Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses together.

There are three main types

of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. Each type serves a different purpose in
sentence construction.

### 1. Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or independent clauses that are of equal importance
or rank. The most common coordinating conjunctions are:

- **For** (reason or purpose)

- **And** (addition)

- **Nor** (negative addition)

- **But** (contrast)

- **Or** (choice or alternative)

- **Yet** (contrast or exception)

- **So** (result)

An easy way to remember these is the acronym FANBOYS.

**Examples:**

- I want to buy a new dress, but I don't have enough money.

- She is talented and hardworking.

### 2. Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions connect an independent clause with a dependent clause, indicating a
relationship such as time, cause and effect, condition, contrast, or purpose. Common subordinating
conjunctions include:

- **After** (time)

- **Although** (contrast)

- **As** (time, cause)

- **Because** (cause)

- **Before** (time)

- **If** (condition)

- **Since** (time, cause)

- **Though** (contrast)

- **Unless** (condition)

- **Until** (time)

- **When** (time)

- **While** (time, contrast)

**Examples:**

- I will call you when I arrive.

- She didn’t go to the party because she was sick.

### 3. Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words, phrases, or clauses that have a balanced or parallel
structure. Common pairs include:

- **Both...and**
- **Either...or**

- **Neither...nor**

- **Not only...but also**

- **Whether...or**

**Examples:**

- Both the manager and the employees agreed on the new policy.

- You can either have tea or coffee.

### Summary

- **Coordinating Conjunctions** join elements of equal importance (FANBOYS).

- **Subordinating Conjunctions** join a dependent clause to an independent clause, showing a

relationship between them.

- **Correlative Conjunctions** come in pairs and link elements of equal importance within a sentence.

Understanding these types of conjunctions helps in crafting well-structured and coherent sentences,
ensuring clear and effective communication.

Sure! Here are examples for each type of conjunction:

### 1. Coordinating Conjunctions

**For**

- He didn't run, for he was too tired.

**And**

- She likes apples and oranges.

**Nor**

- He doesn't like spinach, nor does he like broccoli.

**But**

- She is rich but unhappy.

**Or**

- You can have tea or coffee.

**Yet**

- It was raining, yet we went for a walk.

**So**

- She was hungry, so she made a sandwich.

### 2. Subordinating Conjunctions

**After**

- We went for ice cream after we finished our homework.

**Although**

- Although it was raining, we went outside.

**As**

- As she was leaving, she remembered her keys.

**Because**

- She stayed home because she was feeling sick.

**Before**

- Before you leave, please turn off the lights.

**If**

- If it rains, we will cancel the picnic.

**Since**

- Since you are here, let's start the meeting.

**Though**

- Though it was late, we decided to continue working.

**Unless**

- You can't go out unless you finish your dinner.

**Until**

- We will wait here until the bus arrives.

**When**

- Call me when you get there.

**While**

- While I was cooking, he was setting the table.

### 3. Correlative Conjunctions

**Both...and**

- Both the teacher and the students enjoyed the trip.

**Either...or**

- You can either come with us or stay home.

**Neither...nor**

- She is neither happy nor sad about the news.

**Not only...but also**

- He is not only smart but also very kind.

**Whether...or**

- Whether you like it or not, you have to clean your room.

These examples demonstrate how different types of conjunctions function within sentences to connect
words, phrases, or clauses effectively.
A relative clause is a type of dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun by providing additional
information about it. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun such as "who," "whom," "whose,"
"which," or "that," or a relative adverb like "where," "when," or "why."

### Types of Relative Clauses

1. **Defining (Restrictive) Relative Clauses**:

These clauses provide essential information about the noun they modify. Without this information, the
meaning of the sentence would change.

**Examples**:

- The book **that I borrowed from the library** was fascinating.

- The person **who called you** is my friend.

- This is the house **where I grew up**.

2. **Non-defining (Non-restrictive) Relative Clauses**:

These clauses add extra information about the noun, which is not essential to the meaning of the
sentence. They are usually set off by commas.

**Examples**:

- My brother, **who lives in New York**, is visiting us next week.

- The Eiffel Tower, **which is located in Paris**, is a famous landmark.

- Jane, **whose cat ran away**, is very upset.

### Relative Pronouns

- **Who**: Refers to people (subject).

 - The teacher **who helped me** was very kind.

- **Whom**: Refers to people (object).

- The man **whom I met** yesterday was very friendly.

- **Whose**: Indicates possession.

- The artist **whose painting won** the prize is very talented.

- **Which**: Refers to animals and things.

