CHEMISTRY PROJECT

STERLIZATION OF WATER USING BLEACH

POWDER
By
Aum Patel
Guided by
Mr. Raj Jha

P.G.T. Chemistry
VIBGYOR High, Vadodara

A Project Report towards

Purposeful learning activity involving practical
Problems to achieve specified goal and
Practical evaluation of SSCE 2024

Department of Chemistry
VIBGYOR HIGH, VADODARA

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Aum Patel, student of Class XI,

VIBGYOR HIGH, VADODARA has completed the Chemistry
project for the academic year 2023-2024 under my guidance. He has
taken proper care and shown utmost sincerity in completing this
project.

I certify that this project is up to my expectations and as per the

guidelines issued by CBSE.

Guide: Coordinator: Principal:

Mr. Raj Jha Ms. Kaveri Uniyal Mr. Milind Phadke

Coordinator, Principal,
P.G.T. Chemistry
Senior Secondary VIBGYOR HIGH
VIBGYOR HIGH
VADODARA VIBGYOR HIGH VADODARA
VADODARA

External Examiner:
Date: Place: Vadodara

School seal
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my

Chemistry teacher and guide, Mr. Raj Jha
([Link]) who guided me through the project and
also gave valuable suggestions and guidance for
completing the project. He helped me to understand the
intricate issues involved in project making besides
effectively presenting it. My project has been a success
only because of his guidance.

Name of the Student:

Aum Patel

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Contents Pg.

No.

01 Need of water 05

02 Purification of water 06

03 Need for a stable purification technique 07

04 Theory 07-11

05 Experiment 12-14

O6 Bibliography 15

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Need of water
Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for survival on this
planet. It is very essential for carrying out various metabolic processes in our
body and also to carry out Hemoglobin throughout the body.

A daily average of 1 gallon per man is sufficient for drinking and cooking
purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks about 11 gallons at a time. standing
up, an average allowance of 5 gallons should be given for a man, and 10 gallons
for a horse or a camel. An elephant drinks 25 gallons, each mule or ox drinks 6 to
8 gallons, each sheep or pig 6 to 8 pints. These are minimum quantities.

One cubic foot of water = 6 gallons (a gallon = 10 lbs.).

In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to be purified and

supplied in a orderly and systematic way.

But with the increasing world population, the demand for drinking water has also
increased dramatically and therefore it is very essential to identify resources of
water from which we can use water for drinking purposes. Many available
resources of water do not have it in drinkable form. Either the water contains
excess of Calcium or Magnesium salts or any other organic impurity or it simply
contains foreign particles which make it unfit and unsafe for Drinking.

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Purification of Water
There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of them are

1. Boiling
2. Filtration
3. Bleaching powder treatment
4. SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection)

And the list goes on....

Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purification technique in use
today. While in normal households it is an efficient technique; it cannot be used
for industrial and large scale purposes. It is because in normal households, the
water to be purified is very small in quantity and hence the water loss due to
evaporation is almost negligible. But in Industrial or large scale purification of
water the water loss due to evaporation will be quite high and the amount of
purified water obtained will be very less.

Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from water. One major
drawback of this purification process is that it cannot be used for removing
foreign chemicals and impurities that are miscible with water.

Water-filled transparent bottles placed in a horizontal position atop a flat surface

in strong sunlight for around five hours will kill microbes in the water. The process
is made even more safe and effective if the bottom half of the bottle or the
surface it's lying on is blackened, and/or the flat surface is made of plastic or
metal. It's the combination of heat and ultraviolet light which kills the organisms.

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The major drawback of this purification technique is that it cannot be used in
countries with cold weather. Also, the time consumed for Purification process is
more and it also needs a 'blackened' surface, much like solar cookers.

Need for a stable purification technique

Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used anytime and
anywhere, does not require the use of any third party content and which is also
economically feasible on both normal scale and large scale.

Hence we look at the method of purification of water using the technique of

treatment by bleaching powder commonly known as "Chlorination".

