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FM 2 Manual 2212019

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FM 2 Manual 2212019

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CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

 Stored materials must be placed safely and securely to eliminate potential tripping and
puncturing hazards.
 Mezzanine storage area must be kept tidy and items must be stored securely to prevent them
from falling.
 Eye, respiratory, hand and foot protection must be worn where there is danger of injury.
 All research apparatus must bear a sign detailing specific hazards and shut-down
procedures, name and phone number of the researcher.
 Defective equipment must not be used and must be reported immediately to the supervisor.
 Waste material must be removed immediately.
 Check the pipes and fittings for any leakages. Report immediately to the supervisor if any
leakage is found.
 Students are not allowed to mishandle equipment (valves, pumps, switches)
 Sitting on water storage tank is strictly forbidden.
 Disposal of any material into the flow channels is strictly forbidden.
 Care should be taken to avoid spillage when preparing and using the dye for drainage and
seepage tank and flow visualization table.
 Students’ LAB performances are assessed on Rubrics.

GRADING POLICY
Laboratory Work 70%
Laboratory Attendance 20%
Laboratory Report 20%
Laboratory Quiz 30%
Lab Rubrics 30%
Total 100%
CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

LAB EXPERIMENT GRADING

Marks
S. No Experiment Objective
(10 each)

1 To observe laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in pipes

To determine the characteristics of open channel flow over a Rectangular

2
and V-notch
To determine the coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small
3
orifice
To investigate the head loss due to friction in flow of water through a
4
pipe and to determine the associated friction factor
To determine the loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings
5
including bends, contraction, enlargement and a gate valve

6 To determine the operating characteristics of Pelton Turbine

7 To demonstrate the phenomenon of cavitation in hydraulics system

8 To determine the operating characteristics of centrifugal pump

9 Finding the operating characteristics of two pumps in series and parallel

10 Visualization of open channel flow behavior

11 Demonstration of transient flow using Water Hammer Apparatus

TOTAL
CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXPERIMENT # 01 ................................................................................ 3

EXPERIMENT # 02 ................................................................................ 6

EXPERIMENT # 03 ................................................................................ 8

EXPERIMENT # 04 .............................................................................. 13

EXPERIMENT # 05 .............................................................................. 15

EXPERIMENT # 6 ................................................................................ 18

EXPERIMENT # 7 ................................................................................ 20

EXPERIMENT # 8 ................................................................................ 22

EXPERIMENT # 9 ................................................................................ 24

EXPERIMENT # 10 .............................................................................. 26

EXPERIMENT # 11 .............................................................................. 27
CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 01
OBJECTIVE:

To observe Laminar, Transitional and Turbulent Flow in pipes.

APPARATUS:
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Osborne Reynolds Apparatus
3. Measuring cylinder
4. Stopwatch

CONSTANTS:
1. Diameter of test pipe=d=0.010m
2. Area of test pipe=A=7.854 x10−5 m2

FORMULAE:
𝑉𝑑
1. Reynolds Number = Re =
𝜈
2. Kinematic viscosity (See the table)

THEORY:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Observe laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in pipes Page 3

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Volume Time Flowrate Velocity

Reynolds
V T Qt V Remarks
number
m3 Sec 𝒎𝟑 /sec m/sec

RESULT/CONCLUSION:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Observe laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in pipes Page 4

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

Observe laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in pipes Page 5

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 02
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the characteristics of open channel flow over a Rectangular and V-notch.

APPARATUS:
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Notches
3. Vernier scale
4. Instrument carrier
5. Stopwatch

CONSTANTS:
1. Width of Rectangular notch = b = 0.030m
2. Angle of V-notch = θ = 90°

GRAPH:

Plot a graph b/w Flow rate Vs Height above notch for Rectangular and Vee Notch.
FORMULAE:
3
2
1. Formula for Rectangular Notch=Qt=Cd b√2𝑔 𝐻2
3
5
8 ᶿ
2. Formula for V-Notch=Qt=Cd tan( )√2gH 2
15 2

THEORY:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Characteristics of open channel flow over a Rectangular and V-notch Page 6

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

PROCEDURE:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Flow Height 𝟑 𝟓
Datum Water 𝑯𝟐 𝑯𝟐
Volume Time rate above Coefficient
Notch Height level Rectangular Vee
V T Qt Notch of discharge
type ho h notch Notch
m sec 𝒎𝟑 H 𝟑 𝟓 Cd
m m
𝒔𝒆𝒄 m 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟐

Characteristics of open channel flow over a Rectangular and V-notch Page 7

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 03
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice

