of crop yields
rapid Environmental quality
• Pull factors: better paid jobs in the city, higher standard of
Crime urbanisation life, more reliable food, attracts young migrants increasing
Congestion the birth rate, life expectancy
Factors influencing urbanisation across the UK
Cities are unevenly distributed. As shown on the map
there are only 2 cities in NI, Londonderry and
Belfast. On the other hand, there are 9 cities in Physical: High land and low land
Scotland, e.g. Edinburgh and Aberdeen, 3 in Wales, e.g. Historical: Industrialisation linked to raw
Cardiff, Holyhead and Fishguard, there are over 15 materials (eg coal fields)
cities in England including London (the capital city),
Political: More people live in London
Liverpool, Leeds and Birmingham.
because it is the capital city, centre of
The population of the UK is incredibly dense near major cities such as London, Portsmouth and government
Liverpool. The density is at least 200 people per km2 near these cities. Outside these areas the Economic: Growth of tertiary sector
density generally varies between 11 to 100 people per km2. In central Wales and most of
Scotland the population density is incredibly low though, with a density of 1-10 people per km2. (services), London is a financial centre
CBD – West end (Westminster) Concentration of shops, traffic and
pedestrians
Inner city – Battersea (Wandsworth) Since the late 1990s gentrification
has occurred, Home, shops,
restaurant, churches
Inner suburbs – Streatham Hill Occupy large part of the city, roads
• 100s of global companies are located (Lambeth) connect it to London, parks
in London. Outer suburbs - Orpington Houses built to meet the needs of
• Many major roads connecting London (Bromley) people moving from more crowded
with the rest of the UK and polluted inner city
• London encompasses more than 270
nationalities and 300 languages.
Urbanisation - an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared
to rural areas. An urban area is a built-up area such as a town or city.
Sub-urbanisation – 1920s& 30s - the growth of urban areas which merges surrounding
villages and towns into a larger urban agglomeration, and are accessbile by commuters.
Counter-urbanisation – 1970s onwards – the movement of people from urban areas
into rural areas
Re-urbanisation - the movement of people back into an area that have been previously
abandoned.
Housing:
Higher demand - he housing prices in
London are significantly higher than the
rest of the UK so more people rent in
London
Age: In 2014 25% of people living in Inner London
and 16% in Outer London were aged 25 to 34
compared with 13% in the rest of England.
Services: Higher
population numbers
means an increase in the
use and demand on the
NHS and other services
Inequality in London
Housing House prices and rents are higher in London than any other part of the country.
Children across London do not get equal exam grades, generally, the schools in the poorest
Education
areas score the lowest number of GCSE points per pupil.
Health The people in wealthy areas tend to live longer than those in the poorer areas of London. .
London unemployment remains a major issue. London’s employment rate was just 67.5 per
Employment
cent in the period October to December 2011, below the average of 70.3 per cent for the UK.
Retail:
Local shopping,
High street
shopping,
Growth of
shopping centres,
Out of town
shopping,
Internet shopping
• Sustainability/sustainable development – to
provide for the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations
to do the same.
The city of London Recycling
Policy states that people should:
‘Reduce, reuse, recycle waste’
Household recycling rates have
increased in City of London,
Hounslow, Richmond between
98/99-15/16 High levels of air pollution in London is
linked with conditions such as cancer,
• London’s buses are hybrid (diesel- asthma, heart disease
electric) buses, which reduce CO2
emissions
• Low emission zones- encourages the
most polluting zones to become
cleaner
• Congestion charges
• Sustainable projects underway in
London
City structure: Similar to other
developing countries
Mexico City Case study
Site: Began as ‘Tenochtitlan’, capital of the Aztecs, founded on a
lake in 13thC. Causeways built to link the island to the shore of
the lake. Causeways could easily be defended. Lake provided
drinking water and source of fish.