- The book **which I am reading** is very interesting.

- **That**: Refers to people, animals, and things in defining clauses.

- The car **that I bought** is very fast.

### Relative Adverbs

- **Where**: Refers to places.

- This is the park **where we used to play**.

- **When**: Refers to times.

- I remember the day **when we first met**.

- **Why**: Refers to reasons.

- I don’t know the reason **why she left**.

### Examples of Relative Clauses in Sentences

1. **Defining Relative Clause**:

- The student **who scored the highest** received a scholarship.

- The keys **that you lost** are on the table.

- The restaurant **where we had dinner** was excellent.

2. **Non-defining Relative Clause**:

- Paris, **which is the capital of France**, is a popular tourist destination.

- My grandmother, **who is 90 years old**, still bakes delicious cookies.

- The concert, **which we attended last night**, was amazing.

Relative clauses enhance sentences by providing additional details, making the information more
specific and clear.

A coordinate clause is an independent clause that is joined to another independent clause by a

coordinating conjunction. These clauses are of equal syntactic importance and can stand alone as
complete sentences. Coordinating conjunctions include "for," "and," "nor," "but," "or," "yet," and "so"
(often remembered by the acronym FANBOYS).

### Examples of Coordinate Clauses

**Using "for"**:

- I was hungry, **for I had not eaten all day**.

**Using "and"**:

- She loves to read, **and she often spends hours at the library**.

**Using "nor"**:

- He doesn't like spinach, **nor does he enjoy broccoli**.

**Using "but"**:

- I wanted to go for a walk, **but it started raining**.

**Using "or"**:

- We can go to the beach, **or we can stay home and watch a movie**.

**Using "yet"**:

- She is very talented, **yet she remains humble**.

**Using "so"**:

- It was late, **so we decided to head home**.

### Breaking Down the Examples

1. **I was hungry, for I had not eaten all day.**

- Two independent clauses: "I was hungry" and "I had not eaten all day" joined by "for."

2. **She loves to read, and she often spends hours at the library.**

- Two independent clauses: "She loves to read" and "she often spends hours at the library" joined by
"and."

3. **He doesn't like spinach, nor does he enjoy broccoli.**

- Two independent clauses: "He doesn't like spinach" and "he enjoy broccoli" joined by "nor."

4. **I wanted to go for a walk, but it started raining.**

- Two independent clauses: "I wanted to go for a walk" and "it started raining" joined by "but."

5. **We can go to the beach, or we can stay home and watch a movie.**
 - Two independent clauses: "We can go to the beach" and "we can stay home and watch a movie"
joined by "or."

6. **She is very talented, yet she remains humble.**

- Two independent clauses: "She is very talented" and "she remains humble" joined by "yet."

7. **It was late, so we decided to head home.**

- Two independent clauses: "It was late" and "we decided to head home" joined by "so."

Coordinate clauses allow for the connection of ideas that are related but can stand on their own as
complete sentences, making writing more fluid and dynamic.

Interjections are words or phrases used to express strong emotions or sudden bursts of feelings. They
often stand alone and are typically followed by an exclamation point, though they can also be integrated
into sentences. Interjections do not have a grammatical relationship with other parts of the sentence.

### Types of Interjections with Examples

1. **Exclamatory Interjections**

- Express strong emotions such as surprise, joy, or anger.

- Examples: "Wow!", "Ouch!", "Yikes!", "Hooray!"

2. **Emotive Interjections**

- Convey personal feelings or reactions.

- Examples: "Oh!", "Ah!", "Alas!", "Ugh!"

3. **Volitive Interjections**
 - Used to express commands, requests, or wishes.

- Examples: "Shh!", "Listen!", "Please!", "Stop!"

4. **Cognitive Interjections**

- Reflect thoughts or reactions to information.

- Examples: "Hmm", "Well", "Uh", "Er"

5. **Greetings and Partings**

in - Used salutations.

- Examples: "Hello!", "Goodbye!", "Hi!", "Bye!"

6. **Onomatopoeic Interjections**

- Represent sounds.

- Examples: "Bang!", "Meow!", "Woof!", "Buzz!"

### Examples in Sentences

- **Exclamatory**: "Wow! That was an amazing performance."

- **Emotive**: "Ah! I forgot my keys."

- **Volitive**: "Shh! The baby is sleeping."

- **Cognitive**: "Hmm, I think we need to reconsider our approach."

- **Greetings**: "Hi! How are you doing?"

- **Onomatopoeic**: "Bang! The door slammed shut."

Interjections add color and emotion to language, making conversations more expressive and engaging.