APPARATUS:
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Free jet flow apparatus
3. Stopwatch
4. Cylinder

CONSTANTS:
1. Orifice diameter = d1 = 0.003
2. Orifice diameter = d2 = 0.006

GRAPH:

Plot a graph (X vs √yh ) and (Q vs √h )

FORMULAE:
𝑄𝑡 𝑥
1. Cd= Cv=
𝐴√2𝑔 2√𝑌ℎ
slope
2. Cd =
A√2g
average slope
3. Cv=
2

THEORY:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice Page 8

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

PROCEDURE:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Horizontal
Orifice Vertical
diameter
Orifice head distance
distance √𝒚𝒉
h X Slope Slopeavg CV
d Y
m m m
m m

0.0135
0.0635
0.1135
0.1635
0.2135
0.2635
Orifice
Orifice head Volume Time
diameter
h V T
Flow rate √𝒉 Slope Cd
d m3/Sec
m m3 Sec
m

Coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice Page 9

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

Horizontal
Orifice Vertical
diameter
Orifice head distance
distance √𝒚𝒉
h X Slope Slopeavg CV
d Y
m m m
m m

0.0135
0.0635
0.1135
0.1635
0.2135
0.2635
Orifice Orifice head Volume Time Flow rate √𝒉 Slope Cd
diameter h V T m3/Sec
d m m3 Sec
m

Orifice Orifice head Horizontal Vertical √𝒚𝒉 Slope Slopeavg CV

diameter h distance distance
d m X Y m
m m m

0.0135
0.0635
0.1135
0.1635
0.2135
0.2635
Orifice Orifice head Volume Time Flow rate √𝒉 Slope Cd
diameter h V T m3/Sec
d m m3 Sec
m

Coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice Page 10

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

Orifice Orifice head Horizontal Vertical √𝒚𝒉 Slope Slopeavg CV

diameter h distance distance
d m X Y m
m m m

0.0135
0.0635
0.1135
0.1635
0.2135
0.2635
Orifice Orifice head Volume Time Flow rate √𝒉 Slope Cd
diameter h V T m3/Sec
d m m3 Sec
m

Horizontal
Orifice Vertical
diameter
Orifice head distance
distance √𝒚𝒉
h X Slope Slopeavg CV
d Y
m m m
m m

0.0135
0.0635
0.1135
0.1635
0.2135
0.2635
Orifice Orifice head Volume Time Flow rate √𝒉 Slope Cd
diameter h V T m3/Sec
d m m3 Sec
m

Coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice Page 11

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

Orifice Orifice head Horizontal Vertical √𝒚𝒉 Slope Slopeavg CV

diameter h distance distance
d m X Y m
m m m

0.0135
0.0635
0.1135
0.1635
0.2135
0.2635
Orifice Orifice head Volume Time Flow rate √𝒉 Slope Cd
diameter h V T m3/Sec
d m m3 Sec
m

Coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice Page 12

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 04
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the head loss due to friction in flow of water through a pipe and to determine the
associated friction factor.

APPARATUS:
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Pipe friction apparatus
3. Measuring cylinder
4. stopwatch

CONSTANTS:
1. Diameter of test pipe = d = 0.003m
2. Length of test pipe = L = 0.5m

GRAPH:

1. Plot a graph (Friction factor vs. Reynolds number)

2. Plot another graph (Head loss vs. velocity)

FORMULAE:
𝑉𝑑
1. Reynolds Number=Re= 𝜈
2. Head loss=∆ℎ = ℎ1 − ℎ2
2gd
3. Friction factor=f=∆h
lv2
Q
4. Velocity= v =
A
5. Kinematic viscosity (see the table in experiment 1)

THEORY:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Head loss due to friction in flow of water through a pipe Page 13

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

PROCEDURE:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Flow rate Outlet Head Friction

Vol Time Velocity Inlet head Reynolds
Q head loss factor
V T V h1 number
𝒎𝟑 h2 ∆𝒉 F
litre sec m/sec m Re
𝒔𝒆𝒄 m m

RESULT/CONCLUSION
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Head loss due to friction in flow of water through a pipe Page 14

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 05
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings including bends, contraction,
enlargement and a gate valve.