Situation and connectivity:
• High plateau
• Surrounded by mountains and volcanoes
• Inland capital city Squatter slums
found in the
Cultural importance: Largest Spanish Speaking country in
rural-urban fringe
the world
Economic importance: Links to USA and South America
Global importance: Export of raw resources, 13th largest
economy in the world
Migration patterns
Rural-urban migration
• Push factors: lack of jobs, poor healthcare and education
• Pull factors: greater job opportunities, better quality of life
International migration
• Growth of jobs: industry (Renalt and Nissan), banking
(Santander)
Reasons for trends in population growth • Cultural life: Rich heritage including free museums
Impacts:
• Ethnicity ‘enclaves’ creating wealth and class division.
• Rich move closer to CBD, poor set up housing on the edge.
• Poor migrants create temporary settlements on the fringe of the city
(shanties)
• Spatial inequality: poor have fewer services, meaning a poor quality of life
• Reasons: lower income, longer working hours, less political power,
government fails to support rural areas, instead focuses on fighting crime
- Rates of natural increase: Rising natural increase due to a fall in
the death rate (1950-1980) The rich have swimming
- Economic investment and growth: Growth in job opportunities in pools, large gardens and
factories and offices as economic investment channelled into the ample space (compare
city means a rise in population to neighbouring squats)
Management strategies:
Bottom up (communities and local people)
• Advantages: Community involvement, quick to set up, cheap,
not many people required
• Disadvantages: Lack of money, small scale, lack of
government support
Top down (government run)
• Advantages: Political support, enough funding, creates
Air pollution Pressure on housing-more employment, deals with large scale issues
slums/squatter settlements • Disadvantages: Takes a long time, bureaucracy, budget cuts,
lack of involvement of local people
Effects of Increase in informal
Waste
rapid and underemployment Role of the government improving
due to quality of life:
urbanisation
poor
sanitation Green management (Plan verde) 2007
Pressure on water supplies • 15 year plan focusing on waste
management, preserving public
spaces, managing land use and Eco friendly vehicles
Young population (puts further pressure on services) improving sanitation have reduced air
• Metro bus eco friendly vehicles pollution by 35% since
reduced air pollution 2000
• Replaced rubbish tip with recycling
facilities
Technological-
more machines are
used by society
e.g. on farms and
the buildings of
factories and in
homes
Food and water
Economic- the move security- the country
from primary to moves towards being
secondary to able to produce its
Economic development- a tertiary industry for own food or have the
measure of a country’s wealth.
Political development- the majority of the means to trade for
population. An
This could be an increase in freedom for the people to increase in income
Factors food. The majority of
its population have
contributing
people working in the secondary have their say in who and GDP
to the human fresh piped water to
sector and a decrease in the governs their country development their homes
numbers of people working in the of a country
primary sector. Development-
An improvement in
the QoL for the Cultural- women’s Social- society moves
population of a place in society is towards a more equal
country moving towards distribution of wealth,
with all children
Social development- measures the equality with men, attending school and
access a country has to wealth, jobs, Cultural development- for instance, they improvements in
education, nutrition, health, leisure and this could involve better are given the right health care and living
safety . Material elements, such as to vote conditions
wealth and nutrition, are described as equality for women and
the standard of living. Health and better race relations
leisure are often referred to as quality
of life
Measure Definition
Gross domestic product (GDP) The value of all the goods and services produced
in a country during a year ($)/population. Per
capita= per person
Human Development Index (HDI) A comparative measure of different aspects of
life between countries. Measures used= life
expectancy, education and standards of living
Measure of inequality These are ways of measuring how equal people
are within a country or between countries. Often
a measurement of the wealth or healthcare of
people
Corruptions Perceptions Index This is the perceived corruption in governments +
the public sector. Perception because corruption
is hidden and difficult to measure. Zimbabwe
(rank 157/177)
Factors that have led to variations in development
Physical Historic Economic/social
• Landlocked countries • Colonisation • Political and
• Climate e.g. tropical • Neo- colonisation economic policies –
• Small islands open (UK)/closed
• Natural hazards (Russia) economies
• Demography- birth
rate
• Social investment-
education, health
Description of strategy for addressing uneven How does strategy reduce uneven
development development?