THEORY

History of water purification in different parts of the world.

In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread through water. The
outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand filters were installed. British
scientist John Snow found that the direct cause of the outbreak was water pump
contamination by sewage water. He applied chlorine to purify the water, and this
paved the way for water disinfection. Since the water in the pump had tasted and
smelled normal, the conclusion was finally drawn that good taste and smell alone
do not guarantee safe drinking water. This discovery led to governments starting
to install municipal water filters (sand filters and chlorination), and hence the first
government regulation of public water.

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In the 1890s America started building large sand filters to protect public health.
These turned out to be a success. Instead of slow sand filtration, rapid sand
filtration was now applied. Filter capacity was improved by cleaning it with
powerful jet steam. Subsequently, Dr. Fuller found that rapid sand filtration
worked much better when it was preceded by coagulation and sedimentation
techniques. Meanwhile, such waterborne illnesses as cholera and typhoid
became less and less common as water chlorination won terrain throughout the
world.

But the victory obtained by the invention of chlorination did not last long. After
some time the negative effects of this element were discovered. Chlorine
vaporizes much faster than water, and it was linked to the aggravation and cause
of respiratory disease. Water experts started looking for alternative water
disinfectants. In 1902 calcium hypo chlorite and ferric chloride were mixed in a
drinking water supply in Belgium, resulting in both coagulation and disinfection.

The treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of the greatest
achievements of the twentieth century. Before cities began routinely treating
drinking water with chlorine (starting with Chicago and Jersey City in US in
1908), cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and hepatitis A killed thousands of U.S.
residents annually. Drinking water chlorination and filtration have helped to
virtually eliminate these diseases in the U.S. and other developed countries.
Meeting the goal of clean, safe drinking water requires a multi-barrier approach
that includes: protecting source water from contamination, appropriately treating
raw water, and ensuring safe distribution of treated water to consumers' taps.
During the treatment process, chlorine is added to drinking water as elemental
chlorine (chlorine gas), sodium hypochlorite solution or dry calcium hypochlorite.

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When applied to water, each of these forms "free chlorine," which destroys
pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms. Almost all systems that disinfect their
water use some type of chlorine-based process, either alone or in combination
with other disinfectants. In addition to controlling disease-causing organisms,
chlorination offers a number of benefits including:

 Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odors

 Eliminates slime bacteria, molds and algae that commonly grow in water
supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains and in storage tanks
 Removes chemical compounds that have unpleasant tastes and hinder
disinfection
 Helps remove iron and manganese from raw water.

As importantly, only chlorine-based chemicals provide "residual disinfectant"

levels that prevent microbial re-growth and help protect treated water throughout
the distribution system.

For more than a century, the safety of drinking water supplies has been greatly
improved by the addition of bleaching powder. Disinfecting our drinking water
ensures it is free of the microorganisms that can cause serious and life-
threatening diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever. To this day, bleaching
powder remains the most commonly used drinking water disinfectant, and the
disinfectant for which we have the most scientific information.

Bleaching powder is added as part of the drinking water treatment process.

However, bleaching powder also reacts with the organic matter, naturally present
in water, such as decaying leaves. This chemical reaction forms a group of
chemicals known as disinfection by-products. Current scientific data shows that
the benefits of bleaching our drinking water (less disease) are much greater than

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any health risks from THMs and other by-products. Although other disinfectants
are available, bleaching powder remains the choice of water treatment experts.
When used with modern water filtration methods, chlorine is effective against
virtually all microorganisms. Bleaching powder is easy to apply and small
amounts of the chemical remain in the water as it travels in the distribution
system from the treatment plant to the consumer's tap, this level of effectiveness
ensures that microorganisms cannot recontaminate the water after it leaves the
treatment.

But what is bleaching powder and how is it prepared?

Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with formula

Ca(ClO) 2. It is widely used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent
bleaching powder). This chemical is considered to be relatively stable and has
greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach).

It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium process.