APPARATUS:
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Energy losses in bends
3. Stopwatch

CONSTANTS:
1. Diameter of internal pipe = d = 0.0183m
2. Diameter of external pipe = d = 0.0240m
3. 1bar =10.2m of water
GRAPH:
𝑣2
1. Plot a graph ( ∆ℎ 𝑣𝑠 2𝑔 )

FORMULAE:
1. Inlet head at each section-outlet head at each section=∆ℎ=h1-h2
𝑣2
2. Dynamics head = 2𝑔
∆h 2g
3. Loss coefficient = k = v2
v12 v22
4. Change in velocity at contraction and enlargement = ∆hv = -
2g 2g

THEORY
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings Page 15

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

PROCEDURE:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Flow rate
Inlet Outlet Volume Time Velocity Loss
Bend ∆𝒉 Qt Dynamic
h1 h2 V T V coefficient
Type (m) 𝒎𝟑 head
(m) (m) (L) (sec) (m/sec) K
𝒔𝒆𝒄

Loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings Page 16

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

Flow rate
Inlet Outlet Volume Time Velocity Loss
Bend ∆𝒉 Qt Dynamic
h1 h2 V T V coefficient
Type (m) 𝒎𝟑 head
(m) (m) (L) (sec) (m/sec) K
𝒔𝒆𝒄

Loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings Page 17

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 6
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the operating characteristics of Pelton Turbine.

APPARATUS:
1. Hydraulics Bench.
2. Pelton Wheel turbine.
3. Stopwatch.
4. Tachometer.

CONSTANTS:
1. Radius of Brake drum= r =0.03m.
2. Diameter of Pelton Wheel=d=0.123m.

GRAPH:
1. Plot a graph between Rotor Speed Vs Torque.
2. Plot a graph between Rotor Speed Vs Brake Power.

FORMULAE:
1. Hydraulic power=Ph=𝜌gHiQt
2. Brake Power=Pb=2πnT.
3. Brake force=Fb=W1-W2
Pb
4. Overall turbine Efficiency=Et= Ph *100
5. Torque= τ =Fb x r

THEORY:

Cavitation in hydraulics system Page 18

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

PROCEDURE:
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

TABLE:

Overall
Rotor Flowrate Inlet Brake Brake Hydraulic
Force Force Vol Time Torque Turbine
Speed Qt Head force power power
W1 W2 V T 𝛕 Efficienc
n 𝐦𝟑 Hi Fb Pb Ph
(N) (N) (L) (sec) ( ) (Nm) y
(Hz) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 (m) (N) (Watt) (Watt)
Et

Cavitation in hydraulics system Page 19

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 7
OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate the phenomenon of cavitation in hydraulics system.

APPARATUS:
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Cavitation apparatus
3. Stopwatch

CONSTANTS:
1. Diameter of test pipe inlet and outlet=d=16mm
2. Diameter of test pipe at throat=d=4.5mm

Graph:
1. Plot a graph b/w Qt vs P2

FORMULAE
1. Velocity= v =Q/A
2. Flow rate = Qt = v/t

THEORY
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

PROCEDURE
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cavitation in hydraulics system Page 20

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Flowrate
Valve Vol Time
Qt P1 P2 P3 V1 V2
opening V T Observation
𝒎𝟑 bar bar bar (m/sec) (m/sec)
condition (Litre) (sec)
𝒔𝒆𝒄

Cavitation in hydraulics system Page 21

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 8
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the operating characteristics of centrifugal pump

APPARATUS:
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Centrifugal pump
3. stopwatch

CONSTANTS:
1. Inlet head correction=Z1=0.02m
2. Outlet head correction=Z2=0.17m

GRAPH:

1. Plot a graph b/w flow rate vs. total head.

2. Plot another graph b/w flow rate vs. efficiency.

FORMULAE:
𝑤𝑜
1. Efficiency = ƞ= 𝑤𝑖
2. Datum head correction=hd=Z2-Z1
3. Total head = H = hd (ho-hi)
4. Pump power output = Wo = ρghQt

THEORY:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Characteristics of centrifugal pump Page 22

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Rotor Pump Pump
Flowrate Inlet Outlet Datum Total
speed Volume Time power power
Qt head Head head head Efficiency
N V T input output
𝒎𝟑 Hi Ho Hd H ƞ
(Hz) (litre) sec Wi Wo
𝒔𝒆𝒄 (m) (m) (m
watt
m
watt

Characteristics of centrifugal pump Page 23

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 9
OBJECTIVE:

Finding the operating characteristics of two pumps in series and parallel.

