Running head: vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 0

To Analyses the role of vernacular techniques in

contemporary architecture
Amit Kumar (B.Arch-3rd Year)

F.O.A.P (A.K.T.U.) Lucknow

Author Note

This research paper explores the significance of vernacular techniques in shaping

contemporary architecture, emphasizing their impact on climate response and cultural identity.
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 1

Abstract

Built forms when developed according to the climate, locally available materials and

techniques, traditions and culture of a particular region have proved to be climate responsive and

provides the built form with its unique cultural identity. Are these aesthetically pleasing

structures sustainable and kind to the environment? This review article has examined this issue.

Research on vernacular techniques has been conducted in an effort to determine whether

applying these techniques to modern built forms will improve their chances of becoming

environmentally friendly projects that are sustainable and aid in the development of a distinct

cultural identity. The methods employed in the "Hot & Dry" and "Hot & Humid" climate zones

are the main focus of the investigation. According to the research, incorporating vernacular

techniques into modern architecture has improved human comfort on both a physiological and

physical level. This study may help to incorporate traditional methods with modern. Vernacular

architecture is, by its definition, aim and structure, the most integrated architectural form in

communion with the environment. Two important traces of vernacular architecture can be

resources for contemporary architecture: the deep respect and perfect communion with the

natural environment the perfect relation and understanding of users’ needs. The result of a

complex balance between material, shape and natural context, vernacular architecture could

become an extremely useful model of inspiration for the present.

vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 2

1. Introduction

This research paper focuses on how the traditional and vernacular techniques can be integrated in

the contemporary built forms to make them more energy efficient, sustainable, and give them

sense of their unique cultural and traditional identity. Home and shelter have long been regarded

as the most fundamental and significant needs of humanity. The most essential aspect of human

existence has been shelter, from the prehistoric era when people lived in caves to the

development of communities around rivers and fertile land, to the creation of neighbourhoods,

early civilizations, and societies. New methods and technologies have also been created for

creating these constructed shapes with every stage of development. Vernacular architecture

refers to shapes that have been created from ancient times using materials that are readily

available in the area, responding to the needs of the local population while also meeting the

demands of their culture. The ability to easily access knowledge and data from around the globe

has been extremely helpful in understanding and developing fast-paced construction techniques

and technologies. However, on the other hand, this has had a profound impact on the cultural

identity and traditional essence of a built form, which was previously showcased through

vernacular architecture by giving them a uniform appearance regardless of the region in which

they are built. A less time-consuming and visually striking style of architecture has emerged as a

result of the global application of materials, technologies, and techniques. Contemporary

architecture is characterized by its belief in expressing oneself, defying gravity, and creating

enormous volumetric buildings with integrated smart lighting systems and curvilinear shapes,

among other ideas.

vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 3

2. Methodology

A compilation of relevant research papers and study materials served as the technique for

this review report. The need that reviewed papers be published in a journal with a solid

reputation in the subject has remained part of the selection criterion for academic research

papers. These review papers have examined the sustainability features of the many vernacular

techniques used in hot and humid and hot and dry climates. In order to thoroughly examine and

comprehend the climate responsive

requirements of contemporary architecture as well as the necessary modifications, the several

components that characterize it have also been taken into account. A comparative examination of

their many performance elements relating human comfort was conducted, both before and after a

few case studies were taken with the aid of these reviews.
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 4

3. Techniques of Vernacular Architecture

The five climatic zones are continental, polar, dry, tropical, and temperate. The climate is

tropical and dry in the areas close to and just above the equator. These two climate zones are the

primary focus of this study work. In tropical climate zones, the annual temperature stays above

18°C, and there is more than 59 inches of precipitation. Extreme dryness causes moisture in the

air to evaporate quickly and produces relatively little precipitation in dry climate zones.

Owing to these harsh circumstances, ventilation systems and natural cooling have become

essential components of design in areas with these kinds of climates. In order to provide cost-

effective human comfort while maximizing energy efficiency, various building methods and

materials were employed.

3.1(a) Elements: Wind catchers

One definition of a wind catcher is a device used to achieve thermal comfort inside a

constructed shape. The Dictionary of Architecture and Construction provides the following

common definition of wind catcher. A compact tower-shaped gadget is utilized in hot regions of

the Middle East. There is an opening on the side facing the predominant winds in this roof-top

tower. This device forces air to move down the shaft and ventilate the interior regions of the

house by allowing cooler external air to enter through the intake area at a higher wind velocity.
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 5

This element has been utilized in a number of hot, arid locations with numerous names and

minor variations in the design.

(fig.1)

The term "Malqaf" refers to a shaft with a single-opening aperture that rises above a building and

faces the direction of the predominant winds in Egypt. It captures wind that is blowing over the

buildings and forces it into the interior areas of the constructed form via internal ducts. Because

it is a little tower, the roof does not affect it.

This element, called Badgir in Persia, is a tall tower that is completely independent of the

roof due to its height.