Calcium Process

2 Ca(OH)2 + 2 Cl2 Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O

Sodium Process

2 Ca(OH)2 + 3 Cl2 + 2 NaOH Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O + 2 NaCl

But how can this chemical be used to sterilize water?

This chemical can be used for sterilizing water by Using 5 drops of bleach per
each half gallon of water to be purified, and allowing it to sit undisturbed for half
an hour to make it safe for drinking. Letting it sit several hours more will help
reduce the chlorine taste, as the chlorine will slowly evaporate out.

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A different reference advises when using household bleach for purification; add a
single drop of bleach per quart of water which is visibly clear, or three drops per
quart of water where the water is NOT visibly clear. Then allow the water to sit
undisturbed for half an hour.

What are the actual processes involved in disinfecting and purifying water?

The combination of following processes is used for municipal drinking water

treatment worldwide:

 Pre-chlorination - for algae control and arresting any biological growth

 Aeration - along with pre-chlorination for removal of dissolved iron and
manganese
 Coagulation - for flocculation
 Coagulant aids also known as polyelectrolyte's - to improve coagulation
and for thicker floc formation
 Sedimentation - for solids separation, that is, removal of suspended solids
trapped in the floc
 Filtration - for removal of carried over floc Disinfection - for killing bacteria
Out of these processes, the role of Bleaching powder is only in the last
step i.e. for Disinfection of water.

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EXPERIMENT

Aim:

To Determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for sterilization or

disinfection of different samples of water.

Requirements:

 Burette
 titration flask
 100ml graduated cylinder
 250ml measuring flask
 weight box, glazed tile
 glass wool
 Bleaching Powder
 N Na2S2O3 solution
 10% KI solution
 different samples of water
 starch solution.

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Pre-Requisite Knowledge:

1. A known mass of the given sample of bleaching powder is dissolved in

water to prepare a solution of known concentration. This solution
contains dissolved chlorine, liberated by the action of bleaching powder
with water.
CaOCl2+H20 Ca(OH)2+Cl2
2. The amount of Chlorine present in the above solution is determined by
treating a known volume of the above solution with excess of 10%
potassium iodide solution, when equivalent amount of Iodine is
liberated. The Iodine, thus liberated is then estimated by titrating it
against a standard solution of Sodium thiosulphate, using starch
solution as indicator.
Cl2+2KI 2KCl+I2
I2+2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6+2Na

 A known Volume of one of the given samples of water is treated

with a known volume of bleaching powder solution. The amount
of residual chlorine is determined by adding excess potassium
iodide solution and then titrating against standard sodium
thiosulphate solution.
 From the readings in 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence
bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume
of the given sample of water can be calculated.

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Procedure:

1. Preparation of bleaching powder solution. Weigh accurately 2.5g of the given

sample of bleaching powder and transfer it to a 250ml conical flask. Add
about 100-150ml of distilled water. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously.
The suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool and the filtrate is
diluted with water (in a measuring flask) to make the volume 250ml. The
solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder solution.
2. Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a stoppered conical flask and add
it to 20ml of 10% KI solution. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. Titrate
this solution against 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution taken in the burette. When the
solution in the conical flask becomes light yellow in color, add about 2ml
starch solution. The solution now becomes blue in color. Continue titrating till
the blue color just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of three
concordant readings.
3. Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml stoppered conical flask and add it
to 10ml of bleching powder solution. Then add 20ml of KI solution and
stopper the flask. Shake vigorously and titrate against 0.1N Na2S2O3
solution using starch solution as indicator as described in step 2.
4. Repeat the step 3 with other samples of water and record the observations.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[Link] Medical front-"Water Supply"

[Link]

2. "Chemistry Projects" [Link]

[Link] to live on Very,Very Little-"Clean drinking water: How to develop low cost
sources of drinking water just about anywhere"
[Link]

[Link] Hypochloride

[Link]

[Link] Treatment

[Link]

[Link]

[Link]

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