DURGAPUR PUBLIC SCHOOL INVESTIGATORY PROJECT TOPIC: AIR POLLUTION “THE SILENT KILLER” he mwhbhbohnotettod ibd dt eB NAME: SUPRIYA CHAKRABORTY 5030 AISSCE Roll no.: | Registration no.: SUBJECT: BIOLOGY (044) YEAR: 2020-2021ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Project workers are blessed since they got a lot of opportunities to express their talents and also gain knowledge. Indebted to all those people who had helped me out in doing this project. I express my gratitude towards my biology teacher Mrs. MANDIRA DIKSHIT, who inspired me.I would like to thank my parents and others who helped me to do this project a successful one.DECLARATION 1, SUPRIYA CHAKRABORTY a student of class 12- B hereby declared that | have completed my project to the fullest of my knowledge and abilities. | have given a lot of effort to complete this task successfully. Signature of studentCERTIFICATE This is to certify that SUPRIYA CHAKRABORTY of class 12-B of Durgapur Public School has completed her assigned investigatory project in time. Furthermore, I assume that, she has not adopted any unfair means during this project and she has completed it sincerely. This project may be considered a bona fide skill according to the CBSE curriculum conducted by Durgapur Public School. fe (Signature of External (Signature of the Internal teacher) teacher)INDEX: SI. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.) 1 Introduction 1 \ Zs Sources of air pollution 2 3. Disastrous effects of air 3-5 | pollution States effected due to air 6-7 ae pollution 5: | Impact of lockdown on air 8-10 quality in India during | Covid-19 Pandemic | | News reports showing 11 lockdown effects on air | quality Scenario of India after 12 | i Unlock a Precautions to reduce air ___ pollution ae Conclusion Bibliography _=" See woe INTRODUCTION Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. There are different types of air pollutants, such as gases, particulates, and biological molecules Air pollution may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment. Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution.SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION: Air pollutants are emitted from a range of both man-made and natural sources including: + burning of fossil fuels in electricity generation, transport, industry and households; + industrial processes and solvent use agriculture; + waste treatment; + natural sources, including volcanic eruptions, windblown dust, sea-salt spray and emissions of volatile organic compounds from plants. Air pollutants can be released directly into the atmosphere (primary emissions) or can form as a result of chemical interaction involving precursor substances. The air pollutant emissions cause air pollution, however, reductions in emissions do not always automatically result in similar cuts in concentrations. There are complex links between air pollutant emissions and air quality. These include emission heights, chemical transformations, reactions to sunlight, additional natural and hemispheric contributions and the impact of weather and topography.DISASTROUS EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION: | 1. Respiratory and Heart Problems: The effects of air pollution are alarming. They are known to create several respiratory and heart conditions | like asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, heart | attacks and strokes along with cancer, among other threats to the body. 2. Child Health Problems: Air pollution is detrimental to your health even before you take your first breath. Exposure to high air pollution levels during pregnancy causes miscarriages as well as premature birth, autism, asthma and spectrum disorder in young children.——_x aS SST SE SS Se es est 2 6 8 2S 6 | 2S 2 3. Global Warming: Another direct effect is the immediate alterations that the world is witnessing due to global warming. With increased temperatures worldwide, an increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement, and loss of habitat have already signaled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization aren’t undertaken soon. 4, Acid Rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combine with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. Acid rain can cause great damage to humans, animals, and crops. 5. Eutrophication: Eutrophication is a condition where a high amount of nitrogen present in some pollutants gets developed onthe sea surface and turns itself into algae and adversely affects fish, plants, and animal species. 6. Effect on Wildlife: Just like humans, animals also face some devastating effects of air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to a new place and change their habitat. 7. Depletion of the Ozone Layer: Ozone exists in the Earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. Ozone Layer DepictionSTATES EFFECTED DUE TO AIR POLLUTION: The base data available for monitoring trends in air pollution from 2016-2019 is irregular in most of the States in which the 102 cities that have been targeted for improving air quality are situated. The was shown by an analysis of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)-data by Carbon Copy and Respirer Living Sciences, which are research and advocacy organisations working on analysing air pollution trends. Has The Mose Polutea m Earth Gott Hf statista =e Only 15 States have PM(Particulate Matter)2.5 monitoring systems for any year. Only West Bengal has an above average number of readings available at 110 6each for five monitors. Delhi ranks as the most polluted in PM2.5 average across all three years, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Out of the 23 States listed in the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) only three States/Union Territories — Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab — accounted for above-average readings for all three years for PM10 monitoring. + of