A wind catcher is a component that is down and attached to the roof, unlike a tower. All of these

components operate on the basis of a pressure differential between the building's exterior and

interior, which allows air to enter the structure through duct.

vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 6

(b) Passive Downdraft Evaporative cooling

This method creates an air drafting system in the created shape, which is somewhat

similar to how Wind Catchers function. The used hot air from the different areas of the

constructed form rises upward and exits through the high-level outlets. This produces a draft that

allows fresh air to enter the building. At the inlet sites, water is blasted via nozzles at a pressure

of 50 Pa to create a mist that cools the incoming fresh air and circulates throughout the building's

usable areas. This method works in critical conditions when the outside temperature is 40°C or

above and is very effective in hot and arid places.

By using this technique, the energy efficiency of the building increases, but is also very cost

effective.

(fig.2&3)
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 7

(c).Vaults

Use vaults to cover longer distances. Because compressed stabilized earth bricks are used to
build these vaults, the process is both economical and energy-efficient. It can be effectively
adjusted to cover even bigger spans, and it can reach 9.32 meters.

(fig.4)

(d).Techniques: a. Solar Passive Techniques

Solar Passive Techniques can be implemented in a number of ways, such as by orienting the
structure so that it faces the direction of the summer wind perpendicularly. Supplying bodies of
water for evaporative cooling.
A few strategies to maximize the stack effect include raising the building's height, adding plenty
of windows, and adding roof overhangs.
Methods for implementing solar passive techniques in constructed form.

(fig.5)
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 8

4 .Materials

Vernacular architecture builds with materials that are readily available in the area. This

material meets the climatic requirements of that specific area and is reasonably priced for all

social classes. Mud walls, thatched roofs, mud flooring, dried woven coconut fronds, stone

blocks, red oxide flooring, mosaic, and ceramic flooring are a few examples of these materials.

These materials can improve the sustainability of the structure due to their availability and

capacity to adapt to changing weather conditions. These materials are commonly used for

affordable housing in rural areas, but they can also be used more widely for modern architectural

forms even in urban areas with the use of a few adaptable techniques. For instance, standardizing

on mud and stone blocks can speed up construction significantly.

(Fig.6, 7, 8, 9)
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 9

5. Elements defining Contemporary Architecture

The definition of contemporary architecture is "architecture of the present," or "architecture of

now." Contemporary architecture is characterized by structures that are drastically different from
one another, expressive, with a lot of curves and occasionally shapes that defy gravity. It also
features the use of novel building materials and construction methods.
Modern architecture can be clearly seen in even the smallest initiatives, such as an Eco Capsule,
a mirrored cube tree house, or a cantilevered apartment complex. It is not necessary for these
projects to be defined. Computer-aided design is another tool used in contemporary architecture
to assist designers create unique, unorthodox structures that can defy gravity, logic, etc. and
serve as showpieces with hyper realistic and futuristic forms.
Since contemporary architecture is built in the present, it does not adhere to any one historical
style.
Modern architecture encourages the use of rounded shapes, curving lines, and unusual volumes.
Modern architecture employs cutting-edge technology in addition to novel materials including
glass, titanium, steel, and aluminium.

(Fig.9, 10)

5.1 Elements of Contemporary Architecture

Though Contemporary architecture does not have a specific definition but certain key elements

which help us to identify a contemporary building are:

• Curved Lines

• Rounded Forms

• Free form shapes

vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 10

Unconventional Volumes

• Asymmetry

• Green Roofs, living walls

• Integrated into the surrounding landscape

Open Floor Plans

• Large abundant windows

• Integrated smart home technology

• Integrated customizable LED lighting

(Fig.11, 12, 13, 14)

vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 11

6. Climate responsive architecture

Climate responsive architecture is the architectural approach that focuses on designing energy-

efficient buildings uniquely suited to the climate in which they are constructed. These buildings’

designs are informed by, and reflective of, local weather conditions.

(Fig.15)

6.1 The climate classification according to N.B.C

(fig.16)
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 12

7. Sustainable Architecture

An architectural form that strives to reduce its negative environmental impact and promote
energy efficiency through moderation in material usage, space development, and ecosystem
consideration is known as sustainable architecture.
The goal of sustainable architecture is to preserve resources for use by future generations while
also ensuring that they are used wisely and without negatively affecting the environment. The
goal of sustainability is to use renewable green energy sources to create constructed
environments that are healthy for human habitation while lowering carbon emissions into the
atmosphere.

Sustainable Architecture includes the following principles:-

• Maximizing non-renewable energy resource conservation

• Enhancing the natural environment

• Eliminating or minimizing the use of toxic materials.

• Influence of cultural, environmental, and climatic conditions.

• Harmony and consistency with nature and the environment.

• Energy Saving.

• Correct response to operational needs.

• Correct use of material both visually and environmentally.