APPARATUS:
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Centrifugal pumps
3. Stopwatch

CONSTANTS:
1. Datum to manifold gauge=Z1=0.960m
2. Datum to Outlet gauge=Z2=0.17m
3. Datum to inlet gauge=Z3=0.02m
4. Datum to bench pump inlet=Z4=0.24m
5. Series pump correction factor=hd=Z2-Z4=-0.07m
6. Parallel pump correction factor=hd=Z1-Z3=0.94m

GRAPH:

1. Plot a graph b/w total head Vs flow rate

FORMULAE
1. Datum head correction=hd=Z2-Z1
2. Total head=H=hd+ho for pumps in series
3. Total head=H=hd+(ho-hi) for pumps in parallel.

THEORY:

Characteristics of two pumps in series and parallel Page 24

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

PROCEDURE:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Flowrate
Volume Time Inlet head OutletHead Total head
Qt
V T Hi Ho H
𝒎𝟑
(Litre) (Sec) (m) (m) (m)
𝒔𝒆𝒄

Characteristics of two pumps in series and parallel Page 25

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 10
OBJECTIVE:
Visualization of open channel flow behavior

APPARATUS:
1. Glass sided tilting flume
2. Dam Spillway Model

CONSTANTS:
1. Width of the channel=b=0.3m

THEORY:

PROCEDURE:

Visualization of open channel flow behavior Page 26

CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

EXPERIMENT # 11
OBJECTIVE:
Demonstration of transient flow using Water Hammer Apparatus

APPARATUS:
1. Pipe Surge and Water Hammer Apparatus

THEORY:

The design of pumping system always involves the transient flow or surge analysis. Under
unfavorable circumstances, damage due to water hammer may occur in pipelines carrying more
than one hundred meters and conveying only several tenths of liter per seconds.

Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave resulting when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or
change in direction suddenly. This is due to the momentum change in the water flow. Water
hammer commonly occurs when a valve is closed suddenly at an end of a pipeline system, and a
pressure wave propagates in the pipe. These shock waves continue until the energy generated from
this sudden action dissipates. The symptoms include noise, vibration and hammering pipe sounds.
These can result in equipment damage, flange breakage, ruptured piping and damage to pipe
supports.

PROCEDURE:

Visualization of open channel flow behavior Page 27

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FM 2 Manual 2212019

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FM 2 Manual 2212019

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CE-252 FLUID MECHANICS - II (LAB MANUAL)

LAB EXPERIMENT GRADING

1 To observe laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in pipes

To determine the characteristics of open channel flow over a Rectangular

6 To determine the operating characteristics of Pelton Turbine

7 To demonstrate the phenomenon of cavitation in hydraulics system

8 To determine the operating characteristics of centrifugal pump

9 Finding the operating characteristics of two pumps in series and parallel

10 Visualization of open channel flow behavior

11 Demonstration of transient flow using Water Hammer Apparatus

To observe Laminar, Transitional and Turbulent Flow in pipes.

Observe laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in pipes Page 3

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Volume Time Flowrate Velocity

Observe laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in pipes Page 4

Observe laminar, transitional and turbulent flow in pipes Page 5

Characteristics of open channel flow over a Rectangular and V-notch Page 6

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Characteristics of open channel flow over a Rectangular and V-notch Page 7

Plot a graph (X vs √yh ) and (Q vs √h )

Coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice Page 8

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice Page 9

Orifice Orifice head Horizontal Vertical √𝒚𝒉 Slope Slopeavg CV

Coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice Page 10

Orifice Orifice head Horizontal Vertical √𝒚𝒉 Slope Slopeavg CV

Coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice Page 11

Orifice Orifice head Horizontal Vertical √𝒚𝒉 Slope Slopeavg CV

Coefficient of velocity and discharge of two small orifice Page 12

1. Plot a graph (Friction factor vs. Reynolds number)

Head loss due to friction in flow of water through a pipe Page 13

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Flow rate Outlet Head Friction

Head loss due to friction in flow of water through a pipe Page 14

Loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings Page 15

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings Page 16

Loss factors for flow through a range of pipe fittings Page 17

Cavitation in hydraulics system Page 18

Cavitation in hydraulics system Page 19

Cavitation in hydraulics system Page 20

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Cavitation in hydraulics system Page 21

1. Plot a graph b/w flow rate vs. total head.

Characteristics of centrifugal pump Page 22

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Characteristics of centrifugal pump Page 23

Finding the operating characteristics of two pumps in series and parallel.

1. Plot a graph b/w total head Vs flow rate

Characteristics of two pumps in series and parallel Page 24

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION TABLE:

Characteristics of two pumps in series and parallel Page 25

Visualization of open channel flow behavior Page 26

Visualization of open channel flow behavior Page 27

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