CONTINUOUS AIR MONITORS (GAMS) in DEC-2017 Jharkhand was at the bottom of the chart with only 64 average readings per monitor, with three monitors accounted for in the State.IMPACT OF LOCKDOWN ON AIR QUALITY IN INDLA DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC First time in India, total lockdown was announced on 22 March 2020 to stop the spread of COVID-19 and the lockdown was extended for 21 days on 24 March 2020 in the first phase. During the total lockdown, most of the sources for poor air quality were stopped in India. A pronounced decline in PM2 5 and AQI (Air Quality Index) is observed over Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Chennai and also a declining trend was observed in tropospheric NO concentration during the lockdown period in 2020 compared with the same period in the year 2019. During the total lockdown period, the air quality has improved significantly. wrk eh eee (Debi Koltota, Mumbo, Hyderobod. ond Chenna long with verotion of weroge PM, during Marth 2019 lve Bor), March 220 ed bor end ‘overage during 22-31 Morch 2020 The lower right pane! shows the oveoge A over New Beth Kolkoo, Mumbo. Kyderabed, ond Onna for diferent eviods Im general PM, ond AOI are reduced during lockdown (22-31 Merch 2020) compored with March 2019 ond March 2020, erept in ChenoakBUEBbueuuunuuuy Wee ee ee Considering major cities, Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, and Hyderabad, where US embassies are located. The details are given in the table below: Station _Latitude Longitude Box Name coordinates for NOz2 data from OMI satellite Delhi 28.59 77.18 Kolkata 22.54 88.35 Mumbai 19.06 72.86 Hyderabad 17.44 78.47 Chennai 13.05 80.25 W-79.76, S- 12.56, E-80.76, N-13.56 Location of the US embassies in India along with the coordinates of Boxes over major cities A detailed analysis of NO» concentration and plotted the temporal variations of tropospheric NO, over five major cities for the month of March 2019 and 2020. In Delhi, an increasing trend of tropospheric NO, is seen in 2019, whereas during 2020, a decline in tropospheric NO) is observed. Soon after the total lockdown after 22 March, a sharp decline in NO; concentration is observed. In Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai, a big contrast of tropospheric NO, was observed during thelockdown periods compared with the same periods in 2019, whereas in Mumbai and Hyderabad, decline was iio il Dent Liki illl tli lo il hi ‘ht hit & $ The lockdown appears to show pronounced improvement in air quality over these large densely populated metropolitan footprints of India but the lives of hundreds of millions of Indian people have been disrupted due to the lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results show a pronounced decline in air pollutants during lockdown especially in Delhi and Kolkata; these two cities are known to be highly polluted cities in India and in the world.NEWS REPORTS SHOWING LOCKDOWN EFFECTS ON AIR Capital breathes easy Sra tebicow, lets priate mete polation PM 2) has cope? a eve cok se in Sepaa emyan Deane tonne meng A ‘LSkemit mrad tw Det fa te fre Seda the telaxion Pepaitr ematea ot Patteesnneyca compat gress Oedteetin intone ieee in dante cow flit “Seleomimee meme resb ares yyy ytcentL aetna Chennai Air Pollution: Real-time Air Quality Index loo} [ums e sve Depleting caning dom From April, colour code for air qualSCENARIO OF INDIA AFTER UNLOCK: “As city unlocks, so does pollution.” The low levels of pollution are not expected to last, according to experts and officials. The average AQI of Delhi during the first lockdown from March 25 to April 14 was 90.2 compared to 208.5 in 2019 and 197.2 in 2018. But by unlock 2, from July 1 to July 31, when there were a lot of relaxations, including vehicular movement, though the AQI was still less than 83.8 as compared to 134 in July 2019 and 103.8 in July 2018 -- the difference had reduced significantly. The lesser value of AQI in July this year as compared to March and April, when the AQI was 128.2 and 109.8 respectively. “Every department has suffered due to COVID-19 pandemic and many projects to fight air pollution have been affected. But things are starting now.PRECAUTIONS TO REDUCE AIR POLLUTION: on “ - i Protect Yourself From [5] Install Air Fitors Air Pollution In Your House eae 4% Avoid Jogging In Trathic Area Avoid Smoking Inside Room Air Fitters, Conserve energy - at home, at work, everywhere. Look for the ENERGY STAR label when buying home or office equipment. Carpool, use public transportation, bike, or walk whenever possible. Follow gasoline refueling instructions for efficient vapor recovery, being careful not to spill fuel and always tightening your gas cap securely. Consider purchasing portable gasoline containers labeled “spill-proof,” where available. Keep car, boat, and other engines properly tuned. Be sure your tires are properly inflated. Use environmentally safe paints and cleaning products whenever possible. Mulch or compost leaves and yard waste. Consider using gas logs instead of wood. 13Despite the many efforts to reduce air pollution, air pollution and global warming are still a challenge. Green house gases like methane and carbon are still being emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels. The resultant global warming is causing increasing sea levels as the ice in Polar Regions is melting. The main cause of this is the use of non- renewable fossil fuel. However researches are underway on the use of renewable energy like the solar power and hydrogen. If successful, the research could make the future economies to be driven by renewable sources of energy like solar and hydrogen. Governments and the society have a responsibility. The government is to formulate environment conservation policies while the society at large is to conserve the environment by using eco- friendly renewable energy in their appliances. 14aee ee ote ewe gg & * OH CHS Bester ee Ba