Trade and investment NICs- China, India, Brazil, Mexico have all
increased trade in recent decades,
attracting FDI
Little investment- Sub- Saharan Africa
Fair Trade A movement that aims to create direct
long- term trading links with producers in
developing countries to ensure that they
receive a fair price for their product
Aid
Debt relief An initiative set up by the WB and IMF in
1996 to reduce/cancel debts of countries
with high levels of debt e.g. Ethiopia,
Niger, Haiti.
Remittances Money sent back by migrants to their
families in their home communities
Deforestation and logging in the Cameroon Oil extraction in Ecuador, South America.
Impact: Impact:
• Soil erosion – loss of farm land and leaching • A threat to people and the TRF ecosystem.
• Pollution of water supplies by soil sediment • Pollution: oil pipelines cracked and crude oil and
• Loss of plant and animal habitats to make way for oil palm toxic sludge was transferred into pits and water
trees • Rivers polluted; affected drinking water and local
• Future food security in the Cameroon is threatened ecosystem.
• 1% of TRF cut down each year • Indigenous tribes who rely on local water for
drinking, bathing, cooking and fishing now have
Environmental their personal health and long-term survival put
exploitation at risk.
Over-fishing in the UK
Impact:
• A serious decline of critical fish populations or
Over farming in the USA
stock.
Impact:
• For example, cod numbers were down from
300,000 tonnes in the 1970s to 20,000 tonnes in • Loss of natural habitats
2006. • Monoculture
• Soil erosion
• Cod stocks slowly recovered up to 70,000 tonnes
• Pesticide's and fertilisers cause eutrophication
in 2015.
and water pollution
Natural resources
Global food consumption
Causes for global variations in energy mix:
• Population growth – more people means a greater demand
• Rising income per person (more money to buy goods that need
energy)
• 2035 the world’s population will reach 8.7 billion
• Access to resources also determines a countries energy mix
UK energy mix 2014 • Eg. India: large coal reserves – over 50% coal
• Eg. Iceland: 60% geothermal energy
• Energy is vital for growing economies – powering industry,
transport and infrastructure, information technology, the
heating and cooling of buildings, agriculture, household uses
and more.
• Some individuals would like to see fracking in their area because of the jobs that
the industry would create, the new infrastructure that will come with fracking and
because fracking companies will pay a lot of money to local communities for the
rights to use their land.
• Some individuals are strongly against fracking because of the risk of
environmental damage and their fears that fracking will cause earthquakes,
subsidence, gas leaks and groundwater contamination.
• Environmental organisations are strongly against fracking. This is because of
concerns about the environmental impacts of fracking technology. Campaigners
also believe that energy use must be sustainable if climate change is to be limited
and opening new reserves of fossil fuels will encourage people to keep wasting
energy. Instead, campaigners suggest that the government should invest more in
renewable energy which could create thousands of UK jobs.
• Some organisations believe that opening up fracking operations in the UK will
generate large amounts of money, including for other services and industries.
• The UK government is keen to introduce fracking and so broaden the UK’s energy
mix. Governments are mainly concerned about energy security as cheaply as
possible. They see reliable, affordable energy as vital for economic growth and
form improving living standard for their people. Energy is also taxed heavily
therefore a good source of revenue for governments.
Individuals – need to reduce their carbon footprint
• Improve building standards [example insulation]
• Produce their own energy [example solar panels on buildings]
• Reduce the need for energy used in transport [example cycling, public transport]
Organisations – improving energy efficiency which reduces costs and promotes business as eco friendly
• McDonalds – aim to make company more energy efficient
➢ Replace lightbulbs to LED bulbs [save $11 million in energy costs]
➢ Reuse cooking oil to convert to biodiesel for lorries
➢ Install energy efficient kitchen appliances [saving 500 Giga Watts GW of energy]
Governments – Making decisions for individual countries and have global impact
• December 2015 UK [along with 194 other countries] set targets to limit global temperature rise by 2 degrees
• UK set a carbon budget to limit the amount of CO2 it could emit
• Invest in low carbon energy technologies
• Boost the amount of renewable energies through investment
• Introduce SMART meters to help reduce energy waste
• Report emissions to public for accountability