(fig.17)
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 13

7.1 Benefits Sustainable Architecture

The benefits of Sustainable architecture are as follows:

 Environmental Benefits:

 Conserve Natural Resources

 Reduce Energy Consumption

 Improves the air and water quality

 Protects Biodiversity and Ecosystems

 Uses local materials with low embodied energy

 Economic Benefits:

 Expansion of the green products due to more use of green materials

 Reduces the operating cost of the building

 Increases the life cycle of the building

 Increases the property value

 Social Benefits:

 Creates an aesthetically pleasing environment

 Takes care of and improves the wellbeing of humans

 Minimizes strain on local infrastructure.

vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 14

8. Importance of Cultural Identity for a Built Form

Vernacular architecture is the style of building unique to a certain area, created with

resources and methods found there, while also taking into account the customs and cultural

requirements of the populace. The physical forms created in accordance with the distinct culture,

materials, and techniques of a given location have a distinct character of their own and are more

sustainable due to the use of locally available materials and climate responsive design.

9. Integration of Vernacular Techniques with

Contemporary Architecture

If these Vernacular techniques are integrated with contemporary architecture it will be

helpful not only in making it sustainable and climate responsive ,having its own cultural identity

but will also increase the human comfort level both physically as well psychologically to a great

extent. To explain this two case studies of India have been discussed below:-

9.1 Brick House / I Studio architecture

This I Studio Architecture-built home is situated in Wada, a neighbourhood close to Mumbai. It's
a 250 square meter farmhouse located in the hills. The organic design of the structure blends into
the sky. With a central courtyard, the interior rooms are curved to easily blend into one another.

The house made use of built-in furniture, filler slabs, brick arches, rat trap bonds, brick jalis, and
locally accessible materials. The orientation and activity zoning have been implemented in
accordance with the local climate. By using multiple levels for different activities, the unit
remains cohesive even though each activity has its own unique location. The first-floor bedroom
is oriented so that it shades the courtyard and cools the water feature by facing southwest.

The integration of Vernacular techniques has reduced the construction budget to just INR 20
Lakhs and at the same time the reduced requirement of bricks, steel and concrete has made it
eco-friendly and sustainable.
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 15

(Fig.18, 19, 20, 21)

9.2 The Pearl Academy of Fashion, Jaipur

The Pearl Academy of Fashion in Jaipur's architecture is the ideal fusion of modern and ancient
construction techniques. The academy's multifunctional zones support the students' creative
endeavours and it is built as an environmentally conscious passive habitat. The institutes design
extremely dynamic areas that masterfully combine indoor and outdoor living.
In order to lessen its reliance on mechanical ventilation and equipment, the institute had to
implement passive cooling measures because Jaipur's hot, dry climate makes adverse
microclimatic conditions particularly severe.

The Academy building incorporates elements from traditional vernacular architecture, such as
courtyards, water features, and baolis, in a modified form. The traditional brick jalis served as
inspiration for the double skin used in the construction of the building's exterior. The created
form is protected from heat by the double skin. Drip tubes have been added in between the two
skins to provide a passive downdraft evaporative cooling system.

The building is 100% energy efficient in terms of its water and heat requirements, using locally
accessible materials in addition to steel cement and concrete. It also encourages rainwater
collection and wastewater recycling by including a sewage treatment plant.
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 16

(Fig.22, 23, 24, 25)

9.3 Comparative Analysis before and After Integration of

Vernacular Techniques

This analysis compares the human comfort levels achieved without the use of mechanical

ventilation before and after integration of Vernacular Techniques:-

1-Using Wind Catchers in hot and arid areas has proven to be very effective. Since these

Wind Catchers are passive cooling devices, they don't require mechanical energy to operate.

Consequently, the building's carbon footprint will be smaller, its energy efficiency will rise, and

its operating expenses will drop.

2-Locally made refined flooring known as Athangudi is made of natural soil. It adds

beauty to the floor as well as gives it a long-lasting finish which makes it sustainable.
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 17

3-Since local artisans and materials are the foundation of these vernacular techniques,

their construction may take longer than expected. This poses a significant obstacle to their use, as

the ongoing demand for housing necessitates the use of quick-to-assemble materials and

techniques. However, time can be cut down and efficiency raised if similar procedures are

standardized on a bigger scale.

10. Conclusion

We can conclude that people are reluctant to adopt vernacular practices since they require time to
implement in today's hectic world. However, the AEC sector is attempting to produce sustainable
solutions for contemporary built form in light of the increased awareness of sustainability and
environmentally friendly activities. In such a situation, integrating vernacular techniques with
contemporary architecture after undergoing certain modifications and standardization can greatly
improve human comfort, bring people closer to nature, and give them a place to retreat from their
fast-paced lifestyle.
In addition to improving the building's energy efficiency, lowering operating costs, and
lowering its carbon footprint, this healthy retreat will give the structure a distinctive character,
make it more environmentally friendly and sustainable, and give its occupants a sense of
psychological fulfilment knowing that they are aiding in mother nature's healing process.
vernacular techniques in contemporary architecture 18

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